冠状动脉造影与冠状动脉内超声检查对钙化斑块检出的比较

目的 探讨冠状动脉造影（CAG）检查结合临床资料分析能否正确检出患者在拟行介入治疗的冠状动脉狭窄段有无钙化,并与冠状动脉内超声（ICUS）检查结果进行比较分析,进一步评价在冠状动脉介入治疗前应用ICUS确定钙化的范围和严重程度的价值作进一步的评价。方法 对150例拟行冠状动脉介入治疗的患者行CAG同时行ICUS检查,评价靶血管狭窄处的钙化情况。结果有113例（75.3％）靶血管狭窄处被ICUS检出钙化。而CAG检出52例有钙化。两种方法的检查结果有75例相符,75例不相符合。CAG对钙化检出的敏感性为38.9％,特异性为86.5％。在靶血管狭窄段CAG检出钙化的平均弧度（n=52）较ICUS检出的（n=113）要大。CAG判定表浅型钙化的敏感性和特异性分别为35.3％和95.2％。在98例靶血管狭窄处CAG判定为无钙化的患者中,68例患者ICUS检出有不同程度的钙化。而CAG在非靶血管狭窄段检出钙化是ICUS在98例患者中检出钙化惟一的预期值（P=0.003,OR=1.16,95％可信区间为1.1～1.3）。有73例CAG在冠状动脉丛任何处均未见钙化,而ICUS检出44例（60.3％）有钙化,其中>90弧度的表浅型钙化仅9例（12.3％）。结论CAG检出靶血管狭窄段有钙化存在提示可能为弧度较大的表浅型钙化。在CAG检不出靶血管狭窄处钙化的病例中,若患者的年龄较大,旦发     

血管内超声对冠状动脉弥漫性斑块的应用价值

目的:应用血管内超声(IVUS)对冠状动脉(冠脉)弥漫性斑块患者进行检查,比较IVUS与冠脉造影(CAG)对冠脉弥漫性斑块的诊断价值。方法:对经CAG发现冠脉弥漫性狭窄或可疑的39例患者(39支冠脉血管,其中左前降支16例,左回旋支12例,右冠脉11例)同时进行IVUS检查,对照这2种检查结果进行比较。结果:CAG显示的病变血管狭窄程度(面积狭窄率)及斑块累及长度明显低于IVUS所示的结果,而IVUS显示斑块累及范围明显大于CAG结果[(39.48±9.33)mm∶(30.26±8.57)mm],在弥漫性斑块累及冠脉的狭窄率上IVUS高于CAG[(67.2±8.1)%∶(60.3±7.3)%],二者差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CAG无法显示冠脉内形态及斑块性状,而通过IVUS可以清晰显示斑块的形态与性状。结论:对于冠脉内弥漫性斑块,CAG低估了病变程度,IVUS可以直接看到冠脉的横截面,从而明确冠脉狭窄的性状和严重程度,相对于CAG来说,IVUS是评价弥漫性斑块的一种精确方式。     

斑块钙化对双源CT冠状动脉造影诊断准确性的影响

目的定性、定量分析斑块钙化对双源CT冠状动脉造影诊断准确性的影响。方法回顾性分析双源CT冠状动脉造影诊断为冠心病,后行选择性冠状动脉造影的患者224例,共375处明显狭窄病变,其中234处为钙化病变。比较斑块不同钙化程度、钙化斑块血管直径、钙化斑块长度和钙化斑块血管分布对双源CT冠状动脉造影诊断冠状动脉狭窄准确性的影响。结果对轻中度钙化斑块和重度钙化斑块,双源CT分别高估管腔狭窄6.8%(P=0.0028)和18.8%(P0.0001),且高估狭窄在重度钙化斑块中更明显(P=0.002)。对血管直径较小和血管直径较大的钙化斑块,双源CT分别高估管腔狭窄7.2%(P=0.0026)和17.1%(P0.0001),且高估狭窄在血管直径较大时更明显(P=0.001)。对不同长度的钙化斑块,双源CT的诊断准确性未见差异(P=0.792)。结论斑块钙化使双源CT高估冠状动脉管腔狭窄,且钙化程度重和血管直径较大时更易出现。     

