地佐辛预防瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚麻醉后恢复期躁动的临床效果观察

目的：探讨地佐辛对瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚麻术后躁动的效果。方法选择本院采用瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚麻醉术的患者124例,分为对照组(30例),地佐辛组(33例),芬太尼组(32例)和曲马多组(29例)。观察恢复期的躁动情况并进行量化评分;记录苏醒和拔管的时间;测量拔管即刻(T0),拔管后半 h(T1/2),1 h(T1)时的疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)和镇静评分(Ramsay)。结果4组患者苏醒时间和拔管时间无统计学意义。处理组躁动发生及评分均较低,持续的时间较短( P<0.05),地佐辛,芬太尼和曲马多组的疼痛评分和镇静评分与对照组相比均有统计学意义(P<0.05),而地高辛的疼痛改善作用较曲马多明显,镇静作用较芬太尼效果好(P<0.05)。结论地佐辛能够有效的预防瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚麻醉后恢复期躁动的发生。     

七氟醚与丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼用于乳癌根治术的麻醉比较

目的:比较乳腺癌根治术七氟醚与丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉术中血流动力学及麻醉恢复情况。方法:择期行乳腺癌根治术患者40例,ASAⅠ级或Ⅱ级,随机分为七氟醚组(S组)与丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼组(PR组),每组20例。麻醉诱导相同,咪达唑仑0.05mg/kg,芬太尼4μg/kg,丙泊酚2mg/kg,插入喉罩。麻醉维持:S组吸入七氟醚,PR组瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚输注。手术结束时,停止吸入七氟醚,纯氧吸入。记录两组患者术中收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR),记录手术时间、术毕自主呼吸恢复时间,拔除喉罩时间,Aldrete评分达到9分时间及麻醉恢复室(PACU)停留时间。结果:两组比较,S组自主呼吸恢复时间缩短(P<0.05),Aldrete评分达到9分时间及PACU停留时间延长(P<0.05)。结论:七氟醚麻醉或丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉用于乳腺癌根治术术中血流动力学稳定;七氟醚麻醉术后患者自主呼吸恢复较快,而瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉患者术后早期意识状态恢复较好。     

喉罩通气下七氟烷复合地佐辛麻醉在小儿尿道下裂手术中的应用

目的观察喉罩通气下不同时间段给予地佐辛对七氟烷吸入在小儿尿道下裂手术中的影响。方法选择2017年1月～2018年12月在江门市中心医院行择期尿道下裂手术的男性患儿60例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ,采用随机原则均分为地佐辛预注射组(D1组)、地佐辛组(D2组)和对照组(C组)。三组患儿均在喉罩通气下吸入七氟烷行尿道下裂手术。D1组在吸入诱导前静脉注射地佐辛0.1mg/kg,D2组在手术结束前15min静脉注射地佐辛0.1mg/kg,C组在手术结束前15min静脉注射同等体积的生理盐水。比较三组患儿麻醉过程中血流动力学的变化;比较术毕停药后自主呼吸恢复时间、拔喉罩时间、苏醒时间以及麻醉后躁动评分(PAED)、疼痛行为评估量表(FLACC)评分、镇静程度的Ramsay评分和不良反应。结果 D1组的血流动力学指标比其他两组更平稳;而D1、D2组患儿麻醉后PAED评分、FLACC评分均比C组低(P 0.05);D2组在苏醒时间比D1和C组长(P 0.05);D2组的Ramsay评分高于D1组和C组(P 0.05)。结论喉罩通气下七氟烷吸入行小儿尿道下裂手术,麻醉诱导前静脉注射地佐辛0.1mg/kg可以有效预防术后苏醒期躁动、减少疼痛,且血流动力学稳定,不良反应少。     

不同剂量地佐辛在术后静脉镇痛中应用效果的比较分析

目的比较不同剂量地佐辛在患者术后静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)中的应用效果,寻找最佳剂量。方法选择全身麻醉下手术患者120例,随机分成地佐辛1组(D1组)、地佐辛2组(D2组)、地佐辛3组(D3组)和芬太尼组(C组),每组30例。D1组给地佐辛0.5mg/kg,D2组给地佐辛0.7mg/kg,D3组给地佐辛0.9mg/kg,C组给芬太尼15μg/kg。镇痛泵药物配方:D1组:地佐辛0.5mg/kg加托烷司琼5mg加0.9%氯化钠注射液至100ml;D2组:地佐辛0.7mg/kg加托烷司琼5mg加0.9%氯化钠注射液至100ml;D3组:地佐辛0.9mg/kg加托烷司琼5mg加0.9%氯化钠注射液至100ml;芬太尼组:芬太尼15μg/kg加托烷司琼5mg加0.9%氯化钠注射液至100ml。术毕前15min静脉注射首次剂量:地佐辛组静脉注射地佐辛0.1 mg/kg加托烷司琼5mg;芬太尼组静脉注射芬太尼lμg/kg加托烷司琼5mg。观察并记录术后1 h(T1)、2 h(T2)、4 h(T3)、12 h(T4)、24 h(T5)、48 h(T6)患者的生命体征(BP、HR、Sp02)及疼痛评分(VAS)、镇静评分(Ramsay)、舒适度评分(BCS)和不良反应发情况。结果所有患者的生命体征均平稳,D1组T2和T3时点HR略高于其他3组但差异无统计学意义;四组患者Ramsay、BCS评分在各时间点间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);VAS评分D2组、D3组和C组间差异无统计学意义,D1组在T1、T2时点高于其它3组且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);D3组和C组间不良反应发生率高于D1组和D2组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论地佐辛用于术后静脉镇痛效果优于芬太尼,且其最佳剂量为0.7mg/kg。     

