氯沙坦与吲哒帕胺联合治疗35例高血压病的临床疗效观察

目的　应用氯沙坦联合吲哒帕胺治疗原发性高血压的临床疗效观察。方法　 35例原发性高血压伴左室肥厚及其中合并心功能不全 16例的患者给予氯沙坦 5 0～ 10 0 m g/ d和吲哒帕胺 2 .5 mg/ d,疗程 16周。结果　联合用药后血压明显下降 ,收缩压由 16 8.2± 16 .2 mm Hg降至 131.6± 14 .9mm Hg,舒张压由 99.5± 16 .2 mm Hg降至 82 .7± 9.4 mm Hg,心率无明显改变 ;左室肥厚能逆转 ,左室后壁由 12 .9± 0 .0 5 mm降至 11.6± 0 .0 6 mm ,室间隔由 13.3± 0 .0 6 m m降至 11.7± 0 .0 7mm;心功能不全得到改善 ,总有效率为 81.2 % ;肾功能、血脂、血糖、血钾、尿酸无明显变化。结论　氯沙坦与吲哒帕胺联合用药降压作用明显 ,能逆转左室肥厚 ,改善心功能 ,用药安全。     

缬沙坦对高血压患者血压及左心室肥厚的影响

目的 :观察血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体拮抗剂—缬沙坦对高血压及左心室肥厚的影响。方法 :32例原发性高血压合并左心室肥厚的病人口服缬沙坦 80～ 16 0mg·g-1,qd ,共 2 4周 ,服药前后分别测量血压及用彩色Doppler超声心动图仪行心脏超声检查。结果 :32例患者血压由 (2 1.7± 1.4) /(13.1± 0 .7)kPa降为 (17.3± 1.1) /(11.2± 0 .6 )kPa ,P <0 .0 1;左室重量指数(LVMI)由 (136 .8± 14.6 )g·m-2 降至 (110 .2± 11.5 )g·m-2 ,P <0 .0 5。结论 :缬沙坦在降低血压的同时 ,对左心室肥厚亦有逆转作用     

克拉维酸钾/羟氨苄青霉素(1∶4)分散片生物等效性的研究

目的　18名男性健康受试者采用随机交叉给药方法 ,单剂量口服试验制剂阿莫西林 克拉维酸钾分散片 (4∶1)和参比制剂阿莫西林 克拉维酸钾片 ,阿莫西林 5 0 0mg,克拉维酸钾 12 5mg,进行人体生物利用度和药代动力学比较。 方法 　用HPLC二极管阵列检测器同时测定阿莫西林和克拉维酸钾血药浓度。 结果 　试验制剂和参比制剂中阿莫西林的Tmax 分别为 1 2 5± 0 38h和 1 2 5± 0 38h ,Cmax 分别为 14 49± 1 42 μg/ml 和14 46± 1 40 μg/ml,AUC0 -Tn 分别为 5 2 87± 5 32 μg·h/ml和 5 2 79± 5 38μg·h/ml,AUC0 -inf分别为 5 5 36±5 2 3μg·h/ml和 5 5 41± 5 43μg·h/ml;试验制剂中羟氨苄青霉素的相对生物利用度 (F) :F (AUC(0 -Tn) )为10 0 2 0 % ,F(AUC(0 -inf) )为 99 97%。试验制剂和参比制剂中克拉维酸钾的Tmax分别为 0 92± 0 2 4h和 0 94±0 2 8h ,Cmax 分别为 2 2 7± 0 34 μg/ml和 2 2 6± 0 32 μg/ml,AUC0 -Tn 分别为 4 74± 0 85 μg·h/ml和 4 71±0 77μg·h/ml,AUC0 -inf分别为 4 92± 0 86 μg·h/ml和 4 89± 0 77μg·h/ml,试验制剂中克拉维酸钾的相对生物利用度 (F) :F(AUC(0 -Tn) )为 10 0 46 %、F(AUC(0 -inf) )为 10 0 5 7%。 结论 　两种制剂的     

