危重患者高浓度静脉补钾的安全性和疗效研究

目的 探讨高浓度钾微量泵入治疗危重患者低钾血症的安全性及有效性.方法 128例合并低钾血症的危重患者[内生肌酐清除率(CCr)＞0.5 ml/s且每小时尿量＞50 ml]被随机分为治疗组和对照组,各64例.治疗组和对照组补钾浓度分别为1 208 mmol/L(相当于质量分数为9%的KCl溶液)、201 mmol/L(相当于1.5%的KCI溶液),补钾速度相同.均进行严密监测与血钾浓度监测,血钾正常时停止补钾.结果 治疗组和对照组补钾时间比较差异无统计学意义[(15.55±3.22)h比(14.18±4.93)h,P＞0.05];治疗组补钾的液体量明显低于对照组[(124.36±25.79)ml比(680.83±36.70)ml,P＜0.01].两组治疗过程中均未发生明显血流动力学变化、高钾血症或急性心功能不全.两组患者肾功能是否正常对补钾时间无明显影响.补钾前血钾浓度与补钾量有一定相关性(相关系数r=-0.259,P＜0.01).结论 高浓度钾微量泵入治疗危重患者低钾血症可以在短时间内纠正低钾血症,是安全有效的.肾功能轻度异常但无少尿及无尿的患者也可以在严密监测下高浓度补钾.     

高浓度深静脉微量泵补钾治疗危重患者低钾血症的临床研究

目的探讨高浓度深静脉微量泵补钾治疗危重患者低钾血症的有效性、安全性及临床意义。方法 选择我院重症监护病房收治患者中240例血钾<3.5 mmol/L者,随机分为研究组和对照组,每组120例,两组补钾前血钾浓度比较差异无统计学意义。研究组补钾浓度为895.11 mmol/L,采用微量输液泵控制输液速度在22.5 ml/h。对照组补钾浓度为53.64 mmol/L,输液泵控制输液速度在375 ml/h。至血钾≥4.00 mmol/L停止补钾,比较两组补钾时间、补钾所需液体量。结果研究组补钾时间(8.41±2.42)h,补钾液体量(103.25±22.07)ml;对照组补钾时间(12.28±4.15)h,补钾液体量(1541.73±622.41)ml。两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论对危重患者的低钾血症,在严密监护下给予高浓度深静脉微量泵补钾治疗安全有效,尤其适用于心功能不全的患者。     

高浓度补钾在心功能不全患者中的应用

目的探讨高浓度补钾在心功能不全患者中的应用。方法将84例心功能不全合并低钾血症患者分为高浓度补钾组(40例)及对照组(44例),前者每小时补钾量(mmol)以(4.5-血清钾浓度)×体重×0.2计算,再以0.9%生理盐水稀释至50ml,用输液泵50ml/h泵入。对照组按传统补钾方式进行,每小时监测血钾1次,连续监测4h。结果2组在治疗后4个时间点血钾正常比例的比较均有显著差异(p<0.01)。结论使用微量注射泵高浓度补钾能迅速纠正低钾血症。     

使用微量注射泵经中心静脉高浓度补钾的临床监测与护理

目的总结在重症监护病房(ICU)使用微量注射泵经中心静脉高浓度补钾纠正低钾血症的护理体会.方法85例低钾血症患者使用微量注射泵,以5～15 ml/h(6.65～20 mmol/h)的速度经中心静脉输注浓度为10%氯化钾原液,以纠正低钾血症,对补钾过程严密监测和护理.结果采用微量注射泵经中心静脉高浓度补钾,补钾前后血钾浓度比较有显著差异(P＜0.01),血钾浓度的改变与补钾速度呈线性关系,补钾2～8 h血钾回升到正常为83例(占97.6%),补钾后出现高钾血症2例(占2.4%).结论使用微量注射泵经中心静脉高浓度补钾纠正低钾血症的方法在ICU是有效、安全的,但需要严密的临床监测和护理.     

