内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗上消化道神经内分泌肿瘤的临床价值

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗上消化道神经内分泌肿瘤的安全性及其疗效.方法 采用ESD方法对19例上消化道神经内分泌肿瘤进行治疗,术后标本送病理检查,记录不良反应发生情况及疗效,随访肿瘤复发及转移情况.结果 肿瘤直径0.4 ～1.5 cm,平均0.9 cm,均一次性完整剥离切除,ESD手术时间(自黏膜下注射至完整剥离病变)15～ 50 min,平均20 min,无严重出血及穿孔发生.术后18例病理诊断为神经内分泌瘤,其中G1级16例、G2级2例,基底和切缘均未见病变累及;另1例病理显示有浸润性生长倾向,诊断神经内分泌癌(G3级),行外科扩大切除,术后病理未见肿瘤组织残留,无淋巴结转移.平均随访28个月,无一例出现肿瘤复发和转移.结论 ESD治疗上消化道神经内分泌肿瘤具有较好的安全性和疗效,值得在临床上推广应用.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗食管早期癌及癌前病变

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗食管早期癌及癌前病变的应用价值.方法 对胃镜发现的食管早癌和上皮内瘤变、深度未超越黏膜卜层者15例进行ESD治疗:(1)黏膜下注射生理盐水抬高病变;(2)预切开病变周围黏膜;(3)沿病变下方黏膜下层完整剥离病变.结果 15例食管早癌和上皮内瘤变病变,最大卣径2.5～4.5 cm(平均3.2 cm).14例病变成功完成ESD治疗,ESD成功率93.3%(14/15).所有剥离病变全部得到病理确诊,基底和切缘未见病变累及.ESD手术时间(白黏膜下注射至完整剥离病变)45～150 min,(平均75 min).术中出血量平均30 ml,均经电凝、氙离子凝固术和止血夹成功止血,未出现需再次内镜下治疗的出血;ESD穿孔发生率0(0/15).术后随访14例,随访期6～18个月(平均11.5个月),创而完全愈合,无一例病变残留和复发.结论 ESD是治疗食管早癌和癌前病变的新方法,不仅能完整切除较大的病变,还能提供完整的病理学诊断资料.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道固有肌层肿瘤

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗来源于消化道固有肌层黏膜下肿瘤(SMT)的疗效和安全性.方法 对内镜发现的消化道SMT进行超声检查,对来源于固有肌层的SMT应用头端弯曲的针形切开刀进行ESD治疗:(1)黏膜下注射生理盐水;(2)预切开病变周围黏膜;(3)剥离黏膜下层组织显露病变,一次性完整切除病变.结果 来源于固有肌层的消化道SMT 10例,术后病理诊断为食管平滑肌瘤1例,胃平滑肌瘤1例,胃间质瘤6例,直肠平滑肌瘤和间质瘤各1例.病变最大直径0.5～3.0 cm(平均1.4 cm).9例病变一次性完整剥离,1例创面肿瘤残留接受外科手术.ESD手术时间30～150 min(平均73.5 min).1例术中出现消化道穿孔,应用金属夹成功闭合,未转开腹手术修补.术中平均出血量约40 ml,术后均未出现出血,亦未出现其他并发症.结论 ESD治疗来源于固有肌层的消化道SMT安全、有效,大多可以一次性完整切除病变,提供完整的病理学诊断资料,达到外科手术同样的治疗效果.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术在消化道肿瘤治疗中的应用

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）在治疗消化道肿瘤中的应用价值。方法收集近2年电子胃肠镜发现的15例胃与大肠黏膜及黏膜下肿瘤,内镜超声检查和/或病理活检进一步明确病灶大小,位置及性质,ESD操作步骤;黏膜下注射液体以抬高病灶,接着预切开病灶周围黏膜,之后使用Hook刀或IT刀沿病灶黏膜下层完整剥离病灶。结果 15例患者均顺利完成ESD治疗,病变直径1.0～3.5cm,平均2.3cm,ESD手术时间30～175min,平均73min,ESD治疗过程中创面均有少量出血,均经电凝或金属钛夹止血,无术后延迟出血发生,穿孔发生率为6.7%（1/15）,术后随访1～8个月,未见肿瘤残留或复发。结论 ESD作为一种内镜微创治疗,能实现较大病灶的完全剥离,为临床提供完整的病理学资料,也为消化道早期黏膜及黏膜下肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的治疗途径。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗直肠病变