地佐辛在复合七氟醚上腹部手术患者中应用对七氟醚毒性及麻醉效果影响最佳剂量

目的探讨复合七氟醚上腹部手术患者中应用地佐辛对减轻七氟醚毒性、增强麻醉效果最佳使用剂量。方法选取2014年3月~2015年12月我院收治行上腹部手术患者160例随机分为A、B、C、D四组,麻醉诱导前分别给予0.9%生理盐水5m L、地佐辛0.1mg/kg、地佐辛0.2mg/kg、地佐辛0.3mg/kg剂量静脉注射,后给予8%七氟醚静脉吸入麻醉诱导,麻醉诱导成功后给予琥珀酰胆碱0.15mg/kg静脉注射,并气管插管辅助通气,保持呼吸末七氟醚浓度在3%。分别观察并比较各组最低肺泡有效浓度,并计算麻醉深度,比较各组麻醉诱导前(T0)、麻醉诱导成功时(T1)、切皮时(T2)、切皮后30min(T3)、术毕(T4)平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR),并比较各组间不良反应发生率。结果 A、B两组患者MAC水平均高于C、D两组,比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。A、C两组患者术中MAP水平较其余两组更为稳定,术后C、D两组患者MAP水平较A、B两组更稳定,比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。术中A、B、C三组患者HR水平均稳定于D组,比较有统计学意义(P0.05);术后各组HR水平比较无统计学意义(P0.05)。A、B两组患者躁动发生率均高于C、D两组,D组患者低血压、心动过缓、呼吸抑制、胃肠不适不良反应发生率均高于A、B、C三组,比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论地佐辛在复合七氟醚上腹部手术患者中使用0.2mg/kg剂量有效减轻七氟醚毒性,可稳定术中、术后血流动力学稳定,降低药物不良反应发生。     

七氟醚麻醉与异丙酚复合麻醉在小儿包皮环切术中的应用

目的：比较七氟醚麻醉与异丙酚复合麻醉在小儿包皮环切术中的应用。方法40例行包皮环切术的患儿,随机分为七氟醚组(Ⅰ组)和异丙酚组(Ⅱ组),各20例。Ⅰ组静脉注射芬太尼3μg/kg,吸入6%七氟醚4 L/min完成诱导插入喉罩,吸入2%~3.5%七氟醚维持麻醉;Ⅱ组静脉注射芬太尼3μg/kg,异丙酚3 mg/kg完成诱导插入喉罩,术中静脉输注异丙酚3~8 mg/(kg·h)复合瑞芬太尼0.1~0.4μg/(kg·min)调节其输注速度维持麻醉。记录两组一次喉罩置入成功率、手术时间、拔管时间、麻醉后恢复室(PACU)停留时间、术后恶心呕吐发生率、PACU期间记录躁动发生情况,采用小儿苏醒期烦躁量表(PAED)评价躁动程度。结果两组手术时间、拔管时间及一次插管成功率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组患儿麻醉后恢复室(PACU)停留时间短,躁动发生率低, PAED评分低,术后恶心呕吐发生率低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论异丙酚复合麻醉对包皮环切术患儿苏醒期效果优于七氟醚复合麻醉,并发症少。     

七氟醚麻醉在颅内动脉瘤栓塞术中的应用

目的比较七氟醚和丙泊酚在颅内动脉瘤栓塞术麻醉中应用效果。方法 36例颅内动脉瘤患者数字减影血管造影(DSA)下行栓塞治疗患者随机分为丙泊酚(P)组和七氟醚(S)组。两组用相同的静脉麻醉诱导。插入喉罩后,P组以静脉泵入丙泊酚和雷米芬太尼、顺式阿曲库铵维持麻醉,S组以七氟醚吸入维持麻醉。记录两组插入和拔喉罩前后平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)变化、停药后自主呼吸恢复时间、呼之睁眼时间、拔喉罩时间,以及患者拔喉罩时及苏醒后的不良反应。结果两组在麻醉诱导后和插入喉罩时的MAP、HR均较诱导前显著下降(P<0.05)。两组拔除喉罩前后的MAP、HR与诱导前无显著差异。停药后,P组自主呼吸恢复时间、呼之睁眼时间、拔喉罩时间长于S组。结论七氟醚和丙泊酚麻醉可以安全、有效地用于颅内动脉瘤介入治疗手术中。七氟醚维持麻醉更具有早苏醒、早拔管的优势。     

