快速成型模型在跟骨骨折诊断分型中的辅助指导作用

目的 探讨快速成型(RP)模型在跟骨骨折诊断分型中的指导作用. 方法 2010年1月至2013年1月采用RP技术在术前对38例(41侧)患者制备了跟骨骨折模型,其中3例为双侧跟骨骨折,男27例(30个跟骨),女11例(11侧);年龄21 ～76岁,平均34.4岁;跌倒损伤7例,高处坠落伤23例,交通伤8例.所有患者均常规摄跟骨轴位和侧位X线片,行跟骨三维螺旋CT扫描,将数据转换STL格式文件;再将所得STL数据输入RP机,制作出与实体1∶1等大的跟骨骨折模型.将通过跟骨RP骨折模型上所确定的骨折Sanders分型与常规CT确定的分型进行对比. 结果 本组41侧跟骨中,依据CT数据进行Sanders分型:Ⅱ型14侧,Ⅲ型16侧,Ⅳ型8侧;未累及后关节面的骨折有3侧,属于Essen-Lopresti Ⅰ型.根据跟骨RP模型进行Sanders分型:Ⅱ型12侧,Ⅲ型15侧,Ⅳ型11侧.依据RP骨折模型所确定的骨折严重程度较依据CT所确定的严重程度高. 结论 对于骨折程度比较严重的跟骨骨折,RP模型可更加清晰与立体地显示骨折,对于了解跟骨骨折的发生机制、明确诊断、制定手术方案和指导预后可能具有一定指导意义.     

快速成型技术在整形外科中的应用

快速成型技术是一种利用材料逐层或逐点堆积来制造实物的制造技术（Rapid prototyping,简称RPl．诞生于上世纪80年代后期。它根据CT数据或物体的计算机辅助设计（CAD）模型,通过材料的精确堆积复制原型,是一种基于离散、堆积成型原理的新的数字化成型技术,集中体现了计算机辅助设计及制造技术、激光加工、逆向工程技术、分层制造技术（SFF）、材料去除成形（MPR）、材料增加成形（MAP）技术、数控和新材料开发等多学科、多技术的综合应用。     

肱骨近端骨折治疗进展

临床上大部分肱骨近端骨折（PHF）无明显移位或轻度移位,对于此类骨折采用非手术治疗即可取得良好的疗效。而移位性PHF治疗方法多样,主要有经皮克氏针固定、髓内钉固定、切开复位锁定钢板内固定及肩关节置换术等。这些治疗方法各有优缺点,临床选择治疗方案时需综合考虑骨折类型、移位程度、骨质量、患者身体条件与自身要求等。该文就PHF治疗进展作一综述。     

计算机快速成型辅助个体化三踝骨折的手术治疗

目的 通过与常规手术比较,探讨计算机快速成型辅助个体化治疗三踝骨折的效果.方法 2007年3月至2008年3月收治二踝骨折患者24例,随机分为两组,计算机快速成型辅助设计手术组(A组)12例,常规手术组(B组)12例.A绀手术前采取CT三维重建、计算机模拟、快速成型与个体化标本预手术.比较两组的切开暴露时间、复位与固定时间及手术疗效优秀率.结果 所有患者术后随访8～15个月.两组切开暴露时间差异无统计学意义(t=-1.06,P=0.102);A组手术复位与固定时间为(45.43±9.38)min,低于B组(58.61±12.32)min,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.948,P<0.05);A组于术疗效优秀率为83.3%,B组手术疗效优秀率为66.7%.结论 计算机快速成型辅助个体化技术可提高三踝骨折手术效率与精确度.     

肱骨近端骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨肱骨近端骨折手术治疗效果。方法手术治疗移位的肱骨近端骨折52例,行开放复位、肱骨近端解剖型钢板或三叶草型钢板内固定45例,肱骨头假体置换术7例。结果所有病例获随访6-24个月,优34例,良11例,可6例,差1例。结论肱骨近端移位骨折采用手术治疗可取得满意的效果。对NeerⅣ型骨折以假体置换术为佳。     

CAD/CAM联合快速成型技术治疗面中份骨折

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨CAD/CAM联合快速成型技术在面中份骨折治疗中的应用。方法〓收集外伤致面中份骨折患者18例,运用CAD/CAM技术联合快速成型技术辅助下进行骨折坚强内固定。所有患者术前进行颌面部CT扫描,运用Mimics软件和镜像技术进行骨折和修复三维模型,并制造实物模型,术前在模型上进行钛板预成形,指导术中骨折段的精确复位固定。结果〓术后随访3~24个月,18例患者伤口均达到一期愈合,骨折段解剖复位,术后外形、功能恢复满意。结论〓CAD/CAM联合快速成型技术治疗面中份骨折,可缩短手术时间,提高骨折复位的精确性,降低手术风险的同时提高疗效,并且有利于医患沟通,值得临床推广应用。     