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗直肠病变的应用价值。方法对肠镜发现的较大直肠腺瘤和黏膜下肿瘤应用头端弯曲的针形切开刀进行内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）治疗：（1）黏膜下注射生理盐水抬高病变，使病变与肌层相分离；（2）预切开病变周围黏膜；（3）剥离病变下方黏膜下层结缔组织，完整切除病变。结果12例低位直肠病变，大小0．6～4．5cm（平均2．8cm），均成功完成ESD治疗。术后11例病理确诊基底和切缘未见病变累及；1例腺癌累及黏膜下层病例接受外科根治手术，手术标本病理未见肿瘤残留。ESD手术时间（自黏膜下注射至完整剥离病变）30～120min（平均52min）。术中出血量平均约75ml，均经电凝、氩离子凝固术和止血夹成功止血，未出现需再次肠镜下治疗的出血。2例剥离深至肌层，出现皮下气肿和少量膈下游离气体，保守治疗好转。9例1个月后肠镜复查，创面基本愈合。结论ESD是治疗消化道病变的新方法，不仅能切除较大的病变，还能提供完整的病理学诊断资料。以往需要外科手术的消化道早期癌和部分黏膜下肿瘤，通过ESD可以达到同样的治疗效果。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤的疗效分析

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤(submucosal tumor,SMT)的疗效及安全性。方法选取我院2008年3月-2011年6月经胃肠镜检查发现消化道黏膜下肿瘤48例,回顾性分析48例患者资料,包括患者的基本情况、病变部位、大小、治疗经过以及病理结果等,统计并发症发生情况及术后随访结果。结果病灶直径为0.8～5.8 cm,平均(3.3±0.75)cm,ESD手术时间为27～167 min,平均(71.0±22.6)min,ESD完整切除病灶45例(45/48,93.75%),穿孔3例(3/48,6.25%),其中1例大出血,1例食管患者ESD术后出现食管狭窄,经内镜下球囊扩张食管狭窄消失。所有病人均完成了术后6个月的内镜随访,1例患者见肿瘤复发。结论 ESD技术对较大病变可以整块切除,并提供完整的病理诊断资料;消化道SMT行ESD术是安全、有效的。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗大肠侧向发育型息肉25例

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术( ESD)治疗大肠侧向发育型息肉的临床价值.方法 应用染色、放大内镜及超声内镜检测病变范围及侵犯深度,对位于黏膜层或黏膜下层侧向发育型息肉行ESD治疗,完整剥离病变组织后送病检,所有病例术后内镜定期随访.结果 25例均完整剥离,病灶直径2.5 ～6.0 cm,平均4.0 cm;ESD手术时...     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗上消化道病变

内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）是一种安全有效的内镜下微创治疗新技术。ESD技术具有可完整切除病灶、切除较大病灶、切除溃疡型病灶等优点,为上消化道黏膜病灶尤其是早期肿瘤和黏膜下肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的途径。本文详细介绍了ESD的适应证、禁忌证、操作中所需的特殊器械、具体的操作方法及其并发症的处理,并结合文献资料和临床操作体会,阐述了ESD技术在早期消化道肿瘤和消化道黏膜下肿瘤处理中的应用。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道病灶56例疗效分析

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）治疗消化道病灶的疗效和安全性。方法内镜检查发现的消化道病灶病例患者为入选对象,术前行染色内镜和超声内镜检查,确定病变范围和深度,常规行术前评估,观察手术时间、手术成功率及并发症发生率,并进行术后随访。结果 2008年12月~2009年6月我院共实施ESD手术56例进入观察,切除标本平均直径（2.56±0.69）cm,平均手术操作时间（70.24±28.35）min;手术完整剥离成功率94.6%,术中穿孔发生率5.4%,迟发性穿孔率3.6%。1例发生迟发型出血,行手术治疗。术后随访率92.9%,随访患者中6个月内切面愈合率91.3%,12个月内切面愈合率达100%。结论 ESD治疗消化道病灶病变局部的复发率低,并发症少。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗上消化道间质瘤的临床观察

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗上消化道间质瘤的疗效和安全性。方法选取昆山市第一人民医院在2011年10月至2018年1月间收治的25例上消化道间质瘤作为研究对象,应用Dual刀、IT刀进行ESD治疗,一次性完整剥离切除病变。结果 25例上消化道间质瘤中,位于胃窦7例、胃底5例、胃体7例、贲门1例、食管5例。病变大小为0.8～3.0cm,平均(1.6±0.6)cm。25例病变均一次性完整剥离。ESD手术时间为30～98min,平均(55.8±18.5)min。3例术中出现消化道穿孔,2例应用和谐夹及尼龙绳圈套扎成功闭合,1例行腹腔镜修补术。所有患者术中出血量均100mL,术后均未出现迟发性穿孔和迟发性出血。结论 ESD治疗上消化道间质瘤安全、有效。     

