鼻内镜下鼻后神经丛解剖研究

目的 探讨鼻内镜下鼻后神经丛(PNNP)的构成及分布特点,为后续行鼻内镜下高选择性PNNP切断术提供解剖学参考。方法 利用5具(10侧)冰鲜尸头灌注标本,经内镜下中鼻道入路,解剖蝶腭孔周围区域内结构;利用5具人体标本解剖前接受的鼻窦CT扫描结果,经影像学工具测量相应结构间距离。利用内镜系统采集解剖图像,影像测量软件获取影像学数据,并由资深放射科医师盲法测量。在解剖过程中,寻找蝶腭孔周围区域重要解剖标志及各结构间的毗邻关系。去除腭骨蝶突及蝶骨鞘突骨质,开放骨性腭鞘管,暴露PNNP咽支,在腭鞘管前口外侧探查定位翼管神经。结果 PNNP出蝶腭孔后均存在3个主要分支与蝶腭动脉分支血管伴行,前下方有与蝶腭鼻后外侧支伴行的鼻腔外侧壁支,后上方有与上鼻甲动脉伴行的上鼻甲支,后内侧有与鼻后中隔动脉伴行的鼻中隔支,蝶腭神经节在翼腭窝内即发出咽支,未穿出蝶腭孔,通过腭鞘管进入鼻咽部,且翼管前口均位于腭鞘管前口的外侧。腭鞘管前口外侧壁至翼管前口内侧壁间距,内镜下测量值(5.90±1.12)mm,影像学测量值(6.30±1.06)mm。结论 通过解剖定位腭鞘管,开放骨性腭鞘管,暴露其中的PNNP咽支,探讨腭鞘管前口与翼管前口之间的位置关系及术中规避翼管神经及蝶腭神经节的安全操作范围,为变应性鼻炎精准手术治疗提供解剖依据。     

经鼻内镜翼腭窝和颞下窝应用解剖学研究

目的探索经鼻内镜翼腭窝、颞下窝恒定的解剖标志,为手术处理该区域病变奠定基础。方法对11例尸头行鼻内镜侧颅底解剖学研究。经鼻内镜经中鼻道、蝶腭孔、上颌窦后壁入路,暴露翼腭窝及颞下窝的重要血管、神经及骨性解剖标志,并测量各解剖标志间的距离。结果经鼻内镜可恒定暴露蝶腭孔、翼管、圆孔、蝶腭神经节、眶下神经、卵圆孔、棘孔等重要侧颅底标志。鼻小柱基底到蝶腭孔、翼管、圆孔、卵圆孔、棘孔、破裂孔的距离分别为（69±3）、（73±3）、（75±3）、（90±5）、（96±4）、（88±3）mm。结论经鼻内镜可显露翼腭窝及颞下窝重要解剖结构,且各解剖结构可通过相互之间的距离及位置在鼻内镜二维平面上互相定位,以更直观、安全的处理该区域的病变。     

蝶腭孔的解剖学观察

目的为蝶腭孔相关手术提供解剖依据.方法观察106侧正中矢状切开颅骨蝶腭孔的位置、形状、大小,测量蝶腭孔的长径、宽径及孔中心至前鼻棘的距离.结果(1)蝶腭孔位于中鼻甲后端与蝶窦底之间,为圆形、椭圆形、不规则形,分为单孔、双孔、3孔;(2)平均长径左边是5.85±1.17mm,右边是6.09±1.31mm,平均宽径左边是3.91±0.97mm,右边是3.92±0.98mm;(3)孔中心至前鼻棘距离的平均值左是49.69±3.55mm,右是50.72±2.87mm.结论蝶腭孔的解剖学观测为临床提供了解剖资料.     

鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉银夹夹闭术治疗顽固性鼻出血

目的探讨鼻内镜下定位游离蝶腭动脉并以银夹夹闭治疗顽固性鼻出血的方法。方法对22例经反复鼻腔填塞及鼻内镜下电凝术治疗后仍有顽固性鼻腔后部出血的患者于全麻或局麻下行鼻内镜检查,在中鼻甲后端附着部纵向切开黏骨膜,寻找蝶腭孔并充分解剖蝶腭动脉主干及分支,以1～2枚银夹夹闭,复位黏骨膜瓣并填塞止血纱布和膨胀海绵。结果随访6—36个月,平均23个月。20例未再出血,2例分别于术后第6个月和9个月再次同侧筛动脉出血,经鼻内镜下电凝及填塞压迫止血后痊愈。结论鼻内镜下解剖蝶腭动脉并以银夹夹闭治疗顽固性鼻出血,方法简单,疗效确切,值得临床推广。     

下鼻甲动脉的应用解剖

目的 为下鼻甲手术提供局部解剖学数据。方法 在10侧成人头颈部标本上解剖观测了鼻后外侧动脉的来源，走行，分支，分布及吻合情况。结果 蝶腭动脉大多（90%）在蝶腭孔处已分为鼻后外侧动脉和鼻后中隔动脉，二者在蝶腭孔处外径分别为0.84mm和0.98mm。鼻后外侧动脉发出下鼻甲动脉和中鼻甲动脉，其外径分别为0.70mm和0.63mm。下鼻甲动脉在中鼻甲后端附着处下方约3mm处起始后垂直下行，经中鼻道粘膜下进入下鼻甲后方，在下鼻甲近内侧面与上面交界处的粘膜下前行，沿途分支分布于下鼻甲及下鼻道，且有分支与中鼻甲动脉吻合。结论 鼻后外侧动脉是鼻腔外侧壁血供的主要来源，下鼻甲部分切除术应注意保护下鼻甲动脉，以减少术中出血及并发症的发生，提高手术效果。     

内镜下经鼻腔上颌窦入路翼腭窝手术的临床应用解剖学研究

目的：为鼻内镜翼腭窝手术提供翼腭窝解剖学资料。方法：10％甲醛固定的15具成人头颅湿标本,从正中锯开,切除下、中鼻甲,前、后组筛房,上颌窦口后面腭骨垂直部骨质及上颌窦后外壁,暴露翼腭窝内的结构,逐层进行解剖,记录所涉及到的组织结构,探查其毗邻关系。结果：经鼻腔上颌窦入路可充分显露翼腭窝,翼腭窝内主要结构是上颌动脉、上颌神经及其分支,所有动脉分支直径都〈3mm。结论：鼻内镜翼腭窝手术在理论上较安全可行。     

蝶腭孔的显微解剖学研究

目的 :通过对尸颅蝶腭孔的测量和观察 ,为经鼻内镜蝶腭孔相关手术提供解剖学依据。方法 :应用显微解剖学方法对 4 0侧正中线切开的尸颅蝶腭孔进行了位置、形状、大小及毗邻关系的观察与有关数据的测量。结果 :将蝶腭孔分成 3类 ,Ⅰ类 :孔位于上鼻甲、上鼻道的后方 ,Ⅱ类 :孔位于中鼻甲或中鼻道的后端 ,Ⅲ类 :Ⅰ类加Ⅱ类。各类分别占 35 %、5 %、6 0 %。孔上缘与蝶窦底间距离男 (1.75± 1.10 )mm ,女 (1.13± 0 .5 5 )mm ,与蝶窦口距离男 (9.80± 3.2 7)mm ,女 (8.30± 3.4 5 )mm ,孔的后缘与鼻咽部距离男 (11.12± 3.30 )mm ,女 (10 .85± 3.12 )mm ,孔的前缘与上颌窦口距离男 (18.5 0± 6 .‘80 )mm ,女 (14 .5 7± 5 .0 7)mm ,与鼻尖距离男 (6 9.5 4± 6 .98)mm ,女(6 6 .5 7± 5 .0 7)mm ,与前鼻棘距离男 (5 6 .6 9± 5 .70 )mm ,女 (5 3.2 5± 8.80 )mm ,以蝶腭孔中心点为准前后径女(4 .6 1± 1.80 )mm ,男 (5 .12± 2 .0 5 )mm ,上下径男 (5 .37± 2 .6 7)mm ,女 (4 .74± 2 .74 )mm ,与硬腭水平板的夹角男(2 2 .83± 4 .71)°,女 (2 2 .73± 3.81)°。蝶腭动脉外径男 (2 .12± 0 .6 6 )mm ,女 (1.6 1± 0 .70 )mm ,蝶腭神经外径男(0 .6 5± 0 .4 9)mm ,女 (0 .35± 0 .0 7)mm。鼻腔外侧壁的血供及     