计算机快速成型辅助个体化三踝骨折的手术治疗

Objective To compare the operation with computer-aided rapid prototyping technique and the conventional procedure for treatment of trimalleolar fractures.Methods Twenty-four patients with trimalleolar fracture who had been admitted to our hospital from March 2007 to March 2008 were divided into 2 even groups randomly.Group A underwent 3-dimensional reconstruction, computer simulation and rapid pro-totyping and demonstration of individual fracture model before operation.Group B received only conventional procedures.The therapeutic effects were evaluated by Cedell criteria and compared statistically between the 2 groups.Comparision between the 2 groups was made in the exposure time, reduction and fixation time curative effect.Results Fallow-up from 8 to 15 months revealed that the operation time for Group A (45.43 ± 9.38 minutes) was significantly shorter than for Group B (58.61 ± 12.32 minutes) (t = - 2.948, P < 0.05).The exposure time between the 2 groups had no statiscal difference (t = - 1.06, P =0.102).The excellent rate of curative effect in Group A was 83.3% and 66.7% in Group B.Conclusion Computer aided rapid prototyping can shorten the operation time and improve operational efficiency for trimalleolar fractures.     

计算机快速成型辅助个体化三踝骨折的手术治疗

Objective To compare the operation with computer-aided rapid prototyping technique and the conventional procedure for treatment of trimalleolar fractures.Methods Twenty-four patients with trimalleolar fracture who had been admitted to our hospital from March 2007 to March 2008 were divided into 2 even groups randomly.Group A underwent 3-dimensional reconstruction, computer simulation and rapid pro-totyping and demonstration of individual fracture model before operation.Group B received only conventional procedures.The therapeutic effects were evaluated by Cedell criteria and compared statistically between the 2 groups.Comparision between the 2 groups was made in the exposure time, reduction and fixation time curative effect.Results Fallow-up from 8 to 15 months revealed that the operation time for Group A (45.43 ± 9.38 minutes) was significantly shorter than for Group B (58.61 ± 12.32 minutes) (t = - 2.948, P < 0.05).The exposure time between the 2 groups had no statiscal difference (t = - 1.06, P =0.102).The excellent rate of curative effect in Group A was 83.3% and 66.7% in Group B.Conclusion Computer aided rapid prototyping can shorten the operation time and improve operational efficiency for trimalleolar fractures.     

计算机快速成型辅助个体化三踝骨折的手术治疗

Objective To compare the operation with computer-aided rapid prototyping technique and the conventional procedure for treatment of trimalleolar fractures.Methods Twenty-four patients with trimalleolar fracture who had been admitted to our hospital from March 2007 to March 2008 were divided into 2 even groups randomly.Group A underwent 3-dimensional reconstruction, computer simulation and rapid pro-totyping and demonstration of individual fracture model before operation.Group B received only conventional procedures.The therapeutic effects were evaluated by Cedell criteria and compared statistically between the 2 groups.Comparision between the 2 groups was made in the exposure time, reduction and fixation time curative effect.Results Fallow-up from 8 to 15 months revealed that the operation time for Group A (45.43 ± 9.38 minutes) was significantly shorter than for Group B (58.61 ± 12.32 minutes) (t = - 2.948, P < 0.05).The exposure time between the 2 groups had no statiscal difference (t = - 1.06, P =0.102).The excellent rate of curative effect in Group A was 83.3% and 66.7% in Group B.Conclusion Computer aided rapid prototyping can shorten the operation time and improve operational efficiency for trimalleolar fractures.     

计算机快速成型辅助个体化三踝骨折的手术治疗

Objective To compare the operation with computer-aided rapid prototyping technique and the conventional procedure for treatment of trimalleolar fractures.Methods Twenty-four patients with trimalleolar fracture who had been admitted to our hospital from March 2007 to March 2008 were divided into 2 even groups randomly.Group A underwent 3-dimensional reconstruction, computer simulation and rapid pro-totyping and demonstration of individual fracture model before operation.Group B received only conventional procedures.The therapeutic effects were evaluated by Cedell criteria and compared statistically between the 2 groups.Comparision between the 2 groups was made in the exposure time, reduction and fixation time curative effect.Results Fallow-up from 8 to 15 months revealed that the operation time for Group A (45.43 ± 9.38 minutes) was significantly shorter than for Group B (58.61 ± 12.32 minutes) (t = - 2.948, P < 0.05).The exposure time between the 2 groups had no statiscal difference (t = - 1.06, P =0.102).The excellent rate of curative effect in Group A was 83.3% and 66.7% in Group B.Conclusion Computer aided rapid prototyping can shorten the operation time and improve operational efficiency for trimalleolar fractures.     