血管内超声表现不同的冠状动脉斑块临床特点比较

目的 采用血管内超声（IVUS）分析冠心病患者冠状动脉内斑块的临床特点。方法 入选2010年1月至2013年12月在沈阳军区总医院心内科住院并经冠状动脉造影证实的冠心病患者220例,根据IVUS斑块回声强弱分为3组：衰减斑块组（n＝42）,钙化斑块组（n＝63）和纤维斑块组（n＝115）。对此220例患者的基线资料和斑块特点进行比较分析。根据IVUS检查结果,确定需行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术的患者有140例（全部成功）,其中衰减斑块组26例（PCI比率62%）,钙化斑块组41例（PCI比率65%）、纤维斑块组73例（PCI比率63%）。对此140例患者的斑块特点、PCI术特点以及随访情况进行比较分析。结果 钙化斑块组患者年龄较其余两组大（P＜0.05）,总胆固醇（TC）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）均显著低于其余两组（P＜0.05）;衰减斑块组患者的既往心肌梗死或冠状动脉搭桥术（CABG）以及吸烟史均显著高于其余两组（P＜0.05）。钙化斑块组的最小管腔面积和病变血管直径显著低于其余两组（P＜0.05);与其他两组患者相比,衰减斑块组患者的斑块负荷较重、病变血管面积较大（P＜0.05）。在行PCI术的患者中：与其他两组患者相比,衰减斑块组患者的斑块负荷较重（P＜0.05）。行PCI术的各组患者在1年内发生死亡、心肌梗死和再次血运重建的概率间无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。结论 吸烟、既往心肌梗死或CABG史与衰减斑块的发生有关;与钙化斑块组及纤维斑块组相比,衰减斑块组具有较大的斑块负荷;PCI对IVUS证实的不稳定斑块具有较好的治疗效果。     

冠状动脉轻中度狭窄病变的血管内超声特征

通过分析病变的结构特点 ,探讨轻中度狭窄病变斑块不稳定的机制。对冠状动脉造影显示轻中度狭窄(直径狭窄率 2 0 %～ 6 0 % ) 6 2例及重度狭窄 2 6例冠心病患者行血管内超声显像检查 ,分析粥样硬化斑块性质及其狭窄程度。结果发现 ,轻中度狭窄患者中软斑块 (6 8.2 %比 15 .4 % ,P <0 .0 1)、薄纤维帽 (6 5 .9%比 7.7% ,P <0 .0 1)显著多于重度狭窄患者 ,并且斑块破裂 (2 8.2 %比 7.7% ,P <0 .0 1)及正性重构 (5 1.8%比 0 % ,P <0 .0 1)也显著多于重度狭窄患者。轻中度狭窄患者偏心斑块检出率显著多于重度狭窄者 (84 .7%比 30 .1% ,P <0 .0 1) ,但钙化少见 (16 .5 %比 84 .6 % ,P <0 .0 1)。结果提示 ,冠状动脉造影轻中度狭窄患者多数具有不稳定性斑块的结构特点 ,这些特点导致轻中度狭窄者容易发生急性冠状动脉综合征。     

血管内超声指导冠状动脉中重度钙化病变介入治疗的效果

目的:评价血管内超声(IVUS)对冠状动脉中-重度钙化病变介入治疗的指导作用及对预后的影响。方法:2009年1月~2013年1月冠状动脉中-重度钙化病变患者219例接受冠状动脉介入治疗,其中95例患者术中应用血管内超声指导,124例患者在单纯冠状动脉造影(CAG)指导下完成介入治疗。结果:两组患者的临床基线特征、靶血管部位、病变类型、置入支架数目、长度、直径;冠状动脉旋磨和切割球囊应用等方面,差异均无统计学意义。两组患者住院期间及术后30 d临床终点事件,包括主要不良心血管事件(MACE)事件、支架内血栓发生率的差异均无统计学意义。随访12个月时,IVUS组MACE事件发生率显著低于CAG组(8.4%vs.17.7%,P0.05),IVUS组靶血管重建发生率显著低于CAG组(3.2%vs.10.5%,P0.05)。IVUS组与CAG组在支架内血栓发生率方面差异无统计学意义(3.2%vs.3.2%)。结论:IVUS指导中-重度冠状动脉钙化病变术后即刻和短期临床效果并不优于CAG,但应用IVUS指导能够显著降低术后1年靶血管重建发生率。     

