锁定钢板治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折

目的研究锁定加压钢板治疗累及桡骨远端粉碎性骨折的效果。方法26例桡骨远端骨折,平均年龄61岁。按照AO骨折分型C1型8例;C2型12例;C3型6例。其中2例为开放性骨折,另2例分别合并肩与肘关节脱位。均采用掌侧入路,T型锁定钢板固定。结果26例术后随访6~20个月,平均8个月。骨折平均愈合时间为8周(6~12周)。腕关节活动度平均为掌屈40°,背伸45°,尺偏30°,桡偏20°,旋前70°,旋后65°。最近1次随访X线片与术前相比,桡骨茎突平均长度自术前6(-10~10)mm增加至11(8~14)mm。平均掌倾角自术前-15°(-40°~10°)增加至8°(-5°~15°)。平均尺偏角从12°(-5°~20°)增加至20°(10°~25°)。关节面骨折块平均间距从6(1~18)mm减少至0(0~3)mm。术侧握力为健侧的78%(55%~100%)。根据Gartland与Werley评分标准,优7例,良12例,一般5例,差2例。结论对于累及关节面的粉碎性桡骨远端骨折,T型锁定钢板可以较好地维持骨折复位,允许术后早期功能锻炼,并可获得满意的腕关节功能。     

切开复位钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端B、C型骨折

目的探讨切开复位钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端B、C型骨折临床疗效。方法对76例AO分型桡骨远端B、C型骨折患者分别予以掌侧或背侧入路,切开复位AOT形钢板或锁定加压接骨板(LCP)内固定治疗。结果76例随访6~28个月,骨折全部愈合。根据改良McBride评分标准,49例腕关节75°(背伸)~75°(掌屈),17例70°(背伸)~54°(掌屈),7例腕关节伸屈活动无疼痛,3例诉有轻微疼痛。无腕关节旋转活动受限,优良率92.1%。结论采用切开复位钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端B、C型骨折,能有效恢复桡骨远端的解剖结构,使腕关节功能达到较好恢复。     

外固定架加掌侧钢板治疗桡骨远端关节内粉碎性骨折

[目的]探讨外固定支架结合掌侧钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端关节内粉碎性骨折的疗效。[方法]自2004年2月~2008年2月采用外固定支架结合掌侧钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端关节内粉碎性骨折35例。男23例,女12例:平均年龄41.6岁。按AO/ASIF分型均为C3型。其中闭合性骨折30例,开放性骨折5例。[结果]术后随访24~118个月,平均37个月,35例骨折均获得愈合。术后1年随访,32例关节面台阶2mm,3例关节面台阶2mm;平均桡骨高11.11mm(8~15mm);平均掌倾角8.37°(-5~20°);平均尺偏角21.83°(13~25°)。与健侧相比,尺偏角、桡骨高的差异无统计学意义(P0.05),掌倾角较健侧相比平均丢失了2.69°,差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。根据Gartland-Werley腕关节评分标准,优良率为91%。[结论]外固定支架结合切开复位掌侧钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端关节内粉碎性骨折效果满意,病人腕关节、前臂及手的功能恢复好,术后创伤性骨关节炎的发生率低,并发症少,病人主观满意率高,是目前比较安全有效的方法。     

掌侧斜T形锁定加压钢板治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折

目的 探讨斜"T"形锁定加压钢板在桡骨远端不稳定骨折治疗中的应用和临床效果.方法 应用掌侧入路斜"T"形锁定钢板治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折36例.结果 36例均获得随访,时间平均13个月(7～21个月),骨折均在3个月内愈合.根据Dienst标准评定疗效:优25例,良8例,可3例,优良率91.7%.结论 掌侧入路斜"T"形...     