微探头超声指导内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变的价值

背景：微探头超声（MPS）能对上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变进行较准确的定位,并初步定性诊断,内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）可完整切除病变,目前MPS指导ESD治疗上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变的研究少见。目的：评价MPS指导ESD治疗上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变的价值。方法：对胃镜检查发现的89例上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变行MPS检查,比较两者的诊断准确率。然后采用ESD切除病变,分析手术情况。结果：上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变以平滑肌瘤和间质瘤为主,MPS对上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变的总体诊断准确率显著高于胃镜（83．1％对51．7％,P〈0．05）。82例病变位于黏膜肌层或黏膜下层,平均直径为12．6mm,平均手术时间28．2min,ESD完整切除率100％;5例病变位于固有肌层,平均直径为13．8mm,平均手术时间48．5min,ESD完整切除率71．4％,其余2例固有肌层病变因难以控制的出血和黏连而行外科手术。所有患者术后随访无病变残留和复发。结论：MPS可对上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变作出较准确的判断,应作为内镜下治疗的术前常规检查。MPS引导ESD治疗上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变安全、有效。     

Endoskopische Submukosadissektion

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was developed in Japan but has now also become permanently established in various centers in Europe. ESD is an endoscopic en bloc mucosal resection technique for the treatment of early cancers with a diameter >1 cm and also superficial precancerous lesions, which could only be removed unsatisfactorily in several fragments or with uncertain lateral safety margins using previous loop excision procedures. Using ESD a lesion is excised after circular marking and generous submucosal injection with a safety margin of approximately 5 mm and subsequently resected at the level of the submucosa with a 1-3 mm short diathermic knife. ESD requires high technical skills in interventional endoscopy and is more time-consuming than snare resection techniques. However, numerous studies have shown a clear superiority for ESD with respect to the R0 resection rate and the local recurrence rate. The present article gives a current review of the use of ESD in the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract and demonstrates perspectives of the procedure.     

USE OF SHORT NEEDLE KNIFE FOR ESOPHAGEAL ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION

Background: The emergence of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has enabled en bloc resection of lesions, which were conventionally difficult. However, ESD has problems of technical difficulty and high incidence of complications. In order to improve the procedure of marking and submucosal dissection in the esophagus, we modified and adjusted the standard needle knife to a short needle knife having a tip portion with a projection length of 1.5 mm. Methods: We treated 20 esophageal lesions with ESD using the short needle knife. We marked around the lesion with the short needle knife and performed mucosal incision of the entire circumference with a needle knife and an IT knife, then dissected the submucosal layer with the short needle knife. A Hook knife was also used in situations where muscular layers were located in the front‐view Results: Complete en bloc resection was performed in all 20 cases. The diameter of lesions ranged from 3 to 65 mm (median, 20 mm), and that of resected specimens ranged from 28 to 90 mm (median, 47 mm). Submucosal dissection was completed with the short needle knife alone in 13 cases in 20 (65%), and in seven cases (35%), in combination with so‐called Hook knife. The procedure was complicated in one patient with mediastinal emphysema. Conclusions: The short needle knife proved to be useful and safe in clear marking and submucosal dissection of esophageal lesions. It allows greater flexibility in the angle of insertion, and enables more effective and safer procedures because its full length can be inserted into the submucosa and fixed.     

25例消化道病变ESD治疗体会

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)处理消化道病灶的实用性及安全性。方法对7例消化道早期癌肿及18例深度未超过黏膜下层的黏膜下肿瘤共25例行ESD治疗。结果 25例患者均一次性完整切除病灶。所有治疗中均伴有术中出血,用ESD专用热止血钳、APC、金属止血夹成功止血,未发生术后迟发出血。术中穿孔1例,穿孔率为4%(1/25),以金属夹成功夹闭,无术后迟发穿孔。术后随访20例(包括7例消化道早期癌肿及13例黏膜下肿瘤),随访期为7～17个月(平均12.2个月),随访创面均完全愈合,未见复发病灶。结论ESD作为一种微创治疗方法,对于浸润深度不超过黏膜下层的病灶可以一次性大块剥离,从而获得完整的病理学诊断资料,安全性较好。但操作过程复杂,技术难度高。     