蛛网膜下腔麻醉复合喉罩吸入七氟醚全身麻醉在妇科腹腔镜手术中的应用效果观察

目的：探讨蛛网膜下腔麻醉复合喉罩吸入七氟醚全身麻醉在妇科腹腔镜手术中的应用效果。方法选择2012年10月~2014年10月在本院行妇科腹腔镜手术的患者48例,将其随机分成观察组(A组)和对照组(B组),各24例。A组采取蛛网膜下腔麻醉复合喉罩吸入七氟醚保留自主呼吸全身麻醉,B组采取气管插管全身麻醉,观察并记录两组患者在麻醉诱导前(T0)、诱导后(T1),喉罩或气管导管置入后1 min(T2)、拔出喉罩或拔管即时(T3)的HR、SBP、DBP、MAP等的变化,记录术毕患者睁眼、拔管(喉罩)、自报姓名时间,术后呛咳、咽痛、误吸、术中知晓等的发生例数以及术后疼痛评分。结果与T0时比较,B组T2、T3时的HR加快,MAP增高,且与A组的T2、T3比较,HR较快,MAP较高(P<0.05)。A组的睁眼和拔喉罩时间明显短于B组(P<0.05),术后并发症发生率低于B组(P<0.05)。结论蛛网膜下腔麻醉复合喉罩吸入七氟醚用于妇科腹腔镜手术具有血流动力学平稳、苏醒迅速、并发症少的优点,是一种安全、有效的麻醉方法。     

喉罩通气全凭吸入七氟醚麻醉在乳腺癌改良根治术中应用的疗效分析

目的探讨喉罩通气全凭吸入七氟醚麻醉在乳腺癌改良根治术中的临床疗效。方法90例乳腺癌改良根治术患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,各45例。两组患者术前均给予咪唑安定2 mg静脉注射,盐酸戊乙奎醚1 mg肌内注射,观察组采用七氟醚进行麻醉诱导,诱导成功后予以喉罩置入,以单纯七氟醚进行麻醉维持;对照组采用静脉注射进行麻醉诱导,诱导成功后予以喉罩置入,用七氟醚同时间断注射顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵进行维持。观察并比较两组患者整个麻醉过程中麻醉诱导、喉罩插入、清醒、喉罩拔除的时间以及不同时间段血压、心率、血氧饱和度的差异。结果观察组诱导时间、插入喉罩时间及清醒时间与对照组相比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组拔除喉罩时间相比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。置入喉罩时(T2)两组患者血压与同组麻醉诱导开始时(T1)相比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),观察组相比对照组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组置入喉罩时(T2)心率相比于诱导开始时(T1)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论乳腺癌改良根治术中采用喉罩通气全凭吸入七氟醚麻醉临床疗效好,诱导剂苏醒速度快,值得在临床上予以推广。     

Supreme喉罩联合异氟醚、丙泊酚顺序全麻对剖宫产新生儿的影响

目标对Supreme喉罩联合异氟醚、丙泊酚顺序全麻对剖宫产新生儿的影响进行临床观察。方法选择60例择期行剖宫产的足月初产妇,随机分为三组,每组各20例。s组面罩吸入异氟醚和氧化亚氮,置入喉Supreme喉罩,以异氟醚加氧化亚氮维持,至胎儿娩出脐带结扎后停用异氟醚,改用丙泊酚、芬太尼维持。p组:丙泊酚、氯胺酮诱导,气管插管,麻醉维持用丙泊酚、芬太尼。J组1%利多卡因经腹部切口逐层浸润麻醉后手术,脐带结扎后丙泊酚、芬太尼和琥珀胆碱诱导,气管插管,麻醉维持用丙泊酚、芬太尼。监测手术开始前的胎心率;记录分娩时间;记录产妇麻醉前期间HR、DBP;新生儿出生1、5 Apgar评分。在胎儿娩出时脐动脉血血气分析,记录新生儿处理情况。结果三组产妇术前胎心率、术前HR、DBP的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),J组分娩时间、手术时间、产妇手术中的HR、DBP较另两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),P组新生儿出生1、5 min的Apgar评分较另两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),脐动脉血pH、PaCO2、PaO2较另两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),新生儿处理中面罩吸氧和纳络酮使用率有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论Supreme喉罩联合异氟醚、丙泊酚顺序全麻是一种对新生儿呼吸、循环和神经系统抑制小,对产妇的血流动力学干扰小的麻醉方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.