Effects of dietary fat source and breed on the carcass composition,n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid content of sheep meat and adipose tissue

Seventy-two 8-week-old ram lambs from three breeds, Suffolk, Soay and Friesland, were offered one of four diets based on dried grass and formulated to have a similar fatty acid content (60 g/kg DM) and containing: Megalac (high in 16 : 0, control; Volac Ltd, Royston, Herts., UK), whole linseed (18 : 3n-3), fish oil (20 : 5n-3 and 22 : 6n-3) or whole linseed plus fish oil. The lambs were slaughtered at approximately half of their mature live weight (43, 21 and 43 kg for Suffolk, Soay and Friesland lambs, respectively). Fish oil reduced DM intake and lamb live-weight gain (P<0.001), while DM intake, live-weight gain and subcutaneous fat content were highest in Suffolk and lowest in Soay lambs. Linseed feeding doubled the proportion (x100) of 18 : 3n-3 in the longissimus dorsi from 1.4 to 3.1 and in the subcutaneous adipose tissue from 1.2 to 2.6 (P<0.001). Suffolk and particularly Soay lambs contained higher proportions of 18 : 3n-3 than Friesland lambs in the longissimus dorsi, while in the adipose tissue, Suffolk lambs had the highest level. Feeding fish oil increased the muscle proportion (x100) of 20 : 5n-3 from 0.7 to 2.3 and 22 : 6n-3 from 0.3 to 0.8 (P<0.001). By contrast, the proportions of the longer-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were similar across all three breeds. All three lipid supplements containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increased the content of muscle trans-18 : 1 relative to the control values, but conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9,trans-11-18 : 2) only increased in the muscle of lambs fed linseed. Feeding linseed or fish oil lowered the n-6 : n-3 ratio in sheep meat, but neither diet nor breed had much effect on the polyunsaturated fatty acid: saturated fatty acid ratio.     

饮食n-3脂肪酸对小鼠脑脂类中多不饱和脂肪酸构成的影响

【目的】观察饮食鱼油n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFAs)对脑内不同脂类中PUFAs构成的影响。【方法】使用C57BL/6J雌性小鼠,在胎儿期和幼年期分别给予不同种类高脂饲料(18%脂肪,供能比为36%)喂养-高脂豆油饲料、高脂鱼油饲料和高脂豆油:鱼油(5∶1)混合饲料,以正常饲料(6%脂肪来自豆油,供能比为12%)为对照,时间为4个月。采用薄层层析分离脑组织中各主要脂类成份,然后采用甲酯化-气相色谱分析对各脂类成份中的脂肪酸进行测定。【结果】鱼油饲料喂养改变了小鼠脑内主要脂类中PUFAs的构成。在磷脂中,虽然5种PUFAs在各饲料组之间差异均无显著性(P>0.05),但二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)/花生四烯酸(AA)(1.94±0.41)以及n-3/n-6 PUFAs比值(2.31±0.75)在鱼油组较其它三组显著升高(P<0.05);在甘油一和二酯中,与豆油组相比,鱼油组和豆油:鱼油混合组LA含量(0.31±0.09%,0.65±0.58%)降低,而鱼油组DHA/AA(2.60±1.66)以及n-3/n-6 PUFAs比值(2.31±0.75)升高(P<0.05);在甘油三酯中,与豆油组相比,鱼油组和豆油:鱼油混合组AA含量(1.62±0.53%,1.12±0.36%)和EPA含量(0.98±0.58%,1.34±0.31%)显著降低,而DHA/AA比值(1.14±0.21,1.46±0.58)升高(P<0.05),但DHA含量在三组之间无差异(P>0.05);在游离脂肪酸中,5种PUFAs在各饲料组之间无差异(P>0.05)。【结论】饮食鱼油n-3 PUFAs摄入增多虽然不影响脑内DHA的聚积,但改变了DHA/AA以及n-3/n-6PUFAs的比值。甘油酯类可能是脑摄取、聚积DHA的主要直接来源之一。     

The effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on neutrophils

The studies of dietary fish oil supplementation in healthy volunteers demonstrate a significant increase in neutrophil EPA content, a concomitant reduction in neutrophil AA content, and suppression of neutrophil LTB4 synthesis by supplementation with dietary fish oil containing approximately 3-4 g EPA daily for a minimum of 4 weeks. Suppression of neutrophil chemotactic responsiveness to LTB4 and FMLP was observed after dietary n-3 PUFA supplementation at these levels. Dietary EPA is more active than DHA in eliciting these effects in human neutrophils. Dietary n-3 PUFA supplementation inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis to these ligands through the inhibition of the signal transduction pathway between the receptor and phospholipase C, as demonstrated by the inhibition of chemotaxin-stimulated IP3 formation, in the absence of an effect on the number or affinity of the respective chemotaxin receptors. In patients with RA, dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA resulted in decreased AA content of cellular lipids, with an augmented EPA content and decreased LTB4 generation by neutrophils. Dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA also resulted in augmentation of depressed neutrophil chemotaxis to LTB4 and FMLP. Preliminary findings suggest that the decreased responsiveness to chemotaxins of neutrophils from RA patients is due to down-regulation of chemotaxin receptor number, resulting in decreased signaling via chemotaxin receptors. Dietary fish oil PUFA partially reversed the down-regulation of the chemotaxin receptor of neutrophils of RA patients, but had a lesser effect on chemotaxin receptor signaling and function, probably due to a post-receptor inhibition induced by fish oil PUFA, as was previously observed in healthy controls. Several small clinical trials have each suggested that dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA resulted in modest improvements in disease activity. Meta-analysis of these studies confirms statistically significant improvements in tender joint count and morning stiffness after 3 months of dietary fish oil supplementation in patients with RA. Dietary supplementation with gamma-linolenic acid-rich oils also inhibits neutrophil LTB4 formation, has other anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, and shows promise of therapeutic efficacy in RA.     

Influence of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipemic effect of vitamin B6 deficiency.

Since many connections exist between vitamin B6 and lipid metabolism, we aim to investigate the lipemic effect of different dietary intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids in rats fed a vitamin B6 deficient diet. Diets were either vitamin B6 deficient (-B6) or vitamin B6 sufficient, pair-fed to the deficient group (PF) and ad libitum (N). The diets were combined with normal lipid (LC: soya bean-coconut-palm oils) and fish oil (FO: soya bean-fish oil). The fish oil diet with sufficient vitamin B6 content caused an increase in n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and a decrease in arachidonic acid. In the -B6 group fed a normal lipid diet, the arachidonic acid percentage decreased and the linoleic acid percentage increased; in the -B6 group fed fish oil these changes in fatty acid composition, already consequent upon dietary intake of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, did not show further variations. In the dietary condition of vitamin B6 deficiency, plasma cholesterol content increased in rats fed a lipid control diet, whereas no hypocholesterolemic effect was observed in those fed a fish oil diet. Plasma triglyceride contents were not influenced by dietary lipid quality because, in all conditions, the lower food intake of the PF groups caused a decrease and vitamin B6 deficiency caused an elevation in triglyceride contents which reached those of the ad libitum groups. The study highlights the interaction between vitamin B6 and polyunsaturated fatty acids and the opportunity of dietary intake of fish oil to counterbalance some effects of vitamin B6 deficiency.     

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its treatment with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

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Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on coronary heart disease

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease (CHD). The level of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in plasma and cardiac phospholipids was examined in relation to CHD in man. The fatty acid profile of cardiac phospholipids was also examined in relation to various risk factors of CHD, such as the composition of dietary fat, aging and stress. Life expectancy in Iceland is higher than in other Nordic countries, and the cardiovascular diseases mortality is lower in Iceland in the older age groups. There is a positive correlation between the level of arachidonic acid (AA) in plasma phospholipids (PL) in the normal population and cardiovascular disease mortality in Nordic countries. The level of AA in plasma PL is significantly higher in patients with CHD than in normal subjects. Dietary intake of fish or fish oil lowers cellular levels of AA and favorably influences eicosanoid metabolism in platelets and leukocytes. The roles of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in heart muscle are less well understood. Rats fed diets containing either 10% butter, corn oil or cod liver oil showed markedly different fatty acid composition of individual phospholipids in sarcolemma. Dietary cod liver oil lowered the AA level in sarcolemmal phosphatidyl choline (PC) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) by 50% compared to butter or corn oil fed rats, replacing AA with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Adaptation to moderate to severe stress induced by repeated administration of catecholamines for 15 days resulted in marked but reversible alterations in the fatty acid profile of cardiac phospholipids. During severe stress the level of AA increased by 50% in PC replacing linoleic acid (LA), whereas in PE the DHA increased markedly replacing LA. Aging was accompanied by similar alterations in cardiac phospholipids, increased levels of AA in PC and increased DHA in PE. The incidence of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and sudden cardiac death induced by isoproterenol in adult rats fed different dietary fat was lowest in rats fed cod liver oil, with a low ratio of AA/DHA in cardiac phospholipids. Mortality due to VF was highest in rats fed corn oil with the highest ratio of AA/DHA. Sudden cardiac death in man was frequently associated with a higher ratio of AA/DHA than observed in people of the same age who died in accidents. The balance between n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in cellular phospholipids seems to play an important role in stress tolerance and survival.     