RISK MANAGEMENT TO PREVENT PERFORATION DURING ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION

En bloc resection is beneficial for accurate histological assessment of resected specimens of endoscopic mucosal resection. Conventional endoscopic mucosal resection is simple and convenient but with this procedure the size of specimen obtained from one‐piece resection is very limited. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) using IT knife, Hook knife, Flex knife and so on has already been reported and it is useful to some expert endoscopists, but sometimes difficult for general endoscopists to use safely. The drawback of ESD is that it is difficult and is consequently associated with a higher rate of perforation, which may reach up to 2–6% . In addition, ESD requires advanced endoscopic techniques. Further improvement of devices and techniques is expected to be developed to prevent perforation for ESD procedure.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗结直肠侧向发育型息肉的疗效分析

目的探讨采用内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗结直肠侧向发育型息肉的应用价值。 方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年12月经内蒙古消化病研究所内镜中心行肠镜检查发现的45例结直肠侧向发育型息肉患者,应用IT刀、Hook刀行ESD治疗。将ESD成功率、剥离病变大小、手术时间、手术并发症及复发率等纳入观察范围。 结果45例结直肠病变接受ESD,其中,2例病变黏膜下注射后病变托举差,术中剥离困难且容易出血转外科手术。术后病理证实,3例癌变且基底仍有肿瘤残留,行外科手术扩大切除。ESD成功率88.9%(40/45)。病变直径为1.5～6.3 cm,平均3.6 cm;ESD手术时间为31～125 min,平均67 min。3例术后有便血,其中1例保守治疗失败,内镜下成功电凝止血,ESD术后出血发生率7%(3/43)。4例在ESD治疗中有小穿孔,应用软组织夹成功缝合穿孔,未转开腹手术,ESD穿孔发生率为9.3%(4/43)。术后40例患者均随访,创面基本愈合,无病变残留和复发。 结论ESD治疗结直肠侧向发育型息肉疗效可靠,能完整切除较大的病变,提供完整的病理学资料且复发率低。出血和穿孔是其主要的短期并发症。     

Indications for and Technical Aspects of Colorectal Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection

Due to the widespread acceptance of gastric and esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissections (ESDs), the number of medical facilities that perform colorectal ESDs has grown and the effectiveness of colorectal ESD has been increasingly reported in recent years. The clinical indications for colorectal ESD at the National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan include laterally spreading tumor (LST) nongranular type lesions >20 mm and LST granular type lesions >30 mm. In addition, 0-IIc lesions >20 mm, intramucosal tumors with nonlifting signs and large sessile lesions, all of which are difficult to resect en bloc by conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), represent potential candidates for colorectal ESD. Rectal carcinoid tumors less than 1 cm in diameter can be treated simply, safely, and effectively by endoscopic submucosal resection using a ligation device and are therefore not indications for ESD. The en bloc resection rate was 90%, and the curative resection rate was 87% for 806 ESDs. The median procedure time was 60 minutes, and the mean size for resected specimens was 40 mm (range, 15 to 150 mm). Perforations occurred in 23 (2.8%) cases, and postoperative bleeding occurred in 15 (1.9%) cases, but only two perforation cases required emergency surgery (0.25%). ESD was an effective procedure for treating colorectal tumors that are difficult to resect en bloc by conventional EMR. ESD resulted in a higher en bloc resection rate as well as decreased invasiveness in comparison to surgery. Based on the excellent clinical results of colorectal ESDs in Japan, the Japanese healthcare insurance system has approved colorectal ESD for coverage.     

Matched case-control study comparing endoscopic submucosal dissection and endoscopic mucosal resection for colorectal tumors

Background and Aim: For large colorectal tumors, the en bloc resection rate achieved by endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is insufficient, and this leads to a high rate of local recurrence. As endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been reported to achieve a higher rate of en bloc resection and a lower rate of local recurrence in the short‐term, it is expected to overcome the limitations of EMR. We conducted a matched case‐control study between ESD and EMR to clarify the effectiveness of ESD for colorectal tumors. Methods: Between April 2005 and February 2009, a total of 28 colorectal tumors in 28 patients were resected by ESD and were followed up by colonoscopy at least once. As a control group, 56 EMR cases from our prospectively completed database were matched. En bloc resection, complication and recurrence rates were compared between the two groups. Results: The mean sizes of the lesions were 27.1 mm in the ESD group and 25.0 mm in the EMR group. The en bloc resection rate was significantly higher in the ESD group (92.9% vs 37.5% with ESD vs EMR), and the rate of perforation was also significantly higher (10.7% vs 0%). All cases of perforation were managed conservatively. No recurrence was observed in the ESD group, whereas local recurrences were detected in 12 EMR cases (21.4%). Eleven of the 12 recurrences (91.7%) were managed endoscopically, and one required surgical resection. Conclusions: Endoscopic submucosal dissection is a promising technique for the treatment of colorectal tumors, giving an excellent outcome in comparison with EMR.