放射CT血管造影检测冠状动脉钙化斑块重建厚度探讨

冠状动脉钙化是常见冠状动脉疾病。放射CT血管造影技术又称非创伤性血管成像技术（ CTA ）。其采用心电门控技术,空间分辨率高、扫描速度快,已被用于检测冠状动脉钙化斑块,但其重建过程中应采用1 mm层厚及3 mm层厚的效果尚不明确。2013年2～8月,我们采用CTA对50例患者行冠状动脉钙化斑块检测,并比较了层厚1、3 mm时冠状动脉钙化斑块检出情况,现报告如下。     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者不稳定性斑块的血管内超声

目的观察急性冠状动脉综合征患者不稳定性斑块的血管内超声特征.方法 36例急性冠状动脉综合征患者和20例稳定型心绞痛患者进行冠状动脉造影及血管内超声检查.应用血管内超声分别观察比较冠状动脉内斑块的性质,同时测量冠状动脉病变部位及其参考部位的血管外弹力膜面积、管腔面积、斑块面积及管腔面积狭窄率,并计算斑块的偏心指数及血管重构指数.结果急性冠状动脉综合征患者中脂质斑块占77.8%(28/36),其中10例发生斑块破裂及血栓形成;稳定型心绞痛患者主要为纤维性斑块及混合性斑块,脂质斑块仅占10%(2/20),无斑块破裂及血栓形成.两组斑块的特征包括偏心性、外弹力膜面积、斑块面积及管腔面积狭窄率具有显著性差异.不稳定性斑块呈现明显的正性重构,占72.2%(26/36),而稳定性斑块主要表现为负性重构,占75%(15/20).结论血管内超声能够准确地识别动脉粥样硬化不稳定性斑块,为早期临床发现不稳定性斑块并预测斑块破裂奠定了基础.     

血管内超声评价他汀类药物治疗不稳定型心绞痛前后冠状动脉斑块稳定性的观察

目的:探究血管内超声(IVUS)评价他汀类药物治疗冠心病不稳定型心绞痛前后冠状动脉(冠脉)斑块稳定性的价值。方法:选取2017年5月-2019年3月于本院就诊的214例冠心病不稳定型心绞痛患者作为研究对象。依据冠脉狭窄程度,将患者分为50%～70%狭窄组和>70%狭窄组。50%～70%狭窄组进一步进行IVUS检查提示存在破裂斑块,随机分成强化他汀组和常规他汀组;>70%冠脉狭窄组进一步行经皮动脉介入(PCI)治疗,同样随机分为强化他汀组和常规他汀组。比较各组治疗前及治疗后3、6及9个月的血脂水平、血管体积、管腔体积、斑块体积变化。结果:与治疗前相比,强化他汀组与常规他汀组治疗后3、6、9个月血清高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、血小板活化因子(PAF)及白细胞介素因子6(IL-6)的表达均显著降低,且强化他汀组较常规他汀组降低更显著(均P<0.05)。50%～70%狭窄组和>70%狭窄组中,强化他汀组心血管事件发生率均显著低于常规他汀组(均P<0.05);强化他汀组...     

冠状动脉造影正常者血管腔内超声显像临床分析

目的探讨冠状动脉造影(CAG)的局限性及冠状动脉内超声(Intracoronary Ultrasound,ICUS)应用价值.方法对初步诊断为冠心病的39例患者行冠状动脉造影(CAG)检查,并且CAG示无明显狭窄的50处冠状动脉血管段行ICUS检查.结果ICUS检查发现,39例患者均有不同程度的内膜增厚;6例患者有内膜钙化;无动脉粥样硬化斑块者(即所谓冠状动脉正常)为15例(仅占33%);22例患者有不同类型的动脉粥样硬化斑块;12例得有钙化斑块;22例患者有纤维斑块.6例患者左主干有斑块,狭窄程度(面积)(37.6±5.9)%(35.6%～50%),2例患者左主干有斑块,但狭窄程度(面积)＜(20±5.9)%;12例患者狭窄程度(面积)在(32.9±5.7)%(20%～60%);有3例患者狭窄程度(面积)超过60%(62.3%、70%、76.1%).结论ICUS在显示血管壁的形态结构,斑块性质方面敏感性高于CAG.与ICUS相比,CAG低估冠脉病变的严重程度.ICUS能准确诊断冠状动脉粥样硬化病变.     

