早期评估干预对老年人肺部感染并发多器官功能不全综合征的影响

目的探讨早期评估干预对老年人肺部感染并发老年多器官功能不全综合征(MODSE)的影响。方法 84例老年肺部感染患者按入院时间先后顺序随机分为"干预组"和"非干预组",每组42例。两组患者入院后采用"MODSE早期预测评分系统"早期评估MODSE的发病风险,筛查MODSE高危病例。非干预组按常规治疗,干预组在常规治疗的基础上针对MODSE高危病例进行早期干预,评价干预效果。结果两组老年肺部感染患者的MODSE高危病例检出率差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.191,P=0.275);干预组老年肺部感染患者的MODSE发病率低于非干预组(χ2=4.613,P=0.032);干预组MODSE衰竭期病例发生率低于非干预组(P=0.028);干预组内高危病例与非高危病例的MODSE发病率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.484,P=0.487);非干预组内高危病例的MODSE发病率高于非高危病例(χ2=4.356,P=0.037)。结论应用"MODSE早期预测评分系统"可以早期评估老年肺部感染患者的MODSE发病风险;针对MODSE高危病例进行早期干预,能够减少老年肺部感染患者的MODSE发生、减轻MODSE病例器官功能受损的严重程度。     

老年人肺部感染致多器官功能不全综合征高危人群筛查与随防干预研究

目的筛查驻石家庄地区军队干休所老年离退休干部肺部感染致老年多器官功能不全综合征(MODSE)的高危人群,并对其进行随防干预,为早期预防老年人肺部感染致MODSE奠定基础。方法采用MODSE早期预测评分系统对驻石家庄地区军队干休所65岁离退休干部进行肺部感染致MODSE高危人群筛查,将筛查出来的肺部感染致MODSE高危人群按不同干休所随机分为干预组和非干预组,对干预组进行为期1年的随防干预,评价干预效果。结果肺部感染致MODSE高危人群占总筛查人数的20.35%;干预组与非干预组肺部感染发病率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.003,P=0.954);干预组肺部感染后MODSE发病率显著低于非干预组(χ2=4.709,P=0.03)。结论肺部感染致MODSE高危人群在驻石家庄地区军队干休所老年离退休干部中占有较高的比例,针对肺部感染致MODSE高危人群的相关危险因素进行早期干预,能够明显降低肺部感染后的MODSE发病率。     

年龄对肺部感染并发老年多器官功能不全综合征的早期预测价值研究

目的研究年龄对肺部感染并发老年多器官功能不全综合征（MODSE）的早期预测价值。方法回顾性分析2001年1月至2006年12月因肺部感染在白求恩国际和平医院住院或住院期间出现肺部感染的驻石家庄地区60岁以上的师以上军队离退休干部的病历资料,调查各年龄段及各分界年龄上下肺部感染并发MODSE的发生率,采用Spearman等级相关分析年龄与肺部感染并发MODSE发生率的相关关系,采用四格表7。检验分别比较各分界年龄上下之间肺部感染并发MODSE发生率的差异。结果年龄与肺部感染并发MODSE发生率呈正相关关系（Spearman等级r=0．232,P〈0．001）,肺部感染并发MODSE的发生率随着年龄的增大而增高;70岁以上各分界年龄上下之间肺部感染并发MODSE发生率的差异有统计学意义,70岁是影响肺部感染并发MODSE发生率的明显分界年龄,70岁以上老年人是肺部感染并发MODSE的高危人群。结论年龄对肺部感染并发MODSE的发生具有一定的早期预测价值。     

80岁以上老年多种致病菌肺部感染合并多器官功能不全综合征的临床分析

目的探讨≥80岁老年多种致病菌肺部感染并发多器官功能不全综合征（MODSE）的现状和对策。方法对本院2005年8月至2009年8月32例≥80岁老年多种致病菌肺部感染并发MODSE患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 32例≥80岁老年多种致病菌肺部感染并发MODSE患者中,2种致病菌12例,3种致病菌16例,4种致病菌3例,5种致病菌1例。其中院内获得性肺炎占90.6%,社区获得性肺炎占9.4%,院内获得性肺炎主要致病菌以铜绿假单胞菌为主。病死率与累及的衰竭器官数和致病菌种数相关。结论≥80岁老年肺部感染并发MODSE患者常合并多种致病菌,早期控制感染、控制危险因素、给予营养支持和免疫治疗以提高抗病能力对阻止MODSE进展和改善预后有重要作用。     