翼腭窝和颞下窝三维影像学与经鼻内镜解剖学对照研究

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(multislice spiral computed tomography,MSCT)测量翼腭窝和颞下窝解剖相关标志的方法及可行性.方法 对11具尸头行MSCT扫描,利用工作站确立解剖标志空间坐标,并计算解剖学数据.同时对11具尸头经鼻内镜解剖翼腭窝和颞下窝,并测量相关解剖学数据,对照影像学与鼻内镜下的共同解剖标志的形态,比较影像学和鼻内镜下解剖测量数据结果.结果 影像学方法和解剖学方法测量得到鼻小柱根部到蝶腭孔、翼管、圆孔、卵圆孔、棘孔、颈动脉管外口、破裂孔的距离((-x)±s,下同)分别为:(68.83±3.00)、(72.49±2.88)、(75.26±3.14)、(88.55±5.00)、(95.19±4.31)、(106.76±3.77)、(88.16±2.87)mm和(68.90±3.04)、(72.73±3.08)、(75.44±3.07)、(89.75±4.13)、(96.22±3.37)、(106.68±3.75)、(88.47±2.64)mm,两组数据差异无统计学意义(t值分别为-0.856、-1.134、-0.920、-1.923、-1.903、2.820、1.209,P值均>0.05).蝶腭孔、翼管、圆孔、卵圆孔、颈动脉管外口、破裂孔是鼻内镜解剖和影像学共同的解剖标志,可作为判断翼腭窝和颞下窝内神经、血管以及重要毗邻结构空间关系的解剖标志.结论 MSCT扫描三维重建测量翼腭窝和颞下窝相关标志解剖学数据可靠,可为临床个体化手术提供依据.     

鼻内镜下翼腭窝区解剖观察

目的研究翼腭窝区解剖特征并测量有关解剖数据,为经上颌窦入路进行翼腭窝区域手术提供参考数据。方法鼻内镜下观测10具(20侧)成人尸头,选择上颌窦前壁内下(和内上)与内壁交角点、上颌窦自然口为基点。选择颌内动脉(又称上颌动脉)第一分支动脉根部、腭降动脉根部、圆孔外口、蝶腭孔为测量点。观察两者的间距及空间位置关系,确定观测结果的临床意义。结果三个基点与测量点的距离依次为48.33±3.35mm、44.62±4.11mm、60.31±2.73mm、51.16±2.86mm;21.52±2.13mm、18.92±2.56mm,23.15±2.37mm、18.99±3.25mm;14.62±1.82mm、12.16±1.63mm,17.48±1.41mm、3.50±1.20mm。结论经上颌窦进入翼腭窝的骨壁开窗位置应选择在上颌窦后壁的中上1/3处。上颌窦内口和上颌窦后壁内上与内壁交角点可以作为手术中重要的标志性结构。     

鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉电凝术治疗顽固性鼻出血

目的：探讨应用鼻内镜行蝶腭动脉电凝术治疗顽固性鼻出血的方法与疗效。方法：对20例顽固性鼻出血患者于全身麻醉后鼻内镜下,根据解剖标志,于中鼻甲后端区域寻找到蝶腭孔,充分游离其中的蝶腭动脉,用双极电凝烧灼后切断,局部黏膜复位后小块膨胀海绵压迫。结果：随访5～20个月,平均10个月。全部患者无再次出血,1例发生鼻腔轻度粘连。结论：鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉电凝术治疗顽固性鼻出血疗效确切,手术微创,是治疗顽固性鼻出血的可靠方法。     