快速成型模型在制定胫骨平台复杂骨折手术方案中的指导作用

目的 探讨快速成型技术制备的模型在胫骨平台复杂骨折手术方案制定中的指导作用. 方法 2006年11月至2010年11月收治16例胫骨平台复杂患者,男10例,女6例;年龄27～68岁,平均39岁.术前根据X线片和CT进行AO分型;41B2.2型4例,41B3.2型3例,41B3.3 型2例,41C2.1型1例,41C3.1型2例,41C3.2型2例,41C3.3型2例.术前均进行三维螺旋CT扫描,所得数据经转化输入决速成型机,制备出了1:1等大的快速成型胫骨平台骨折模型,明确骨折类型并指导制定手术方案,术后随访了解骨折愈合与患膝功能情况. 结果 2例患者骨折分型由AO41B2.2型修正为41B3.1型,1例患者骨折分型由41C2.1型修正为41C3.1型.模型上进行了损伤机制的分析和手术方案的制定.所有患者术后获9～22个月(平均14个月)随访,骨折均获骨性愈合,愈合时间4～6个月(平均4.7个月),术后膝关节功能参照改良HSS膝关节评分系统评定:优11例,良3例,可2例,优良率为87.5％.结论 采用快速成型技术制备的1:1等大胫骨平台骨折模型使骨折伤情更直观,骨折分型更加准确;可根据骨折模型制定手术方案,并可对内固定钢板进行预先塑形,对复杂类型的骨科手术方案的制定有较强的指导作用.     

Application of the rapid prototyping technique to design a customized temporomandibular joint used to treat temporomandibular ankylosis

Anthropometric variations in humans make it difficult to replace a temporomandibular joint (TMJ), successfully using a standard “one-size-fits-all” prosthesis. The case report presents a unique concept of total TMJ replacement with customized and modified TMJ prosthesis, which is cost-effective and provides the best fit for the patient. The process involved in designing and modifications over the existing prosthesis are also described. A 12-year- old female who presented for treatment of left unilateral TMJ ankylosis underwent the surgery for total TMJ replacement. A three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) scan suggested features of bony ankylosis of left TMJ. CT images were converted to a sterolithographic model using CAD software and a rapid prototyping machine. A process of rapid manufacturing was then used to manufacture the customized prosthesis. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, with an improvement in mouth opening of 3.5 cm and painless jaw movements. Three years postsurgery, the patient is pain-free, has a mouth opening of about 4.0 cm and enjoys a normal diet. The postoperative radiographs concur with the excellent clinical results. The use of CAD/CAM technique to design the custom-made prosthesis, using orthopaedically proven structural materials, significantly improves the predictability and success rates of TMJ replacement surgery.     

计算机辅助设计与快速成形技术在复杂髋臼骨折切开复位内固定术中的应用

目的 :探讨利用计算机辅助设计(computer aided design,CAD)和快速成形技术(rapid prototyping,RP)进行切开复位内固定治疗复杂髋臼骨折的临床及功能疗效。方法:对2011年6月至2014年1月收治的23例复杂髋臼骨折利用CAD和RP进行切开复位内固定治疗,男14例,女9例;年龄22~68岁,平均39.96岁。骨折按LetournelJudet分型:双柱骨折(Ⅹ)13例,T形骨折(Ⅷ)5例,前柱及后半横行骨折(Ⅸ)5例。术后采用改良Matta髋臼骨折复位标准评定骨折复位质量,末次随访时采用改良d'Aubigné-Postel功能评分标准评定髋关节功能,并记录随访过程中出现的并发症。结果:23例患者获随访,时间10~38个月,平均20.6个月。手术时间90~180 min,平均123 min;术中出血量400~1 400 ml,平均728 ml;根据改良Matta髋臼骨折复位标准:解剖复位14例,良好复位8例,不满意复位1例;末次随访时改良d'Aubigné-Postel髋关节功能评分:优15例,良6例,可1例,差1例;随访过程中发现3例创伤性关节炎,1例坐骨神经损伤,1例髋臼脱位,2例异位骨化,1例股骨头坏死。结论 :利用CAD和RP进行切开复位内固定治疗复杂髋臼骨折,具有手术创伤小,出血量少,固定可靠,手术并发症少,安全性高,临床疗效良好等特点,可广泛应用于临床治疗。     