n-3及n-6多不饱和脂肪酸与乳腺癌关系的Meta分析

目的 系统评价n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3PUFAs)、n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6PUFAs)及其比例与乳腺癌发病风险的关系。方法 系统检索Pubmed、Embase、Web of Science、知网、万方等数据库截止至2022年1月1日有关n-3及n-6多不饱和脂肪酸与乳腺癌关系的研究,对最终纳入的文献进行数据提取与质量评价,采用Stata 15.1软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入33项针对n-3及n-6PUFAs和乳腺癌发病风险关联的观察性流行病学研究,其中队列研究14项,病例对照研究20项,共纳入研究对象1 077 178例,患者19 207例。Meta分析结果显示:n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(OR=0.933,95%CI:0.858～1.014)、n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(OR=1.018,95%CI:0.914～1.133)与乳腺癌发病风险无统计学关联(P>0.05),而较高的n-6/n-3PUFAs比值会显著增加乳腺癌的发病风险(OR=1.166,95%CI:1.047～1.299,P=0.005)。结论 n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的比值与乳腺癌的发病风险呈正相关,提示合理的膳食脂肪摄入比可能会降低乳腺癌的患病风险。而n-3及n-6多不饱和脂肪酸与乳腺癌发病风险的单独效应关系尚不明确,仍需更多前瞻性实验流行病学证据进行支持。     

n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the cardiovascular system

n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly those contained in fish oils, are candidates for inclusion in secondary prevention programmes for coronary heart disease, based on the results of recent randomized trials in humans. Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids retard coronary atherosclerosis and appear to prevent fatal arrhythmias; and they decrease mortality subsequent to myocardial infarction.     

n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and immune function

n-3 PUFA have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. However, they have also been shown to suppress T-cell-mediated immune function, an undesirable effect, especially in immuno-suppressed individuals. Studies have thus far suggested that this immuno-suppression may be in part attributable to increased lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant (especially vitamin E) levels, which can be prevented by appropriate vitamin E supplementation. Further well-designed human studies are needed to determine the appropriate levels of n-3 PUFA and vitamin E supplementation to optimize the beneficial anti-inflammatory effect of n-3 PUFA and minimize their suppressive effect on T-cell function.     

不同配比高n-3/n-6多不饱和脂肪酸对大鼠胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的探讨长期摄入高脂不同n-3/n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)构成比的饮食后,大鼠胰岛素敏感性及血清炎症因子表达水平的变化。方法 40只刚断乳雄性SD大鼠适应性喂养7天后,根据体重随机分为4组:空白对照组(基础饲料)、高脂组(猪油)、高脂1∶1组(n-3/n-6为1∶1)和高脂1∶4组(n-3/n-6为1∶4),每组10只。每周记录一次大鼠体重,喂养16周处死动物,检测大鼠血脂、血清胰岛素敏感性和血清炎症因子(IL-6、TNF-α和hs-CRP)表达水平。结果与空白对照组相比,其他3个组体重显著上升(P<0.05);高脂1∶1组胰岛素敏感性与空白对照组比较,差异无显著性,且显著高于高脂组和高脂1∶4组(P<0.05);与高脂组相比,高脂1∶1组血清TNF-α和hs-CRP表达水平显著下降(P<0.05)。结论长期摄取高多不饱和脂肪酸同样具有肥胖风险,提高n-3PUFAs在膳食构成中的比重可以有效抑制炎症因子表达,改善胰岛素敏感性,预防胰岛素抵抗的发生。     

Antiarrhythmic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

The n-3 or omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are a promising dietary preventive therapy for cardiovascular disease. The main dietary source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids comes from sea fish. During recent years, the subject of antiarrhythmic role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has been investigated extensively. A great deal of evidence has shown that the antiarrhythmic effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is exerted by altering the electrophysiology of myocytes. This article is intended to review specifically this role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as demonstrated by both basic and clinical evidence in animal and human studies, including current concepts on the antiarrhythmic mechanism of this class of polyunsaturated fatty acids.     