老年慢性疾病对肺部感染并发老年多器官功能不全综合征的早期预测价值

目的研究老年慢性疾病对肺部感染并发老年多器官功能不全综合征(MODSE)的早期预测价值。方法回顾性地分析2001年1月至2006年12月因肺部感染在白求恩国际和平医院住院或住院期间出现肺部感染的驻石家庄地区60岁以上的师以上军队离退休干部393例的病历资料,根据肺部感染是否诱发MODSE将所有病例分为MODSE组和非MODSE组,调查各组所患老年慢性疾病情况。先做单因素分析,采用四格表χ2检验分析2组病例所患各种老年慢性疾病的差异,再选择单因素分析中差异有统计学意义的老年慢性疾病作自变量,以MODSE为因变量,作二分类逐步Logistic回归分析,筛选对肺部感染并发MODSE有影响的老年慢性疾病。结果单因素分析有统计学意义的老年慢性疾病有:慢性阻塞性肺疾病、慢性呼吸衰竭、肺间质纤维化、肺心病、冠心病、慢性心功能不全、脑血管疾病、颈椎病、慢性肝炎与肝硬化、糖尿病、高尿酸血症、慢性肾功能不全、恶性肿瘤等13种老年慢性疾病。经二分类逐步Logistic回归分析,其中慢性心功能不全、脑血管疾病、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、慢性呼吸衰竭、肺心病、肺间质纤维化、糖尿病、慢性肾功能不全、恶性肿瘤等9种老年慢性疾病为肺部感染并发MODSE的危险因素。结论慢性心功能不全、脑血管疾病、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、慢性呼吸衰竭、肺心病、肺间质纤维化、糖尿病、慢性肾功能不全、恶性肿瘤等老年慢性疾病对肺部感染并发MODSE具有一定的早期预测价值。     

老年人肺部感染并发多器官功能不全综合征的早期预测评分系统研究

目的 建立筛查肺部感染并发老年人多器官功能不全综合征(MODSE)高危人群及其发病的早期预测评分系统.方法 回顾性调查2001年1月至2006年12月因肺部感染在我院住院或住院期间出现肺部感染的驻石家庄地区60岁及以上的军队师以上离退休干部393例的病历资料,根据肺部感染是否诱发MODSE,将所有病例分为MODSE组和非MODSE组,分析年龄、慢性疾病和健康体检有关血检测项目对MODSE发病的影响,从中筛选早期预测MODSE发病的指标,标以一定的分值,建立MODSE早期预测评分系统.结果 年龄、21种慢性疾病和15项血检测项目中经统计学分析结合临床专业知识评价,最终确立了年龄、7种慢性疾病(慢性阻塞性肺疾病、慢性呼吸衰竭、肺间质纤维化、慢性心功能不全、脑血管疾病、糖尿病和慢性肾功能不全)和4项血检测项目(血红蛋白、血白蛋白、血尿素和空腹血糖)作为MODSE早期预测评分系统的评分指标.结论 所建立的MODSE早期预测评分系统评分指标易得、操作简单、易于推广,为筛查肺部感染并发MODSE高危人群及早期预测MODSE发病提供了简易工具.     

老年人肺部感染并发多器官功能不全综合征的早期预测评分系统研究

目的 建立筛查肺部感染并发老年人多器官功能不全综合征(MODSE)高危人群及其发病的早期预测评分系统.方法 回顾性调查2001年1月至2006年12月因肺部感染在我院住院或住院期间出现肺部感染的驻石家庄地区60岁及以上的军队师以上离退休干部393例的病历资料,根据肺部感染是否诱发MODSE,将所有病例分为MODSE组和非MODSE组,分析年龄、慢性疾病和健康体检有关血检测项目对MODSE发病的影响,从中筛选早期预测MODSE发病的指标,标以一定的分值,建立MODSE早期预测评分系统.结果 年龄、21种慢性疾病和15项血检测项目中经统计学分析结合临床专业知识评价,最终确立了年龄、7种慢性疾病(慢性阻塞性肺疾病、慢性呼吸衰竭、肺间质纤维化、慢性心功能不全、脑血管疾病、糖尿病和慢性肾功能不全)和4项血检测项目(血红蛋白、血白蛋白、血尿素和空腹血糖)作为MODSE早期预测评分系统的评分指标.结论 所建立的MODSE早期预测评分系统评分指标易得、操作简单、易于推广,为筛查肺部感染并发MODSE高危人群及早期预测MODSE发病提供了简易工具.     