使用微量注射泵经中心静脉高浓度补钾的临床监测与护理

目的总结在重症监护病房（ICU）使用微量注射泵经中心静脉高浓度补钾纠正低钾血症的护理体会。方法85例低钾血症患者使用微量注射泵，以5～15ml／h（6．65～20mmol／h）的速度经中心静脉输注浓度为10％氯化钾原液，以纠正低钾血症，对补钾过程严密监测和护理。结果采用微量注射泵经中心静脉高浓度补钾，补钾前后血钾浓度比较有显著差异（P〈0．01），血钾浓度的改变与补钾速度呈线性关系，补钾2～8h血钾回升到正常为83例（占97．6％），补钾后出现高钾血症2例（占2．4％）。结论使用微量注射泵经中心静脉高浓度补钾纠正低钾血症的方法在ICU是有效、安全的，但需要严密的临床监测和护理。     

急诊科重度低钾血症患者采取高浓度快速补钾治疗的临床观察

目的探究重度低钾血症患者采取高浓度快速补钾治疗和慢速补钾治疗的疗效差异和安全性，为临床补钾方案提供经验积累。方法选取急诊科2011年3月至2013年3月收治的50例重度低钾血症患者，利用随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组，每组各25例。两组患者均采取静脉补钾治疗，其中对照组采取慢速补钾方案（10mmol／h），研究组则采取快速补钾方案（20mmol／h）。补钾前后两组患者均接受血钾、尿钾浓度检测。结果研究组钾注射时间短于对照组[（0．96±0．20）h vs（2．11±0．17）h，P〈0．01]，治疗后血钾浓度高于对照组[（3．95±1．21）mmol／L傩（3．45±0．61）mmol／L，P〈0．01]，尿排钾量少于对照组[（3．6±0．7）mmol vs（7．2±1．5）mmol，P〈0．01]，净补钾量高于对照组[（15．76±3．63）mmol vs（11．55±2．78）mmol，P〈0．01]。两组均发生心律失常3例，血压异常1例，心电图异常1例，组间不良反应发生率相当（P〉0．05）。结论高浓度快速补钾治疗相较于慢速补钾，不仅能快速提高患者的血钾水平，还具有安全性高、副作用低的临床效果。     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过中低磷血症的防治初探

目的对危重患者应用连续性静脉静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗过程中低磷血症的防治进行初步分析与探讨。方法选择危重患者30例,按急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ评分)不同分为2组(<15分13例为A组,≥15分17例为B组)。两组均行CVVH治疗,置换液速度A组2 000 ml/h、B组4 000 ml/h,持续时间8~12 h/d;补充甘油磷酸钠A组10~20 ml/d,B组为30~40 ml/d;治疗前、24小时、48小时、72小时检测血清磷的浓度、进行APACHEⅡ评分,并作血磷与APACHEⅡ评分的相关分析,计算磷清除率。结果B组磷清除率大于A组[(42.76±2.39)ml/min vs(23.84±3.05)ml/min,P<0.05];治疗前B组血磷浓度低于A组[(0.78±0.19)mmol/L vs(1.25±0.27)mmol/L,P<0.05];第24小时两组血磷浓度均开始下降,补磷后第48小时A组血磷浓度正常,B组为轻度低磷血症,经调整补磷剂量后,第72小时恢复正常;CVVH治疗后两组患者APACHEⅡ评分均有降低的趋势;血磷与APACHEⅡ评分的相关分析提示两者呈负相关。结论危重患者易发生低磷血症,且与病情危重程度相关,采用CVVH治疗更易加重低磷血症,补磷应做到个体化,且不必拘泥于常规剂量限制,同时通过密切监测血磷变化来调整。     

危重患者静脉高浓度补钾治疗低钾血症

目的探讨在危重患者中采用静脉高浓度补钾治疗低钾血症的可行性。方法对重症监护病房 5 2例低钾血症患者 ,行静脉高浓度补钾 (0 .6 %～ 0 .8% ) ,补钾过程中动态监测动脉血气和电解质 ,持续心电监护 ,了解心率、心律、血压、心电图变化 ,监测尿量。结果5 2例低钾血症患者中的 5 0例在 2 4h内血钾水平恢复正常 ,另外 2例分别在 36h和 72h内恢复正常。所有患者均未因补钾发生不良反应。结论在严密监测条件下行静脉高浓度补钾 ,见效快、安全、不增加输液量 ,适用于治疗危重患者的低钾血症。     

危重患者静脉高浓度补钾治疗低钾血症

目的探讨在危重患者中采用静脉高浓度补钾治疗低钾血症的可行性.方法对重症监护病房52例低钾血症患者,行静脉高浓度补钾(0.6%～0.8%),补钾过程中动态监测动脉血气和电解质,持续心电监护,了解心率、心律、血压、心电图变化,监测尿量.结果52例低钾血症患者中的50例在24 h内血钾水平恢复正常,另外2例分别在36 h和72 h内恢复正常.所有患者均未因补钾发生不良反应.结论在严密监测条件下行静脉高浓度补钾,见效快、安全、不增加输液量,适用于治疗危重患者的低钾血症.     