Effects of dietary n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid balance on tissue lipid levels, fatty acid patterns, and eicosanoid production in rats.

The effect of varying n-6/n-3 ratios (0.6-10.2) of dietary fats on various lipid parameters was examined in rats under a constant P/S ratio (1.4-1.5) with sardine oil as the source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) by a combination of palm and safflower oils. The concentration of serum cholesterol tended to increase with n-6/n-3 of up to approximately 2, whereas aortic cholesterol decreased. The proportion of arachidonic acid in liver, heart, and aorta phosphatidylcholine increased linearly with increasing n-6/n-3 whereas that of linoleic acid reached a plateau at this ratio of approximately 4. The proportion of n-3 PUFAs decreased with increasing n-6/n-3 in tissue phosphatidylcholine. Although the production of prostacyclin (PGI2) by the thoracic aorta and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) by platelets increased with increasing n-6/n-3, TXA2/PGI2 was maintained at a low level up to n-6/n-3 of approximately 5. These results indicate that, when fish oil is the source of n-3 PUFAs, n-6/n-3 of 2-5 seems to be desirable for the various lipid parameters related to atherosclerosis and thrombosis.     

不同n-3/n-6多不饱和脂肪酸构成比对大鼠脂代谢和食欲的影响

目的研究不同n-3/n-6配比脂肪酸对大鼠食欲影响及其与腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)基因表达的关系。方法58只SD大鼠适应性喂养7天后,尾静脉取血。根据血清总胆固醇(TC)水平随机分为6组:空白组(基础饲料),高脂组(高脂饲料),高脂1∶1组(高脂饲料+n-3/n-6=1∶1油),高脂1∶5组(高脂饲料+n-3/n-6=1∶5油),低脂1∶1组(脱脂基础饲料+n-3/n-6=1∶1油),低脂1∶5组(脱脂基础饲料+n-3/n-6=1∶5油),喂养45天,观察大鼠摄食与体重增长,并于实验第0、15、30和45天测定血清总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)含量。于45天处死动物,取下丘脑,用RT-PCR分别测下丘脑组织中NPY、AMPK-α2 mRNA表达。结果添加PUFA的四个组血清TC、TG、摄食量、体重及NPY、AMPK-α2mRNA表达均比高脂组大鼠明显降低(P<0.05)。结论PUFA改善血脂可能是通过影响AMPK表达,从而抑制下丘脑食欲相关基因表达,进而影响血脂代谢。     

Reversal of the arrhythmogenic effects of long-term saturated fatty acid intake by dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids

This study investigated whether the adverse influences of dietary saturated animal fatty acids (SF) on vulnerability to cardiac arrhythmias in rats could be modified by crossover in maturity to diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The arrhythmia model was coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion under anesthesia. Animals were fed commercial stock diet (4% fat wt:wt) supplemented (12% wt:wt) with fat (final diets, 35% energy as fat). Of rats fed the SF diet for 9 and 18 mo, ventricular fibrillation (VF) occurred in 71% during occlusion and in 86% on reperfusion. Mortality from VF was 0% after 9 mo on the SF diet but 67% after 18 mo. Dietary crossover to n-3 (tuna-fish oil) or n-6 (sunflower-seed oil) PUFA-supplemented diets at 9 mo reduced arrhythmias (VF incidence less than 30% in occlusion and reperfusion) and mortality (0%). The n-3 PUFAs were most effective. Dietary interventions can be effective even when introduced in mature, high-risk animals and may be of benefit in reducing risk of sudden cardiac death.     

n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and colon cancer prevention