硝酸异山梨酯治疗缺氧性肺动脉高压

目的 :观察硝酸异山梨酯对缺氧性肺动脉高压的疗效。方法 :行右心微导管术 ,监测以 10 0 μg·min- 1的速度静脉滴注硝酸异山梨酯 10mg对 12例慢性阻塞性肺疾病所致缺氧性肺动脉高压病人的血流动力学和血气分析的影响。结果 :用药 10～ 2 0min肺动脉平均压降至最低水平 [由 (3 .9±s 0 .3 )kPa降至 (2 .82± 0 .2 3 )kPa(P <0 .0 1) ,下降 2 8% ] ;肺血管总阻力由 (4.9± 1.1)U降至 (3 .1±0 .7)U(P <0 .0 1) ,下降 3 3 % ;心脏指数由 (3 .18±0 .2 5 )L·m- 2 ·min- 1升至 (3 .90± 0 .2 2 )L·m- 2 ·min- 1(P <0 .0 1) ,无明显不良反应。结论 :硝酸异山梨酯为一降低缺氧性肺动脉高压有效安全的药物。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定健康人体内阿德福韦浓度及其药动学研究(英文)

目的建立人血浆和尿样中阿德福韦浓度的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)测定方法。方法10名健康受试者单剂量口服阿德福韦10mg。于服药前(0h)和服药后抽取静脉血及留取尿样。采用BDS-Phenyl column(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.35mol·L-1冰醋酸梯度洗脱,流速为0.3mL.min-1;电喷雾离子化正离子选择性反应检测;检测离子为m/z274.1→162.1(阿德福韦),m/z254.1→135.0(喷昔洛韦,内标)。结果LC-MS/MS测定阿德福韦血浆样品线性范围为0.50～200μg.L-1,尿样线性范围为50～20000μg·L-1,线性关系良好。血浆样品分析的回收率、精密度和准确度均良好,定量限为0.50μg·L-1。主要药动学参数为:ρmax(24±s4)μg·L-1,tmax(1.0±0.6)h,AUC0～t(278±45)h.μg·L-1,AUC0～∞(285±45)h.μg·L-1,t1/2(8.8±1.6)h,CL(F)(36±6)L.h-1,Vd(F)(456±136)L,0～48h的尿累计排泄量为(48±12)%。结论建立的LC-MS/MS测定法专属性强、灵敏度适宜,可以用于阿德福韦的药动学研究。     

氯沙坦治疗高血压伴左心室肥厚的临床研究

自 1998年 6月至 2 0 0 0年 1月应用氯沙坦治疗高血压伴左心室肥厚患者 30例 ,发现其除降压外还有良好的逆转左室肥厚及改变左室重构的作用 ,报告如下。1　资料与方法1.1　临床资料 :选择依 WHO/ ISH标准确诊的原发性高血压患者 30例 ,其中男性 18例 ,女性 12例 ,平均年龄 (5 6± 12 )岁 (36～ 70岁 ) ,收缩压 (SBP)在 15 0～ 180 m m Hg,舒张压 (DBP)在 95～ 110 mm Hg;无肝肾功能异常 ,超声心动图测得左室重量指数 (L VMI)男性 >134g/ m2 ,女性 >110 g/ m2或室间隔舒张末期厚度 >12 mm。1.2　治疗方法 :1所有入选患者在用药前停服…     

黄芪注射液治疗慢性肾功能不全26例

目的 :探讨黄芪注射液对慢性肾功能不全的疗效。方法 :2 6例慢性肾功能不全患者 ,黄芪注射液 40g加入 5 %葡萄糖溶液或 0 .9%氯化钠溶液 2 50mL静脉滴注 ,qd,1 5d为 1个疗程 ,比较用药前后血肌酐 ,血红蛋白水平。结果 :用药前后血肌酐水平下降 ,由 (340 .2 6± 1 67.1 8) μmol·L 1 降至 (2 0 1 .2 0± 1 53 .33) μmol·L 1 (P <0 .0 1 )。血红蛋白由(72 .0± 2 1 .6)g·L 1 升至 (98.0± 2 5 .2 )g·L 1 (P <0 .0 1 )。结论 :黄芪注射液通过改善肾脏缺血 ,使肾功能明显改善及纠正肾性贫血。     