人工半肩关节置换治疗肱骨近端粉碎骨折的疗效及影响因素分析

目的 探讨人工半肩关节置换治疗肱骨近端粉碎骨折的疗效及影响因素.方法 对2000年6月至2006年12月采用半肩关节置换治疗的34例肱骨近端粉碎骨折的患者资料进行回顾性研究.除1例为陈旧性骨折外,其余33例均为新鲜骨折.骨折根据Neer分型:三部分骨折6例,三部分骨折伴肩关节脱位4例,四部分骨折18例,四部分骨折伴肩关节脱位3例,肱骨头劈裂性骨折3例.随访采用Neer评分和视觉模拟(VAS)评分,分析年龄、大小结节重建方法、骨折类型、大小结节愈合质量对肩关节主动上举、主动外旋、Neer评分、VAS评分的影响.结果 所有患者获3～5年(平均3.6年)随访,28例无肩痛,5例偶有轻微肩痛,1例有中度肩痛.Neer评分:优14例,良12例,可7例,差1例,优良率为76.5%;肩关节活动范围平均为:上举100°,外旋30°,内旋L5水平;VAS评分平均3.1分.70岁以下年龄组和70岁以上年龄组在肩关节主动上举活动范围平均值和Neer评分平均值比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),解剖重建和重叠重建大小结节两组患者的各项指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),不同骨折类型组患者的各项指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),大小结节完全愈合组和大小结节愈合不良或吸收组的肩关节主动上举活动范围平均值比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.003).结论 人工半肩关节置换术治疗肱骨近端严重粉碎性骨折,疗效满意,但应严格掌握适应证.大小结节重建的质量、患者年龄、手术技巧等可以影响疗效.     

快速成形技术在复杂骨盆骨折诊断治疗中的初步应用

目的探讨快速成形（RP）技术在复杂骨盆骨折诊断治疗中的应用价值。方法2003年10月～2004年5月收治6例严重骨盆骨折患者，经电子束CT（EBT）检查，将所得数据经过转化输入RP机，制作出骨盆骨折模型；根据模型诊断骨折类型，指导临床手术治疗。将本组5例手术患者的出血量、输血量及手术时间与常规手术的11例类似患者进行对比。结果本组6例患者均成功制备出1：1等大的RP模型，通过在模型上进行术前手术方案的制定，使手术操作更加简便和微创化。本组5例手术患者的平均出血量、输血量及手术时间分别为800mL、600mL及3．2h，11例常规手术患者分别为1300mL、1000mL及4．5h。结论采用RP技术可获得与患者骨盆骨折真实情况完全相同的骨盆模型，有利于直观、准确地了解骨折伤情。可根据骨折模型选择手术方案及内固定方式，并可对内固定钢板进行预先塑形，有利于减少手术创伤、缩短手术时间、提高手术质量。     

Rapid prototyping in the assessment, classification and preoperative planning of acetabular fractures

AIM: To evaluate the use of rapid prototyping in the assessment, classification and preoperative planning of acetabular fractures. INTRODUCTION: The complex three-dimensional anatomy of the pelvis and acetabulum make assessment, classification and treatment of fractures of these structures notoriously difficult. Conventional imaging only provides two-dimensional images of these fractures. While interpretation of traditional imaging techniques becomes better with experience, novel techniques may assist in the understanding of these complex injuries. METHODS: Twenty patients with acetabular fractures were studied. Life size three-dimensional models were manufactured from standardised CT scans, using the rapid prototyping process, selective laser sintering. Each model was presented to the operating surgeon prior to surgery. The surgeons found that the models greatly assisted in their understanding of the personality of the fracture. Three consultant orthopaedic surgeons and three senior trainees were asked to classify each fracture using conventional radiographs (AP pelvis, Judet views and CT scans) and then using the model. The kappa statistic was used to evaluate inter- and intraobserver agreement. RESULTS: Interobserver agreement was not absolute using either conventional radiographs or the models. For the consultants the kappa statistic using conventional radiographs was 0.61 while the kappa value using the model was 0.76 (p<0.05). For the trainees the kappa value was 0.42, using conventional radiographs and 0.71 using the model (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Full sized models of acetabular fractures greatly assisted surgeons understand the personality of complex fractures prior to surgery and have been shown in this study to significantly reduced the degree of interobserver variability in fracture classification. This effect is particularly evident for less experienced surgeons. This technique is available and relatively inexpensive. The use of these models should prove invaluable as a tool to aid clinical practice.     

AO肱骨近端锁定系统在肱骨近端骨折治疗中的应用

肱骨近端骨折(proximal humeral fracture,PHF)占骨折发病总数的5%,而且在老年人骨折发病率中排名第3[1].可用于肱骨近端骨折治疗的传统内固定物包括三叶草钢板、T型钢板、1/3管型钢板等.利用传统钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折的一大缺陷是由于螺钉松脱而导致骨折再次移位,特别是在骨质疏松患者中此比例更是高达16%～27%[2-3].过去针对骨量丢失的肱骨近端三、四部分骨折的治疗方法只有肩关节置换,然而固定后大、小结节的坏死导致预后功能的不确定性也限制了低要求的骨量丢失患者采用半肩关节置换[4-5].