RIFLE和AKIN标准在评价住院急性肾损伤患者病死率及其相关危险因素中的应用

目的：应用风险期、损伤期、衰竭期、丧失期、终末期肾病（risk,injury,failure,loss,end stage kidney disease,RIFLE）和急性。肾损伤网络（acute kidney injury network,AKIN）两种标准评价住院急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,AKI）患者的病死率及其相关危险因素。方法：分析2006年2月至2011年1月中南大学湘雅二医院各临床科室收治的AKI患者的临床资料,分别采用RIFLE和AKIN标准对已诊断为AKI的病例重新确认AKI诊断并分级,比较两种标准诊断的住院AKI各期患者临床特征、院内病死率及其相关危险因素;应用logistic回归分析筛选出影响AKI院内病死率的相关危险因素。结果：采用RIFLE标准诊断出1020例、AKIN标准诊断出1027例AKI患者。RIFLE和AKIN标准的所有AKI患者及其相对应各期患者的院内病死率、住院天数、完全恢复率两两比较,差异均未见统计学意义（P〉0．05）。单因素方差分析显示,死亡组AKI患者的年龄、肾前性疾病、院内AKI、机械通气、低血压、多器官功能衰竭数目、急性肾小管坏死个体严重程度指数（ATN—ISS评分）、血清钾离子浓度与存活组患者比较均差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。多因素logistic回归分析筛选出年龄≥65岁、院内AKI、低血压、多器官功能衰竭数目、ATN—ISS评分、血清钾离子浓度为影响AⅪ患者院内病死率的独立危险因素。结论：RIFLE和AKIN标准对住院AKI患者近期预后的评价具有相同科学价值,且AKI分级与住院AKI患者的预后有关。     

胸部损伤伴多发伤141例创伤评分及治疗分析

目的探讨应用创伤评分研究胸部损伤伴多发伤诊治特点和预后。方法对141例胸部损伤伴有其他身体器官损伤的多发伤患者作创伤院内评分和临床治疗分析。采用简明损伤定级（abbreviated injury scale,AIS）和损伤严重程度分级（injury severity score,ISS）评分,按不同分值分组比较。结果全组伤重病死率7．8％（11／141）,其中住院24小时内伤重病死率4．3％（6／141）。住院24小时以后伤重病死率3．5％（5／141）。ISS≤15分轻伤组无严重内脏并发症和伤重死亡发生;ISS为16～24分严重伤组的严重并发症发生率是12％,病死率是16％;ISS：25—39分危重伤组的严重并发症发生率是57％,病死率是50％;ISS分值超过25分的严重伤组和危重伤组的创伤后内脏并发症发生率是28．2％,伤重病死率是28．2％。结论严重胸部损伤伴多发伤患者的救治早期应优先处理致命伤,对伤重评分ISS值超过25分的伤者,治疗应注重预防和治疗内脏并发症;AIS—ISS评分是从总体水平客观量化评价损伤程度,评估严重损伤的生存概率,对临床医师诊断标准化和制定治疗方案有指导作用。     

老年重症肺炎患者急性肾损伤发病情况和危险因素分析

目的 分析老年重症肺炎患者并发急性肾损伤(acate kidney injury,AKI)的发病情况及危险因素.方法 收集海军总医院呼吸重症监护病房2013年7月1日至2015年2月28日住院的老年重症肺炎患者资料,以改善全球肾脏病预后组织(KDIGO)推荐的AKI定义筛选出AKI患者,比较AKI患者、非AKI患者的临床资料及其预后,采用logistic回归分析AKI的危险因素.结果 入选的138例重症肺炎患者中87例(63％)发生AKI,其中AKI 1期41例(29.7％),AKI 2期23例(16.7％),AKI 3期23例(16.7％).AKI组的住院期间死亡率明显较非AKI组高(P＜ 0.001),AKI的分级越高,死亡的风险增加(P＜ 0.001).两组住院时间差异无统计学意义(P=0.40).多因素二分类logistic回归分析显示,慢性肾脏疾病史[相对比值比(OR)=65.759,95％可信区间(CI):6.555～659.661,P＜0.001]、机械通气史(O R=6.165,95％CI:2.137～17.788,P=0.001)、APACHE-Ⅱ评分(OR=1.192,95％CI:1.070～1.329,P=0.001)、肾外器官衰竭数(OR=2.918,95％CI:1.261～6.751,P=0.012)是AKI发生的独立危险因素.结论 老年重症肺炎住院期间发生AKI的风险高,肾损伤程度重,预后差.慢性肾脏疾病史、机械通气史、APACHEⅡ评分、肾外器官衰竭数目是罹患AKI的独立危险因素.     