Severe posterior epistaxis-endoscopic surgical anatomy

OBJECTIVE: To describe the anatomy of the sphenopalatine foramen (SPF) region and possible anatomical variations. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study accomplished from September, 2006, to January, 2007. METHODS: The sphenopalatine foramen (SPF) of 61 cadavers were carefully dissected. Presence of the ethmoidal crest, location of sphenopalatine and accessory foramens, and the number of arterial branches emerging through foramens were observed. Data were analyzed in relation to gender, racial group, and symmetry of the cadaver. Prediction of the presence of accessory foramen was evaluated. RESULTS: Mixed race cadavers prevailed in 122 nasal fossae dissected (75% males). Ethmoidal crest was present in 100% of the cadavers, being anterior to the SPF in 98.4% of the cases. The most frequent SPF location was the transition of the middle and superior meatus (86.9%). Mean distance from the SPF and accessory foramen to anterior nasal spine was 6.6 cm and 6.7 cm, respectively. Accessory foramen was present in 9.83% of the cases. A single arterial stem emerged through the SPF in 67.2% of the cases, and 100% through accessory foramens. The prevalence analyses showed no differences that were statistically significant (P > 0.05) between gender and racial group. The symmetry analyses showed a strong conformity (P < 0.01) between nasal fossae in relation to the SPF location. There was no statistically significant conformity between nasal fossae and accessory foramen (P = 0.53). None of the variables of interest presents any statistically significant (P > 0.05) association with the presence of the accessory foramen. CONCLUSIONS: There are anatomical variations in the lateral nose wall that should be considered for successful endoscopic surgical treatment of severe epistaxis.     

The sphenopalatine artery: a surgical challenge in epistaxis

Knowledge on the anatomy of the sphenopalatine artery (SPA) and its branches is fundamental for the success of the endoscopic treatment of posterior epistaxis. However, the complex anatomical variations seen in the irrigation of the nasal cavity poses a significant surgical challenge.Objective: This paper aims to describe the endoscopic anatomy of the SPA in human cadavers.Materials and Methods: This is a contemporary cross-sectional cohort study carried out between April 2010 and August 2011. The presence of the ethmoidal crest on the lamina perpendicular to the palatine bone and the location of the principal sphenopalatine foramen (PSF) and the accessory sphenopalatine foramen (ASF) were analyzed in 28 cadavers, and the branches emerging from the foramens were counted.Results: Fifty-six nasal fossae were analyzed. The ethmoidal crest was present in 96% of the cases and was located anteriorly to the PSF in most cases. The PSF was located in the transition area between the middle and the superior meatus in all cases. The ASF was seen in 12 cases. Most nasal fossae (n = 12) presented a single bilateral arterial trunk emerging from the PSF. In other cases, three (n = 8) or two (n = 5) arterial trunks emerged bilaterally from the PSF. In most cases, the SPA emerged as a single trunk from the ASP.Conclusions: The anatomy of the SPA is highly variable. The success of the treatment for severe epistaxis relies heavily on adequate knowledge of the possible anatomical variations of the sphenopalatine artery.     

New guidelines for endoscopic localization of the anterior ethmoidal artery: a cadaveric study