内分泌疾病伴低血钾临床分析

目的分析内分泌疾病致低血钾、血钾浓度与临床表现、心电图变化的相关性,并观察补钾治疗后血钾和心电图恢复情况.方法观察42例内分泌疾病引起低血钾临床表现的患者血钾浓度与心电图变化的关系,其中24例全程跟踪补钾治疗中及治疗后的临床表现、血清钾浓度和心电图变化.结果42例低血钾患者临床表现为乏力(以双下肢为重)、心悸、胸闷,严重低血钾者表现为四肢软瘫及肌肉酸痛.血钾浓度为(2.60±0.55)mmol/L,心电图低血钾改变与血清钾生化测定符合率为88.2%,血清钾＜2.5 mmol/L时,两者符合率为100%.11例原发性醛固酮增多症患者入院时血钾(2.54±0.6)mmol/L;补钾治疗40h后血钾(3.35±0.44)mmol/L,血钾浓度、临床表现及心电图恢复正常时间较长.8例糖尿病酮症酸中毒或糖尿病合并高血压患者入院时血钾(2.58±0.42)mmol/L;补钾治疗40 h后血钾(3.72±0.17)mmol/L,血清钾浓度、临床表现及心电图恢复正常所需时间也较长.5例甲亢周期性麻痹患者入院时血钾最低,为(1.75±0.60)mmol/L;补钾治疗15 h后血钾(3.55±0.53)mmol/L,血清钾浓度、临床表现及心电图恢复正常需要的时间较原发性醛固酮增多症组或糖尿病酮症酸中毒组短.结论低血钾的临床表现、与血清钾浓度以及心电图改变之间没有明显相关性.临床表现除与低钾血症的严重程度有关外,还与低钾血症发生的急缓有关.心电图能较好地反映低血钾的严重程度.内分泌疾病所致低血钾因病因不同而出现不同程度的临床表现及心电图变化,且经补钾治疗后恢复正常所需时间也不同.补钾需补至血清钾浓度和心电图恢复正常为止.     

Efficacy and safety of potassium infusion therapy in hypokalemic critically ill patients

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of potassium replacement infusions in critically ill patients. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Multidisciplinary critical care unit. PATIENTS: Forty-eight critically ill adult patients, age 25 to 86 yrs. Patients entered the study when hypokalemia (potassium less than 3.5 mmol/L) was noted on routine laboratory blood analysis. Most common primary diagnoses on ICU admission included postoperative cardiac surgery (n = 9), sepsis and multiple organ system failure (n = 9), complicated myocardial infarction (n = 7), and respiratory failure (n = 5). INTERVENTION: Potassium chloride infusions (20, 30, or 40 mmol in 100 mL normal saline over 1 hr) were administered to patients for serum potassium levels of less than 3.5 but greater than 3.2 mmol/L (n = 26), 3.0 to 3.2 mmol/L (n = 11), and less than 3.0 mmol/L (n = 11), respectively. Serum and urine potassium levels were monitored during and for 1 hr after the infusion. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: All patients tolerated the infusions without evidence of hemodynamic compromise, ECG change, or new dysrhythmia requiring treatment. The mean maximum potassium increase was 0.5 +/- 0.3 mmol/L, 0.9 +/- 0.4 mmol/L, and 1.1 +/- 0.4 mmol/L in the 20-, 30-, and 40-mmol groups, respectively. The increase in serum potassium was maximal at the completion of the infusion and was significant (p less than .05) compared with baseline in all groups. Peak potassium levels were the same in patients with normal renal function (n = 33) compared with those with renal insufficiency (n = 15). Urinary excretion of potassium increased in all groups during the infusion and was significant (p less than .05) in the 30- and 40-mmol groups, but was no greater in those patients who had received diuretics (n = 8) compared with those patients who had not (n = 40). CONCLUSIONS: In the select group of hypokalemic patients studied, potassium infusions of 20 to 40 mmol delivered over 1 hr were safe to administer and effectively increased serum potassium levels in a dose-dependent and predictable fashion. Furthermore, these results were independent of the patient's underlying renal function or associated diuretic administration.     