老年人肺部感染并发多器官功能不全综合征的早期预测评分系统研究

目的 建立筛查肺部感染并发老年人多器官功能不全综合征(MODSE)高危人群及其发病的早期预测评分系统.方法 回顾性调查2001年1月至2006年12月因肺部感染在我院住院或住院期间出现肺部感染的驻石家庄地区60岁及以上的军队师以上离退休干部393例的病历资料,根据肺部感染是否诱发MODSE,将所有病例分为MODSE组和非MODSE组,分析年龄、慢性疾病和健康体检有关血检测项目对MODSE发病的影响,从中筛选早期预测MODSE发病的指标,标以一定的分值,建立MODSE早期预测评分系统.结果 年龄、21种慢性疾病和15项血检测项目中经统计学分析结合临床专业知识评价,最终确立了年龄、7种慢性疾病(慢性阻塞性肺疾病、慢性呼吸衰竭、肺间质纤维化、慢性心功能不全、脑血管疾病、糖尿病和慢性肾功能不全)和4项血检测项目(血红蛋白、血白蛋白、血尿素和空腹血糖)作为MODSE早期预测评分系统的评分指标.结论 所建立的MODSE早期预测评分系统评分指标易得、操作简单、易于推广,为筛查肺部感染并发MODSE高危人群及早期预测MODSE发病提供了简易工具.     

80岁以上老年肺部感染并发多器官功能不全死亡的影响因素研究

目的探讨80岁老年患者肺部感染并发多器官功能不全综合征(MODSE)死亡的影响因素。方法对2006年1月至2013年12月在我院住院的97例80岁肺部感染并发MODSE病例进行回顾性研究,分析所患慢性疾病、MODSE临床分期、受损器官数量及各受损器官对死亡的影响。结果单因素分析显示,各慢性疾病与MODSE死亡无关联(P0.05);MODSE衰竭期患者死亡率明显高于MODSE衰竭前期患者(χ2=37.168,P0.01);病例的受损器官数量与MODSE死亡率呈正相关(r=0.488,P0.01);在各受损器官中,外周循环受损患者死亡率明显高于未受损患者(χ2=11.581,P=0.001)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,MODSE临床分期(P0.01)和受损器官数量(P=0.022)为MODSE死亡的独立危险因素。结论 MODSE临床分期和受损器官数量是80岁老年肺部感染并发MODSE死亡的独立影响因素。     

老年临终期肿瘤患者合并肺部感染的危险因素分析

目的：分析老年临终期恶性肿瘤患者肺部感染的发生情况及其危险因素。方法回顾性地分析2012年10月至2013年11月期间在北京老年医院住院治疗的143例老年临终期恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料,采用多因素logistic回归分析方法对87例并发肺部感染病例（观察组）及56例未并发肺部感染病例（对照组）进行比较分析。结果 logistic多因素逐步回归分析显示,肺癌[比值比（ OR）＝4.137,95%置信区间（ CI）为1.967～14.479]、意识障碍（ OR＝3.728,95%CI为1.313～8.315）、低蛋白血症（ OR＝2.960,95%CI为1.300～6.739）、住院天数（ OR＝2.611,95%CI为1.056～6.451）、体力状况（ OR＝2.187,95%CI为1.345～4.071）、糖尿病（OR＝1.937,95%CI为1.159～3.238）、慢性阻塞性肺疾病（OR＝1.823,95%CI为1.056～3.891）与老年临终期恶性肿瘤患者并发肺部感染有相关性（均P＜0.05）。结论肺部感染是老年临终期恶性肿瘤患者的常见并发症,肺癌、伴有意识障碍、低蛋白血症、住院时间长、卧床以及合并慢性基础病（糖尿病和慢性阻塞性肺疾病）者是老年临终肿瘤患者并发肺部感染的危险。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.