OBJECTIVES: To determine objective data to improve the methods of identification of the anterior ethmoidal artery during endoscopic dissection. STUDY DESIGN: Cadaveric dissection of adult human heads. METHODS: A 0 degrees, 4-mm rigid endoscope was used to guide uncinectomy and frontoethmoidectomy. The location of the anterior ethmoidal artery was first determined visually and then confirmed by passing a needle through the anterior ethmoidal foramen from the orbit into the nose in all cases. The distances were endoscopically measured using a simple ruler between two nasal landmarks and the anterior ethmoidal artery. RESULTS: Fifty-six nasal fossae in 28 cadavers were dissected endoscopically. The median distance between the artery and the "axilla" formed by the anterior attachment of the middle turbinate to the lateral nasal wall was 20 mm (range, 17-25 mm), irrespective of the side. The measurement differed by less than 2 mm between the sides in the same individual. The median distance between the artery and the "axilla" formed by the medial and lateral crura of the lower lateral cartilage (superomedial edge of the nostril) was 62 mm (range, 55-75 mm) for both sides. The artery was found to be in direct alignment with the two "axillae" formed by the middle turbinate and the nostril edge. CONCLUSIONS: The distance between the ethmoidal artery and the axilla of the middle turbinate showed the least intraindividual and interindividual variations. The tip of the endoscope (or the ruler) points directly at the anterior ethmoidal artery in the fovea ethmoidalis when its edge is aligned with the two nasal landmarks. These simple guidelines can aid the identification of the artery in endoscopic frontoethmoidectomy.     

Surgical anatomy of the sphenopalatine artery in lateral nasal wall

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the surgical anatomy of the sphenopalatine artery. First, the location of the sphenopalatine foramen on the lateral nasal wall and the pattern of the main branches of the sphenopalatine artery from the sphenopalatine artery were studied. Second, the course of the posterior lateral nasal artery with respect to the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus, the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone, and the pattern of distribution of its branches on the fontanelle was determined. Third, the distribution pattern on the inferior turbinate was analyzed. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty midsagittal sections of randomly selected Korean adult cadaver heads with intact sphenoid sinus and surrounding structures were used in the study. METHODS: The mucosa on the sphenopalatine foramen and its surrounding mucosa were removed with a microscissors, a fine forceps, and a pick to expose the sphenopalatine artery under an operating microscope (original magnification x6). RESULTS: The feeding vessels of the superior turbinate were from the septal artery in 36 cases (72%). The feeding vessels to the middle turbinate branch originated from the proximal portion of the posterior lateral nasal artery just after exiting the sphenopalatine foramen in 44 cases (88%). Some portion of the posterior lateral nasal artery ran anterior to the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus in 38%. The major feeding arteries to the fontanelle were from the inferior turbinate branch in 25 cases (50%). In most cases, the inferior turbinate branch was the end artery of the posterior lateral nasal artery (98%). CONCLUSIONS: The study provides detailed information concerning the sphenopalatine artery, which we hope will help explain the arterial bleeding that may occur during ethmoidectomy, middle meatal antrostomy, conchotomy, and endoscopic ligation of the sphenopalatine artery.     

Arterial ligation for pediatric epistaxis: developmental anatomy

BACKGROUND: Anatomic studies of adult skulls have aided in the design of operations for the surgical ligation of nasal feeding vessels in the treatment of severe epistaxis. Lack of appropriate specimens has prevented similar studies in children. We performed an anthropometric study of archeological specimens to learn the effects of growth on key anatomic relationships. METHODS: We studied the skulls of children who died between 200 and 8000 years ago, recovered from archeological digs around the world. Measurements of the distances from the posterior lacrimal crest to the foramina of anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries and optic canal and the pyriform aperture to the foramen of the sphenopalatine artery were made and compared with postnatal age, estimated from facial growth and dental eruption patterns. RESULTS: There is rapid growth in the orbit and midface during the first 6 years of life and gradual growth between 7 years and adulthood. The length of the medial wall of the orbit doubles during development with disproportionate enlargement of its anterior half. CONCLUSION: Arterial ligation is sometimes required for intractable pediatric epistaxis, especially after trauma. The changing relationships of critical structures in the orbital must be understood to allow safe ethmoidal artery ligation. The transantral approach to the maxillary artery is greatly limited by lack of midfacial development and maxillary pneumatization. We describe the necessary parameters for endoscopic, transnasal sphenopalatine artery ligation in growing children.