Clinical perspectives on the rationale for potassium supplementation

Hypokalemia is a common electrolyte disturbance, observed in > 20% of hospitalized patients. Hypokalemia, although not formally defined, is generally considered to be when serum potassium levels fall below the normal value of 3.6 mmol/L. In contrast to other electrolytes, potassium is primarily an intracellular ion: only 2% of all potassium in the body is present in the extracellular fluid, so a small decrease in serum potassium may represent a significant decrease in intracellular potassium. Individuals with mildly decreased potassium levels (3.0–3.5 mmol/L) may be asymptomatic, but patients with more pronounced decreases may report symptoms including muscle weakness, fatigue, and constipation. Very low serum potassium levels (≤ 2.5 mmol/L) can lead to muscle necrosis, paralysis, cardiac arrhythmias, and impaired respiration, which can be life-threatening. Absent comprehensive and robust treatment guidelines, strategies for the prevention or treatment of hypokalemia, such as how to diagnose hypokalemia, when to treat patients, what dosage regimen of potassium supplementation to use and for how long, are often based on the experience of the physician and empirical evidence. However, proper evaluation and treatment of hypokalemia in patients is essential because of associated morbidities. Because small potassium deficits in serum represent large body losses, potassium repletion requires substantial and prolonged supplementation. For patients with known risk factors for hypokalemia (e.g. hypertension, heart failure, or diabetes), careful monitoring is crucial to avoid the adverse sequelae associated with potassium deficits and to ensure that adequate and timely preventive measures can be taken. In this review, we provide practical insights into the etiology, differential diagnosis, and treatment of hypokalemia, including treatment strategies for patients with known risk factors.     

Potential Usefulness of Early Potassium Supplementation for Preventing Severe Hypokalemia Induced by Liposomal Amphotericin B in Hematologic Patients: A Retrospective Study

Purpose

Liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) is an essential antifungal agent for patients with hematologic diseases; however, the drug causes severe hypokalemia at a high frequency. Meanwhile, there is little evidence regarding the risk factors for L-AMB–induced severe hypokalemia, and the prevention protocol has not been established. The goal of this study was to identify the risk factors related to severe hypokalemia induced by L-AMB in hematologic patients.

急性心肌梗死早期低血钾与心衰的关系

目的 探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者早期低钾血症的变化以及与心力衰竭的关系。方法收集200例急性心肌梗死的患者,发病时间小于24小时,所有患者均为首次入院。根据血钾浓度分为低钾血症组和正常血钾组,其中低钾血症组又分为重度低钾组（〈2．50mmol／L）、中度低钾组（2．51mmol／L-3．0mmool／L）和轻度低钾组（3．01-3．50mmol／L）。所有患者予以常规积极治疗,观察心力衰竭发生情况。结果AMI患者低钾血症的发生率为73．5％,低钾血症组心力衰竭的发生率为51．7％,明显高于正常组（22．6％）,其中重度低钾组心衰的发生率78．2％,中度低钾组为58．3％,轻度低钾组为38．9％。结论急性心肌梗死早期易出现低钾血症,并且随着血钾浓度的降低,心力衰竭的发生率也明显增高。     

甘精胰岛素治疗老年危重患者合并高血糖40例临床分析

目的探讨甘精胰岛素对老年危重患者合并高血糖的临床疗效。方法选择老年危重患者合并高血糖患者78例，随机分为2组，治疗前两组患者24h血糖为（13．8±4．5vs13．8±4．2）mmol／L，治疗组（n=40）采用甘精胰岛素作为基础治疗药物，对照组（n=38）采用中性低精蛋白锌人胰岛素作为基础治疗药物。可进食患者餐前追加短效胰岛素。血糖控制目标为5．0～8．0mmol／L。结果治疗组1，3，5d的平均血糖较对照组降低，分别为（12．2±1．4vs13．5±3．8）mmol／L，P〈0．01，（8．3±0．6VS9．5±0．8）mmol／L，P〈0．01，（5．8±0．2vs6．4±0．6）mmol／L，P〈0．05。7d及以后，两组间血糖无统计学差异。结论以甘精胰岛素为基础胰岛素的治疗方案能有效控制老年危重合并高血糖患者的血糖水平，有确切临床意义，值得临床推广使用。     

Insulin dose versus rate of potassium decrease in the treatment of hyperkalemia with iv insulin during extracorporeal circulation: An observational study

