HPLC法测定氢溴酸西酞普兰中的基因毒性杂质对甲苯磺酸乙酯

目的建立一种高效液相色谱测定氢溴酸西酞普兰中的基因毒性杂质对甲苯磺酸乙酯的方法。方法采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),以乙腈-缓冲液(0.02 mol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液,用磷酸调节p H值至3.5)(50∶50)为流动相,流速为1.0 m L·min-1,检测波长225 nm。结果对甲苯磺酸乙酯在0.025 6~0.187 5μg·m L-1范围内峰面积与浓度线性良好(R2=0.999 3);精密度良好,RSD为0.8%;定量限和检测限分别为0.025 6、0.012 4μg·m L-1;对甲苯磺酸乙酯在氢溴酸西酞普兰中的回收率为101.4%。结论本方法简便快捷,准确可靠,可以准确测定氢溴酸西酞普兰中的对甲苯磺酸乙酯含量。     

HPLC测定草酸西酞普兰片有关物质

目的 建立HPLC测定草酸西酞普兰片有关物质的方法。方法 采用Kromasil 100-5C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),梯度洗脱,流动相A为乙腈-磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 3.0)(10∶90),流动相B为乙腈-磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 3.0)(65∶35);流速为1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长为237 nm。结果 草酸西酞普兰与其他杂质分离度较好,草酸西酞普兰的线性范围为0.205~ 1.536 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 5),草酸西酞普兰检测限浓度为0.06 μg·mL^-1。结论 方法简便、准确,专属性强,可作为产品有关物质检测方法。     

LC-MS测定醋酸甲羟孕酮中对甲苯磺酸甲酯及对甲苯磺酸乙酯的含量

目的 建立醋酸甲羟孕酮中的基因毒性杂质对甲苯磺酸甲酯及对甲苯磺酸乙酯的LC-MS检测方法。方法 采用XDB-C₁₈（50 mm×4.6 mm,1.8 μm）色谱柱;10 mmol·L^-1醋酸铵（氨水pH 7.0）-乙腈为流动相;质谱：正离子模式,检测离子m/z 187.1,201.1。结果 对甲苯磺酸甲酯和对甲苯磺酸乙酯在0.05~5.08 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好。对甲苯磺酸甲酯定量限为0.1 ng,检测限均为0.05 ng;对甲苯磺酸乙酯定量限为0.03 ng,检测限为0.02 ng;对甲基苯磺酸甲酯平均回收率101.6%,RSD为3.46%;对甲基苯磺酸乙酯平均回收率98.7%,RSD为2.22%。结论 本方法适用于样品醋酸甲羟孕酮中对甲基苯磺酸甲酯和对甲基苯磺酸乙酯的检测。     

氢溴酸西酞普兰的手性拆分及草酸依地普仑ee值检查

利用Chiralpak AD-H手性柱建立了氢溴酸西酞普兰对映体HPLC手性拆分的方法,同时对草酸依地普仑(即右旋西酞普兰)进行了ee值检查.流动相为正己烷-异丙醇-二乙胺(95:5:0.1),柱温25℃,检测波长240nm.S-( )-及R-(-)-对映体的分离度为2.47.并测得草酸依地普仑中R-(-)-西酞普兰含量小于1.0%,S-( )-西酞普兰的ee值大于98.0%.     

超高效液相串联质谱法测定大鼠西酞普兰及其代谢物的血药浓度

目的建立快速测定大鼠体内西酞普兰及其代谢物(N-氧化西酞普兰和N-去甲基西酞普兰)浓度的超高效液相串联质谱法。方法用乙酸乙酯萃取法处理血浆,色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18柱(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm);流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸水,梯度洗脱,流速为0.4 m L·min-1;用正离子多离子反应监测(MRM)扫描,内标为曲马多。结果血浆中西酞普兰、N-去甲基西酞普兰和N-氧化西酞普兰的线性范围分别为0.1~10.0,0.1~10.0,0.01~2.00 ng·m L-1(r=0.999 1,0.999,0.999 6),定量下限分别为0.05,0.05,0.01ng·m L-1。其回收率分别在96.09%~105.33%。三者的日内、日间精密度均RSD<8.69%。结论该方法操作简便、快捷,灵敏度高,适于大鼠体内西酞普兰及其代谢物的药代动力学研究。     