脓毒症合并急性肾损伤患者发病及预后的多因素分析

目的 探讨影响脓毒症合并急性肾损伤(AKI)患者发病及预后的相关危险因素.方法 收集我院2000年2月至2010年3月脓毒症合并AKI患者的临床资料,同期非脓毒症合并AKI患者作为对照组,计算两组APACHEⅢ评分和ATN-ISI积分,主要以多因素Logistic回归分析脓毒症合并AKI组患者的临床特点、发病及预后的相关危险因素.结果 (1)全部患者病死率为23.3%,脓毒症合并AKI患者病死率为44.6%.(2)D-二聚体浓度随着器官衰竭数的增加而增高(r=0.356,P=0.019),患者病死率随着器官衰竭数的增加而增高(r=0.545,P＜0.01),但D-二聚体与预后没有相关性(r=0.277,P=0.072).(3)多因素Logistic回归分析提示:D-二聚体(＞2.2mg/L)、是否需要血管活性药物支持、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)(＞50 s)是影响脓毒症合并AKI患者发病的相关危险因素;APACHEⅢ评分(＞60)、脏器衰竭数、是否需要机械通气支持是脓毒症合并AKI患者预后的相关危险因素.结论 (1)D-二聚体(＞2.2 mg/L)、是否需要血管活性药物支持、APTT＞50 s是脓毒症合并AKI患者发病的相关危险因素;APACHEⅢ评分＞60、脏器衰竭数、是否需要机械通气支持是脓毒症合并AKI患者预后的相关危险因素.(2)脓毒症患者血D-二聚体的浓度升高,预示着脓毒症患者发生AKI的概率增加,但D-二聚体在判断脓毒症合并AKI患者的预后上有一定的局限性.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the risk factors of morbidity and prognosis in patients with acute kidney injury(AKI)due to sepsis.Methods A case-control retrospective study was carried out in AKI patients with/without sepsis from February 2000.to March 2010.APACHE Ⅲ and ATN-ISI were calculated.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the clinical data and the risk factors of morbidity and prognosis in patients with septic AKI.Results (1)The overall mortality rate was 23.3%and the mortality rate of septic AKI patients 44.6%.(2)With no correlation with the level of D-dimer(r=0.356,P=0.019),the number of failed organs was positively correlated with the mortality rate in septic AKI patients(r=0.545,P＜0.01).(3)As demonstrated by multivariate analysis,D-dimer(＞ 2.2mg/L),supports of vasoactive agents,APTT(activated partial thromboplastin time)(＞ 50 s)were the pathogenetic risk factors for septic AKI patients;APACHE Ⅲ score(＞60),the number of fai1ed organs,supports of mechanical ventilation were the prognostic risk factors for septic AKI patients.Conclusion sThe pathogenetic risk factors of septic AKI patients are D-dimer(＞ 2.2 mg/L),supports of vasoactive agents and APTT(＞ 50 s);APACHE Ⅲ score(＞ 60),the number of failed organs and supports of mechanical ventilation are the prognostic risk factors for septic AKI patents.D-dimer may predict the morbidity of septic AKI patients,but it can not predict their prognoses.     

早期动脉血乳酸水平和乳酸清除率评估严重创伤患者预后

目的：探讨早期动脉血乳酸水平和乳酸清除率在评估严重创伤患者预后中的价值。方法选择该院2010年3月至2012年10月收治的39例严重创伤患者,按创伤严重度评分（ISS ）分值分成ISS 16～＜25分组和ISS≥25分组,并根据预后分为存活组和死亡组,于入院时和入院24 h行动脉血乳酸测定,计算乳酸清除率。结果 ISS≥25分组入院时、入院24 h后血乳酸水平及病死率均明显高于ISS 16～＜25分组（P＜0．01）,乳酸清除率明显低于ISS 16～＜25分组（P＜0．01）;死亡组血乳酸水平显著高于存活组（P＜0．01）,乳酸清除率显著低于存活组（P＜0．01）。结论乳酸和乳酸清除率的变化与创伤患者的预后有着密切的联系,可以用于评估严重创伤患者组织损伤的程度和预后。     

创伤患者感染鲍曼不动杆菌危险因素及其死亡率的调查研究

目的探讨创伤患者感染鲍曼不动杆菌的危险因素。方法收集该院2006～2009年的创伤患者330例,采用损伤严重程度计分(ISS)及格拉斯哥昏迷评分表(GCS)进行回顾性分析。结果 330例创伤患者中感染鲍曼不动杆菌36例。鲍曼不动杆菌感染的危险因素单因素分析显示较高的ISS评分(P=0.02)、较低的入院时GSC评分(P=0.03)、较长的入住重症监护室(ICU)时间(P=0.000 01)、机械通气时间(P=0.000 01)、内固定术(P=0.003)等,以及多因素分析显示机械通气时间与内固定术是感染鲍曼不动杆菌的独立危险因素,感染鲍曼不动杆菌有较高的病死率,病死率高低与ISS及GCS评分有关。结论延长机械通气时间与内固定术是导致严重创伤患者鲍曼不动杆菌感染的主要危险因素,但感染鲍曼不动杆菌并不影响患者病死率。     