Background: Glucose-insulin infusion can be used in the treatment of hyperkalemia occurring during extracorporeal circulation (ECC) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.Objective: The purpose of this observational study was to investigate the effects of 2 different insulin doses administered during ECC on the rate of decrease in serum potassium level and the incidences of hypokalemia and hypoglycemia in hyperkalemic patients.Methods: Hyperkalemic patients in whom continuous retrograde warmblood cardioplegia was used were enrolled. Patients were assigned to 1 of 2 groups based on serum potassium level (?7 mmol/L, group 1; 6-6.9 mmol/L, group 2). Fifty international units of crystallized human insulin was given IV as a bolus dose to group 1 and 25 IU to group 2. The rate of decrease in serum potassium level was recorded, the time required for the level to decrease to 5.5 mmol/L after insulin injection was recorded, and patients were monitored for hypokalemia and hypoglycemia.Results: Thirty-six patients (24 males, 12 females; mean age, 52.5 years) were enrolled. The mean time required for the serum potassium level to decrease to 5.5 mmol/L after insulin injection was 22.7 ± 1.9 minutes in group 1 and 15.7 ± 0.8 minutes in group 2. During this interval, the mean decreases and the mean rate of decrease in serum potassium level were as follows: group 1, 1.78 mmol/L and 0.078 mmol/L per minute, respectively; group 2, 0.076 mmol/L and 0.0048 mmol/L per minute, respectively. The incidences of hypokalemia and hypoglycemia were significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2.Conclusions: In this study population, the serum potassium level needed for discontinuation of ECC was achieved more rapidly with insulin 50 IU than with insulin 25 IU, but with higher incidences of hypokalemia and hypoglycemia.     

Intravenous phosphate in the intensive care unit: more aggressive repletion regimens for moderate and severe hypophosphatemia

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate efficacy and safety of aggressive correction of hypophosphatemia with intravenous potassium phosphate in the ICU. DESIGN AND SETTING: Randomized interventional prospective study in the medical and surgical ICU of a tertiary university hospital. PATIENTS: Critically ill patients with hypophosphatemia between June and November 1998. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Patients with moderate hypophosphatemia (<0.65 and >0.40 mmol/l; n=37) were randomized into two groups: group 1 received 30 mmol potassium phosphate intravenously in 50 ml saline over 2 h, and group 2 received 30 mmol potassium phosphate in 100 ml saline over 4 h. Patients with severe hypophosphatemia (<0.40 mmol/l; n=10) were also randomized into two groups: group 3 received 45 mmol potassium phosphate intravenously in 100 ml saline over 3 h, and group 4 received 45 mmol potassium phosphate in 100 ml saline over 6 h. Electrolytes, blood gas, renal function were monitored until day 3; urine was collected during and until 6 h after infusions. The overall efficacy of the protocols was 98% by the end of the infusion. There was no statistical difference in phosphate values between groups at the end of infusion or at 24 h. No adverse events were noted; one patient had an increase in serum potassium to 6.1 mmol/l. Phosphaturia in all groups was elevated as evidenced by fractional excretion above 20%. CONCLUSIONS: More rapid administration of large potassium phosphate boluses is effective and safe for correcting hypophosphatemia in ICU patients with preserved renal function if baseline serum potassium is below 4 mmol/l.     

Ionized magnesium supplementation in critically ill patients: comparing ionized and total magnesium

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of magnesium supplementation on total magnesium, ionized magnesium, ionized calcium, potassium, and pH in critically ill cancer patients and to compare the validity of the measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three consecutive critically ill patients receiving magnesium supplementation were placed in this prospective observational study at the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital. One gram (4.1 mmol) magnesium in 50 mL D5W was administered to critically ill patients, and the following were measured: total magnesium, ionized magnesium, ionized calcium, potassium, albumin, pH, BUN, creatinine, creatinine. RESULTS: Total magnesium and ionized magnesium increased by a mean of .11 +/- .02 and .05 +/- .01 mmol/L, respectively, after supplementation with 4.1 mmol of magnesium sulfate (P = .0001).Total magnesium, ionized magnesium, albumin, ionized calcium, potassium, and pH did not change significantly by the administration of 1 g of magnesium sulfate. CONCLUSION: The mean ionized magnesium (IMg+2) relationship to total magnesium (TMg) cannot be predicted before the supplementation with the available technology. After supplementation of 4.1 mmol/L the ionized magnesium level increased by .05 +/- .01 mmol/L. Magnesium supplementation had no significant effect on ionized calcium, potassium, and pH. TMg and IMg+2 should be followed independently.     

重症低钾致心跳、呼吸停止的急诊抢救分析

本文总结了13例因严重低钾导致心跳、呼吸停止的抢救,全部病例复苏抢救成功.作者认为:1.因低钾所致的心跳、呼吸停止可有较高的抢救成功率.2.高浓度(80～133mmol/L),快速度(25～30mmol/h)补钾可迅速提高[K~ ]e,降低[K~ ]i/[K~ ]e比值,恢复其所维系的生理功能,是治疗的关键措施.3.为了保证补钾效果,应避免使用糖液,并同时补镁.