Successful predilation of a resistant,heavily calcified lesion with cutting balloon for coronary stenting: A case report

A 65-year-old man with a restenotic lesion of the mid LAD was scheduled for Wiktor stent placement. The IVUS revealed circumferential severe calcification. Two conventional, non-compliant angioplasty balloons inflated to high pressures failed to achieved sufficient dilatation and both ruptured. At this point, we selected high pressure inflation of the Cutting Balloon. The Cutting Balloon achieved adequate dilation for stenting and proved to be useful in predilating a circumferential, heavily calcified lesion. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 44:420–422, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Role of sevelamer hydrochloride in the coronary artery calcification score

The coronary artery calcification score (CACS) is higher in hemodialysis (HD) patients than in non-HD patients for each age group from the fifth to the eighth decade of life. In order to clarify the relationship between the rate of change in the CACS and several factors related to calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) metabolism in HD patients, we determined the CACS twice in 144 HD outpatients at an interval of approximately 12 months (2003 and 2004). The dosage of vitamin D formulations (alfacalcidol or maxacalcitol) was reduced or ceased if the serum Ca concentration exceeded 5.0 mEq/L, or the serum P concentration exceeded 6.0 mg/dL, and the dosage of combined sevelamer hydrochloride (SH) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3), as the phosphate binder, was adjusted to maintain the concentrations below these levels. The study parameters were: (1) the total dosage of alfacalcidol (microg), maxacalcitol (microg), SH (mg), and CaCO3 at the time of each CACS measurement; and (2) serum concentrations of Ca, P, alkaline phosphatase, high-sensitivity parathyroid hormone (HS-PTH), total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG). Regression analysis showed a significant correlation among the total SH dosage, TG, and alphaCACS. Future investigations will include the differences in alphaCACS between patients treated with SH who experience a rise in Ca and/or P and those with a decrease in Ca and/or P.     

Value of intravascular ultrasound in the management of coronary chronic total occlusions

Failure of guide wire crossing is the commonest reason for failed procedure in chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the coronary arteries. Intravascular ultrasound can be useful in some cases to achieve. Successful guide wire crossing into the distal true lumen of the coronary artery. We describe two cases demonstrating the role of intravascular ultrasound in successful recannalization of the CTO. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

螺旋CT检测冠状动脉钙化的临床应用

目的：研究螺旋CT检测冠状动脉钙化(CAC)在冠心病诊断中的应用价值。方法：27例既往确诊为冠心病或经心电图负荷试验和／或冠状动脉造影临床确诊的冠心病患(冠心病组)和35例非冠心病患(对照组)分别进行螺旋CT检查。结果：受检随着年龄的增长钙化率逐渐增高，冠心病组冠状动脉钙化率比对照组明显增高，但随年龄的增长冠心病组钙化的特异性降低(降至11．12％)。钙化血管以累及一支血管最常见，多为左前降支(LAD)，三支血管钙化主要见于60岁以上。结论：螺旋CT检测冠状动脉钙化对早期诊断冠心病和预测冠心病事件有与病理相符的临床价值。     

Impact of obesity on aortic root calcification and coronary calcification using multi-detector CT

ObjectiveThe impact of obesity measured by BMI on cardiovascular diseases remains controversial. We investigated the impact of obesity measured by BMI on the prevalence and correlation of aortic root calcification (ARC) and coronary artery calcification (CAC) in patients assessed by multi-detector CT (MDCT) angiography.Materials and methodsA total of 175 patients with intermediate pretest probability of ischemic heart disease based on age, sex, and symptoms who referred from cardiology clinic to 64-MDCT angiography examination for assessment of coronary artery disease were eligible for enrollment in this cross sectional study. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to their BMI. Non obese group (BMI < 25) composed of 73 (42%) patients (male 41 (56%), female 32 (44%) with a mean age 55 ± 8 years. Obese group (BMI ≥ 25) composed of 102 (58%) patients (male 45 (44%), female 58 (56%) with mean age 56 ± 7 years).ResultsARC was significantly associated with coronary artery calcification pattern in both non obese and obese groups (r = 461, P = 0.000) and (r = 0.358, P = 0.000) respectively. The significant association between ARC and CAC persisted even after adjustment for age, hypertension, smoking, hyperlipdemia and presence of multiple cardiac risk factor in both non obese and obese groups (95% C.I. = 0.106, 0.259, P = 0.000) and (95% C.I. = 0.108, 0.610, P = 0.006) respectively.ConclusionARC was significantly correlated with CAC irrespective of BMI status.     