HPLC/MS研究国产盐酸班布特罗片及其代谢物特布他林人体生物等效性

目的　研究国产班布特罗片剂和进口片剂进行人体生物等效性研究。方法　 2 0名健康受试者随机交叉给药 ,用液相色谱 /质谱联用测定血浆中班布特罗其代谢物特布他林的浓度。结果　经数据处理 ,单次口服国产和进口班布特罗片剂后班布特罗的药代动力学参数 :AUC0 -t分别为 (5 2± 2 1) μg·h·L-1和 (5 1± 2 0 ) μg·h·L-1,Tmax分别为 (2 9± 0 9)h和 (2 6± 0 7)h ,Cmax分别为 (6 0± 2 6 ) μg·L-1和 (6 2± 2 9) μg·L-1。特布他林 :AUC0 -t分别为 (191± 30 ) μg·h·L-1和 (197± 37) μg·h·L-1,Tmax分别为 (4 2± 1 0 )h和 (4 2± 1 0 )h ,Cmax分别为 (10± 5 )μg·L-1和 (10± 4) μg·L-1。国产班布特罗片剂单次给药后的相对生物利用度为 10 2 %± 8% (班布特罗 ) ,10 0 %±12 % (特布他林 )。结论　经统计学证明两制剂有生物等效性     

两种硝酸异山梨醇酯缓释胶囊的人体药动学比较

目的 :选择 12名男性健康志愿者 ,进行单剂量口服硝酸异山梨醇酯缓释胶囊的人体药动学研究。方法 :采用毛细管气相色谱法 ,测定单剂量口服 4 0mg国产与进口硝酸异山梨醇酯缓释胶囊在健康人体内的硝酸异山梨醇酯浓度。结果 :硝酸异山梨醇酯缓释胶囊的体内动态过程呈一级吸收的二房室开放模型 ,国产与进口缓释胶囊的Cmax分别为 (2 3.6± 6 .2 ) μg·L-1和 (2 3.7± 5 .1) μg·L-1,tmax分别为 (3.3± 0 .6 )h和 (3.8± 0 .6 )h ,MRT分别为 (9.1± 0 .8)h和 (9.1± 0 .7)h ,t1/ 2 分别为 (8.2± 1.0 )h和 (8.1± 0 .9)h ,AUC0～ 2 4分别为 (12 6 .3± 15 .4 ) μg·h·L-1和 (12 4 .0± 14 .1) μg·h·L-1,AUC0→∞ 分别为 (139.4±14 .8) μg·h·L-1和 (136 .7± 13.8) μg·h·L-1。结论 :国产与进口硝酸异山梨醇酯缓释胶囊具有相似的人体药动学特征     

葡甘聚糖对大鼠口服荧光素钠吸收的影响

目的 :研究葡甘聚糖对大鼠口服荧光素钠药动学的影响。方法 :利用荧光素钠作为示踪药物 ,HPLC反相柱色谱分离原药 ,荧光高效液相法定量分析血清荧光素钠含量。结果 :大鼠灌胃荧光素钠溶液T12 α为 (5 .0± 0 .9)min ,T12 β为 (43± 9)min ,Tmax为 (7.5± 0 )min ,Cmax为 (192± 7)mg·L- 1,AUC为 (83± 17) μg·h- 1·L- 1。以 0 .4 %或 0 .8%的葡甘聚糖为制剂时T12 α分别为 (2 0± 6 )min和 (38± 13)min ,T12 β为 (6± 3)h和 (2 5± 12 )h ,Tmax为(19± 9)min和 (40± 16 )min ,Cmax为 (92 .3± 2 .0 )mg·L- 1和 (5 2± 3)mg·L- 1,AUC为 (6 14± 10 5 ) μg·h- 1·L- 1和 (30 1± 2 2 ) μg·h- 1·L- 1。结论 :葡甘聚糖能明显改变口服药物的药动学参数 ,如降低血药峰值浓度 ,提高AUC。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.