The incidence of colon cancer in industrialised countries has increased since the early 1970s. It is estimated that more than one-third of cases are associated with factors related to a Western diet. Both the type and amount of dietary fats consumed have been implicated in colon cancer aetiology. Recent studies have demonstrated that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), commonly found in fish oil (FO), could prevent colon cancer development. Evidences show that n-3 PUFAs act at different stages of cancer development and through several mechanisms including the modulation of arachidonic acid-derived prostaglandin synthesis, and Ras protein and protein kinase C expression and activity. As a result, n-3 PUFAs limit tumour cell proliferation, increase apoptotic potential along the crypt axis, promote cell differentiation and possibly limit angiogenesis. The modulatory actions of n-3 PUFAs on the immune system and their anti-inflammatory effects might also play a role in reducing colon carcinogenesis. There remains, nevertheless, some ambiguity over the safety of n-3 PUFAs with respect to secondary tumour formation. However, it appears that n-3 PUFAs may be of use in colon cancer prevention.     

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对肥胖小鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的 探讨n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,n-3 PUFAs)对饮食诱导肥胖小鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法 将30只3～4 周龄C57BL/ 6J雄性小鼠,随机分为3组(10只/组),分别给予高脂饲料、鱼油n-3 PUFAs高脂饲料(脂肪含量均为34.9%,供能比均为60%)以及正常脂饲料(脂肪来源于猪油和葵花籽油,脂肪含量为4.3%,供能比为10%)喂养16周。然后采集粪便,采用16sDNA-实时荧光定量PCR方法检测肠道菌群变化;取结肠组织,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)以及单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,MCP-1)的mRNA表达水平。结果 与正常脂饲料喂养对照组小鼠相比,高脂饲料诱导肥胖小鼠粪便中厚壁菌门及乳杆菌属的数量显著增多,而拟杆菌门、放线菌门、变形菌门以及双歧杆菌属的数量则显著减少(P<0.05)。两组肥胖小鼠相比,鱼油n-3 PUFAs高脂组肥胖小鼠的粪便双歧杆菌属数量明显增加,而乳杆菌属数量显著减少(P<0.05)。对结肠炎性因子mRNA表达水平检测显示,高脂饲料组肥胖小鼠的IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α及MCP-1表达量较正常脂饲料组小鼠均明显升高(P<0.05),而IL-10的表达量无变化;鱼油n-3 PUFAs高脂饲料组肥胖小鼠的IL-1β、TNF-α较高脂饲料组肥胖小鼠有显著性的降低(P<0.05)。结论 鱼油n-3 PUFAs可以改善肥胖状态下的肠道菌群紊乱及肠道炎症状态。     

Short term effects of dietary medium-chain fatty acids and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on the fat metabolism of healthy volunteers

Background

The amount and quality of dietary fatty acids can modulate the fat metabolism.

Objective

This dietary intervention is based on the different metabolic pathways of long-chain saturated fatty acids (LCFA), which are mostly stored in adipocytic triacylglycerols, medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) which are preferentially available for hepatic mitochondrial β-oxidation and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) suggested to modulate fat oxidation and storage by stimulating the peroxisomal β-oxidation. Combined dietary MCFA and n-3 LCPUFA without LCFA may synergistically stimulate fatty acid oxidation resulting in blood lipid clearance and LCFA release from adipocytes.

Design

In a short term, parallel, randomized, double-blind trial effects on the fatty acid metabolism of 10 healthy volunteers (Body Mass Index 25–30) of a formula containing 72% MCFA and 22% n-3 LCPUFA without LCFA (intake: 1.500 kcal/day; fat: 55.5% of energy) were measured in comparison to an isoenergetic formula with equal fat amount and LCFA dominated lipid profile.

Results

The plasma triacylglycerol (p < 0.1) and cholesterol (p < 0.05) content decreased in the test group. The n-3/n-6 LCPUFA (≥ C 20) ratio increased (p < 0.0001) after 4 days treatment. The LCFA content was similar in both groups despite missing LCFA in the test formula indicating LCFA release from adipocytes into the plasma. Both groups significantly reduced body weight considerably 4 kg (p < 0.01) and fat mass up to 50% of weight loss (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Combined dietary 72% MCFA and 22% n-3 LCPUFA without LCFA stimulate the fatty acid oxidation and release from adipocytes without affecting any safety parameters measured.