冠状动脉钙化积分相关临床因素分析

目的 评价冠状动脉(冠脉)钙化积分(CACS)的相关因素.方法 入选疑诊冠心病的患者141例,3个月内完成多层螺旋CT、脉搏波传导速度(PWV)、超声心动图及血生化检查,MDRD方程计算患者入院时估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR).根据冠脉钙化程度将病例分为3组:A组(CACS=0～10),B组(CACS=11～400),C组(CACS>400).结果 3组比较年龄、高血压病史、糖尿病史、二尖瓣钙化、主动脉瓣钙化、两侧臂踝指数低值、臂到踝的PWV高值、臂及踝平均动脉压高值、波形上升支时间高值差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).多因素logistic回归分析显示:主动脉瓣钙化(P=0.000)、二尖瓣钙化(P=0.002)、波形上升支时间高值(P=0.009)和糖尿病(P=0.032)是严重冠脉钙化的独立相关因素.结论 疑诊冠心病的患者行多层螺旋CT检查前可行PWV和超声心动图检查,结合病史评估患者冠脉钙化的可能性及严重程度.     

Extramural vessel wall hematoma causing a reduced vessel diameter after coronary stenting: Diagnosis by intravascular ultrasound and treatment by stent implantation

An extramural vessel wall hematoma occured immediately after implanting a coronary stent in an in-stent-restenosis of the intermedius branch. Angiography showed a significant luminal reduction distal to the intervention site. Intravascular ultrasound revealed an extramural echolucent zone compressing the vessel lumen. Stent implantation compressed the hematoma and allowed adequate myocardial perfusion. This demonstrates the value of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) in cases of unusual angiographic results which can help to manage complications after coronary intervention. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 43:438–443, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Carotid intima-media thickness by B-mode ultrasound as surrogate of coronary atherosclerosis: correlation with quantitative coronary angiography and coronary intravascular ultrasound findings.

AIMS: Although well supported by postmortem studies, the reliability of carotid atherosclerosis as surrogate marker of coronary atherosclerosis has been put in doubt by in vivo studies showing a poor correlation between carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) detected by external carotid ultrasound (ECU) and coronary stenosis assessed by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA). In the present study, we have investigated whether a stronger in vivo correlation between the two arteries can be obtained by using homogeneous variables such as carotid and coronary IMT, detected by ECU and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), respectively. METHODS AND RESULTS: ECU, QCA, and IVUS measurements were made in 48 patients. Carotid IMT was correlated with both angiographic and IVUS findings. A significant but weak correlation was observed between ECU and QCA variables (r approximately 0.35, P < 0.05); the correlation between ECU and IVUS measurements of IMT was higher, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.49 to 0.55. In patients with a QCA diagnosis of normal/intermediate coronary atherosclerosis, the presence of a carotid-IMT(mean) > 1 mm was associated with an 18-fold increase in risk of having a positive IVUS test (OR = 17.99, 95% CI 1.83-177.14, P= 0.013) and with a seven-fold increased risk of having a significant IVUS coronary stenosis (OR = 7.4, 95% CI 1.27-44.0, P = 0.028). CONCLUSION: Carotid atherosclerosis correlates better with coronary atherosclerosis when both circulations are investigated by the same technique (ultrasound) using the same parameter (IMT). This supports the concept that carotid IMT is a good surrogate marker of coronary atherosclerosis.     

Intravascular ultrasound detected calcification of coronary lesions as a predictor of dissections after balloon angioplasty

Dissection after balloon angioplasty of coronary arteries may give rise to an unfavourable early outcome. Compared with coronary angiography, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) allows more detailed characterisation of dissections. We investigated the incidence and the type of dissections after balloon angioplasty in calcified coronary lesions.IVUS was performed in 43 patients with 48 lesions before and after percutaneous balloon angioplasty. Significant calcification was defined as an are of more than 90° with typical acoustic shadowing. Dissections were classified as type A when the media was not involved by the dissection and as type B when media involvement had occured.In the group with significant calcification dissection was observed in 79 % of the cases vs. 38 % in the control group (p<0.03). Type B dissection was present in 71 % of the dissections in the calcified lesions vs. 15 % in the control group (p<0.02). The balloon diameter and the ratio of balloon area to vessel area was not different in both groups but the required pressure for the first complete balloon inflation was significantly greater in the group with calcified lesions (9.46±3.6 atm vs. 6.65±2.6 atm; p<0.001).Thus balloon angioplasty in calcified coronary lesions is more likely to lead to dissection which frequently involve the media.