HPLC法测定二对甲苯磺酸缘生替尼原料药中的有关物质

目的:建立测定二对甲苯磺酸缘生替尼原料药中有关物质的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Waters Symmetry C_(18),流动相为甲醇-0.01 mol/L乙酸铵溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为240 nm,柱温为40℃,进样量为10μL。结果:在该色谱条件下,主成分峰与各杂质峰分离度均良好;杂质A、B、C和二对甲苯磺酸缘生替尼检测质量浓度线性范围均为0.25~2.0μg/mL(r≥0.999 0),杂质A、B、C的定量限分别为0.5、0.5、2.5 ng;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<1.0%;加样回收率分别为97.9%~102.6%、95.1%~107.7%、95.8%~107.5%,RSD分别为1.4%、4.2%、4.1%(n=9)。结论:该方法专属性好、操作简便,可用于二对甲苯磺酸缘生替尼原料药中有关物质的测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定草酸艾司西酞普兰片的含量

目的采用高效液相色谱法测定草酸艾司西酞普兰片的含量。方法色谱柱为C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为磷酸盐缓冲液-甲醇(51∶49),检测波长为238 nm。结果艾司西酞普兰质量浓度在25～150μg/mL范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.60%,RSD为0.44%。结论该方法简便,专属性及重现性好,可用于测定草酸艾司西酞普兰片的含量。     

LC-MS/MS法测定苯磺酸氨氯地平胶囊中两种潜在基因毒性杂质的含量

目的 建立液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)测定苯磺酸氨氯地平胶囊中2个非磺酸酯类潜在基因毒性杂质含量的方法。方法 使用液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱联用仪,色谱柱为Agilent poroshell 120 EC-C₁₈,流动相A为5 mmol·L^-1乙酸铵的0.1%甲酸溶液,B为0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液,流速为0.5 mL·min^-1,梯度洗脱;电喷雾离子源,扫描方式为正离子模式-多反应监测(MRM)。结果 两种潜在基因毒性杂质A和B浓度分别在4.51～45.12 ng·mL^-1(r=0.990)和4.39～43.93 ng·mL^-1(r=1.000)内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为102.3%和102.6%,RSD分别为1.5%和1.0%;使用该方法对国产和原研进口的苯磺酸氨氯地平胶囊进行测定,均未检出上述潜在基因毒性杂质。结论 所建立的LC/MS分析方法可靠有效,可为苯磺酸氨氯地平胶囊的质量控制提供参考依据。     

HPLC法测定阿奇霉素颗粒中的基因毒性杂质对甲苯磺酸乙酯

目的 建立阿奇霉素颗粒中基因毒性杂质对甲苯磺酸乙酯的高效液相色谱（HPLC）测定方法。方法 采用Waters XBridge C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,以磷酸盐缓冲液（2.2 g·L^-1无水磷酸氢二钾溶液,用稀磷酸调节pH值至8.9）为流动相A;甲醇-乙腈（25∶75）为流动相B,进行梯度洗脱,体积流量为1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长为225 nm,柱温为60℃,进样量为50 μL。进行专属性、线性关系、定量限和检测限、精密度、重复性、回收率、稳定性、耐用性试验。结果 空白溶剂、空白辅料、混合溶液中邻近对甲苯磺酸乙酯的杂质L均不干扰对甲苯磺酸乙酯检测;对甲苯磺酸乙酯质量浓度在0.05～0.20 μg·mL^-1（R²＝0.999 9）与峰面积呈良好线性关系;检测限为0.016 7 μg·mL^-1,定量限为0.050 0 μg·mL^-1;平均回收率为95.76%～96.48%,RSD为0.42%～1.53%;精密度、重复性、稳定性、耐用性均符合要求。3批样品中均未检出对甲苯磺酸乙酯。结论 建立的方法专属性强、灵敏度高、特异性强、准确度高,可用于阿奇霉素颗粒中基因毒性杂质对甲苯磺酸乙酯的限度控制与检测。     

UPLC-MS/MS测定酒石酸伐尼克兰中基因毒性杂质N-亚硝基伐尼克兰

目的 建立酒石酸伐尼克兰原料药和片剂中基因毒性杂质N-亚硝基伐尼克兰超高效液相色谱-串联三重四级杆质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)的检测方法。方法 采用ACQUITY UPLC^? CSH^TM Phenyl-Hexyl(150 mm×3.0 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱;0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相A,0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液为流动相B,梯度洗脱;流速为0.45 mL·min^–1,柱温为50℃;采用ESI离子源正离子扫描,多反应监测(MRM)模式下,对基因毒性杂质进行定量检测。结果 杂质在0.10～10.04ng·mL^–1具有良好的线性关系;原料药的低、中、高3个浓度的加样回收率(n=3)分别为103.58%(RSD=3.30%),98.65%(RSD=2.73%),92.00%(RSD=1.98%);片剂的低、中、高3个浓度的加样回收率(n=3)为91.53%(RSD=0.78%),96.76%(RSD=3.12%),93.01%(RSD=2.21%);检测限与定量限分别为0.014 ng·mL^–1<...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.