卡尔曼滤波─紫外分光光度法同时测定甲硝唑含漱液三组分含量

本文采用卡尔曼滤波─紫外分光光度法同时测定甲硝唑含漱液中甲硝唑、达克罗宁和氢化可的松的含量，方法简单、快速、准确。测定波长范围200～400nm，平均回收率：甲硝唑为100．3％（RSD＝1．73％，n＝5）；达克罗宁为100．5％（RSD＝0．98％，n＝5）；氢化可的松为99．22％（RSD＝1．99％，n＝5）。     

HPLC法测定复方甲硝唑乳膏中甲硝唑和氯霉素的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定复方甲硝唑乳膏中甲硝唑和氯霉素的含量。方法：采用Hypersil BDS C18色谱柱（200mm×4．6mm,5μm）,以0．1％三乙胺-甲醇（70：30,用磷酸调节pH至5．5）为流动相;检测波长为278nm。结果：甲硝唑在0．29～2．34μg（r=0．9999）的范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率（n=9）为100．0％,RSD=0．1％;氯霉素在0．10～0．82μg（r=0．9999）的范围内线形关系良好,平均回收率（n=9）为100．2％,RSD=0．1％（n=9）。结论：方法简便、结果准确,可以有效控制该试剂中甲硝唑和氯霉素的含量。     

HPLC法测定清胃胶囊中奥美拉唑和甲硝唑的含量

目的：建立测定清胃胶囊中奥美拉唑和甲硝唑含量的高效液相色谱法。方法：采用反相高效液相色谱法,CenturySIL ODS2（200mm×4．6mm,5μm）色谱柱;0．01mol·L^-1磷酸氢二钠（用磷酸调pH值至7．6）-乙腈（75：25）为流动相;检测波长：277nm;体积流量：1．0ml·min^-1;柱温：30℃。结果：奥关拉唑和甲硝唑进样量在5-50μg·ml^-1范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系,r=0．9999;奥美拉唑平均加样回收率为98．1％,RSD为1．4％（n=5）;甲硝唑平均加样回收率为98．7％,RSD为1．3％（n=5）。结论：本方法操作简便,灵敏度高,准确性和重现性好。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定甲硝唑胶囊中甲硝唑含量

目的 采用反相高效液相色谱法（RP-HPLC法）测定甲硝唑胶囊的含量。方法 采用Shim-pack CLC-ODS柱，流动相为甲醇一水（30：70），检测波长为290nm，外标法测定。结果 甲硝唑的线性范围为50～500μg／mL（r=0．9995），平均回收率为99．5％，RSD=1．0％（n=6）。结论 RP-HPLC法测定甲硝唑胶囊中甲硝唑含量，方法准确，操作简便，结果可靠。     

HPLC测定复方甲硝唑片中各组分的含量

目的：建立测定复方甲硝唑片中甲硝唑和维生素B6含量的方法。方法：高效液相色谱法,选用C18柱,流动相：0．075mol/L NaH2PO4-甲醇（7：3）,对乙酰氨基酚为内标,检测波长为221nm,结果：同时测定甲硝唑和维生素B6的含量,甲硝唑平均回收率为100．6％,n=6,RSD=1.02%,维生素B6平均回收率为99．5％,n=6,RSD=1.19%,结论：本法简便,快速,可靠,可用于复方甲硝唑片中甲硝唑和维生素B6的含量测定。     

一阶导数光谱法测定复方氧氟沙星栓剂中氧氟沙星和甲硝唑的含量

目的：测定复方氧氟沙星栓剂中氧氟沙星和甲硝唑的含量。方法：采用一阶导数光谱法,选择273．5nm为氧氟沙星的测定波长,260．5nm为甲硝唑的测定波长,结果：一阶导数光谱法测定复方氧氟沙星栓剂中氧氟沙星和甲硝唑的含量,线性关系良好,同时可排除栓剂中基质的干扰,测得氧氟沙星平均回收率为99．952％,RSD＝1．283％,r=0.9995(n=5),甲硝唑平均回收率为100．002％,RSD＝0．941％,r=0.9999(n=5),结论：一阶导数光谱法简便,快速,准确。     

HPLC法测定甲硝唑片的溶出度

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定甲硝唑片的溶出度方法。方法：采用AgilentTC—C18柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-水（20：80）,流速为1．0ml·min^-1,检测波长320nm,柱温30℃。结果：甲硝唑的线性范围为0．05—0．45mg·ml^-1。（r=O．9999）;平均回收率为99．1％,RSD=1．0％（n=12）。结论：该方法灵敏度高,专属性强,可用于甲硝唑片溶出度的测定。     

痤疮宁乳膏主药的含量测定

目的：测定痤疮宁乳膏中过氧化苯甲酰、甲硝唑的含量。方法：采用间接碘量法测定过氧化苯甲酰的含量;紫外分光光度法测定甲硝唑的含量,测定波长312nm。结果：过氧化苯甲酰的平均回收率为99．4％,RSD为0．42％(n=6);甲硝唑的平均回收率为100．6％,RSD为0．35％(n=6)。结论：含量测定方法简便、准确,适宜于该制剂的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法检测除螨祛痘类化妆品中甲硝唑和替硝唑

摘要：目的建立同时测定除螨祛痘类化妆品中甲硝唑和替硝唑的高效液相色谱（HPLC）法。方法采用Diamonsil（钻石）C18柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,以0．05mol／L磷酸二氢钾溶液（用磷酸调pH至3．5）-甲醇（80：20）为流动相,检测波长为310nm。结果甲硝唑和替硝唑质量浓度分别在2．205-205．24μg／mL和2．002-200．2μg／mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=1．0000（n=8）,甲硝唑和替硝唑的平均回收率分别为98．80％和98．45％,RSD分别为2．20％和2．46％（n=6）。结论所建立的HPLC法简便易行、准确、重现性好,可同时用于祛痘娄化妆品中甲硝唑和替硝唑两种禁用物质的检测。     

复方金霉素涂剂中两组分含量测定

目的：建立复方金霉素涂剂中盐酸丁卡因和盐酸金霉素的测定方法。方法：采用双波长分光光度法测定盐酸丁卡因含量,测定波长为309nm,参比波长为355nm;采用分光光度法测定盐酸金霉素含量,测定波长为368nm。结果：盐酸丁卡因在3．12～7．28μg／mL浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9999）,平均回收率为100．71％（RSD=0．70％,n=3）。盐酸金霉素在15．60-36．40μg／ml。浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9996）,平均回收率为98．37％（RSD=0．90％,n=3）。结论：本法快速,简便,结果准确。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.