1 437例创伤性心脏撕裂患者的临床特征及预后分析

目的 分析创伤性心脏撕裂患者的临床特征及预后的影响因素.方法 收集美国国家创伤数据库(NTDB)中2012年所有诊断为心脏创伤的成年患者的临床资料,比较其中心脏撕裂伤患者与其他心脏创伤患者的临床特征及预后情况.通过单因素及多因素分析判断心脏撕裂伤患者院内死亡的影响因素.结果 NTDB 2012年收入的全部830785例创伤患者中心脏创伤患者占0.41％(3387例),其中心脏撕裂伤患者有1437例(42.43％),其他心脏创伤患者有1950例(57.57％).与其他心脏创伤患者相比,心脏撕裂伤患者表现为年龄较低,白色人种、存在合并症者占比均较低,而男性、无医疗保险者、一级创伤中心及教学医院收治者、火器伤或爆炸伤及切割伤或锐器伤患者、心腔穿透性损伤者、合并胸壁穿透性损伤者、创伤性血气胸或肺挫伤者、接受手术治疗的患者占比均较高,入院时生命体征及创伤评分更危重(P均<0.01).1437例患者中467例于院前死亡,507例于院内死亡,463例存活出院.多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥50岁、无医疗保险、存在合并症、心脏撕裂伤为交通事故致伤、损伤严重程度评分≥25分、发生严重心律失常、合并肺挫伤、入院时收缩压<90 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)、入院时氧饱和度<90％、入院时体温<36℃和进行开胸探查术是成人心脏撕裂伤患者院内死亡的独立危险因素(P均<0.01),心脏撕裂伤为切割或锐器致伤、入院时呼吸频率≥20 min-1和进行心脏或心包修补术是成人心脏撕裂伤患者院内死亡的独立保护因素(P均<0.01).结论 心脏创伤患者中创伤性心脏撕裂发生比例高、患者存活率低,比其他类型心脏损伤更危重,预后影响因素众多,需研究者进一步关注.     

不同病因急性肾损伤的临床特点及预后分析

目的 探讨不同病因引起的急性肾损伤(AKI)的临床特点及预后情况.方法 通过医院信息管理系统查询第二军医大学长征医院2011年住院患者的肾功能指标,根据KDIGO的AKI诊断标准筛选出AKI患者,复习其病史资料;并根据病因分为肾前性AKI、肾性AKI和肾后性AKI,分析患者的临床特征及其转归.结果 入组的AKI患者共278例,发病率为0.896％.根据病因类别进行分组,肾前性AKI组200例(71.9％)、肾性AKI组63例(22.7％)、肾后性AKI组15例(5.4％).3组患者的年龄、基础血清肌酐(sCr)、峰值sCr差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).3组不同病因患者的识别率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),其中肾性组的AKI识别率最高,占28.6％(18/63).肾性组需要肾脏替代治疗的患者比例最高,占17.5％(11/63).肾前性因素引起的AKI以肝移植科最多,肾性因素以肾内科最多,肾后性因素以泌尿外科居多.Logistic回归分析显示AKI分期是肾前性AKI患者死亡及肾功能预后的危险因素,年龄和AKI分期是肾性AKI肾功能恢复的危险因素.结论 肾前性AKI发病率最高,且多发于肝移植科,AKI分期的递增影响其预后;肾性AKI的基础sCr和峰值sCr较高,肾内科多发,药物易引起肾性AKI的发生,年龄和AKI分期的递增影响肾性AKI的肾功能恢复;肾后性AKI预后较好.     

CRAMS结合ISS评分在多发骨折合并多脏器损伤患者救治及预后判定中的意义

目的 了解院前创伤评分(采用CRAMS记分法)结合院内创伤评分(采用创伤严重度评分法:Injury severity score,ISS)在多发骨折合并多脏器损伤患者救治及其预后判定的意义.方法 对我院2004年6月至2007年6月期间收治的资料完整的143例多发骨折合多并脏器损伤患者的CRAMS和ISS评分进行总结,并对其并发症.致残率和病死率的发生情况进行分析.结果 多发骨折合井多脏器损伤患者的伤情严重度、并发症的发生率.致残率和病死率与CRAMS评分和ISS评分法密切相关.并随CRAMS评分法分值的降低及ISS评分法分值的升高而增加.其中病死率CRAMS评分法和ISS评分法的极重症级与重症级相比相差显著(P<0.01),具有统计学意义.结论 CRAMS结合ISS评分可准确反映多发骨折合并多脏器损伤患者伤情严重程度和预测并发症,致残率及病死率,对重症患者的优先救治和最佳治疗方案的选择具有积极的指导作用.     

严重胸部损伤合并多发伤283例预后因素分析

目的:分析严重胸部损伤合并多发伤的损伤部位及损伤程度,探讨其对此类患者预后的影响。方法:回顾性分析283例严重胸部损伤合并多发伤的临床资料,并进行相关性及回归分析。结果:患者平均年龄(33.1±18.4)岁,致伤原因以交通伤为主(60.4%),合并伤以颅脑损伤为主(44.9%);全组患者存活率95.1%,病死率4.9%。相关性分析表明院前时间(>6h)、颅脑损伤、腹部损伤、并发休克及ISS与病死率具有相关性。Logistic回归分析显示休克、ISS、颅脑损伤是预测患者预后的独立危险因素。结论:严重胸部损伤伴多发伤患者病情危重,高ISS评分、合并休克、严重颅脑损伤预示较高病死率。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.