掌侧入路斜T形钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折

目的探讨掌侧入路斜T形钢板治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折的临床疗效。方法对25例桡骨远端不稳定骨折采用掌侧入路斜T形钢板内固定并植骨治疗。结果 25例均获得随访,时间6～18个月。X线片显示骨折全部愈合。根据Gartland-Wefley腕关节评分标准进行评估:优18例,良5例,可2例。结论对于桡骨远端不稳定骨折,采用掌侧入路斜T形钢板内固定辅以植骨,既能使骨折复位、固定满意,又有利于术后早期手和腕部的功能康复锻炼,是治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折的有效方法。     

掌侧斜T型锁定加压钢板治疗桡骨远端关节内骨折

目的观察掌侧斜T型锁定加压钢板治疗桡骨远端关节内骨折的临床疗效。方法采用国产2.4 mm掌侧斜T型锁定加压钢板治疗22例桡骨远端关节内骨折。结果 21例患者获得随访,时间3～10个月,1例失访。术后3个月X线片提示桡骨远端掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨茎突高度均恢复满意,骨折均愈合。无内固定松动、切口感染、神经血管损伤等并发症发生。末次随访时,根据Garland-Werley腕关节评分标准评定疗效:优15例,良4例,中2例。结论国产2.4 mm掌侧斜T型锁定加压钢板治疗桡骨远端关节内骨折疗效良好,且经济实用。     

掌侧入路斜T型锁定钢板治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折临床分析

目的观察掌侧入路斜T型锁定钢板治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折的效果。方法对86例桡骨远端不稳定性骨折实施掌侧入路T型锁定钢板治疗,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果术后随访6~18个月,86例患者骨折愈合良好,愈合时间2~3个月,平均2.58个月。其间仅出现1例正中神经拉伤。未发生内固定松动、骨不连、腕管综合征等并发症。末次随访复查X线,患者掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨高度和桡腕关节面平整度与术前相比明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。依据Gartland-Werley腕关节功能评分标准,腕关节功能优良率为87.21%。结论采用掌侧入路斜T型锁定钢板治疗桡骨远端不稳定型骨折,复位及固定效果好,术后并发症低,腕关节功能恢复良好率高。     

掌侧接骨板治疗老年桡骨远端背侧移位骨折临床分析

目的 探讨掌侧万向锁定加压双柱接骨板治疗老年人桡骨远端背侧移位骨折的临床疗效。方法 分析2012年7月至2015年7月采用掌侧万向锁定加压双柱接骨板治疗的37例桡骨远端背侧移位C型骨折患者,男 11例,女26例;年龄60～78岁,平均70．7岁;骨折按AO分型：c1型7,c2型13例,c3型17例。末次随访时通过术后X线片评估桡骨远端骨折复位情况、测量各项影像学参数,并采用Gart land---Werley评定疗效。结果 所有患者术后获6～27个月(平均19．6个月)随访。X线片示骨折愈合时间3～4个月,平均3．5个月。按照Garland—Werley评分：优16例,良 14例,可6例,1例因疼痛再次手术,优良率81.08％,无感染及不愈合。末次随访时桡骨茎突高度 8．30～12．52 mm,平均10．42mm;掌倾角10°～14.20°,平均12．60°;尺偏角 17.30°～23.40°,平均2I．00°。结论 掌侧万向锁定加压双柱接骨板是治疗老年桡骨远端背侧移位骨折的有效方法。     

掌侧锁定钢板联合背侧植骨治疗C3型桡骨远端骨折的疗效观察

目的 观察掌侧锁定钢板联合背侧植骨治疗C3型桡骨远端骨折的疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院2016年1月至2017年12月收治的采用掌侧锁定钢板内固定联合背侧入路植骨的19例桡骨远端AO C3型骨折病人,术后测量桡骨远端掌倾角、尺偏角及桡骨高度,采用Gartland和Werley评分系统评估腕关节功能。结果 所有病人均获得1年以上随访,Gartland和Werley腕关节功能评分显示：优10例,良7例,可2例。末次随访掌倾角为9.48°±1.84°、尺偏角为14.68°±0.82°及桡骨远端高度为（12.45±0.32） mm,与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。未出现伤口感染、肌腱激惹、肌腱断裂及创伤性关节炎等并发症。结论 掌侧锁定钢板联合背侧植骨治疗桡骨远端AO C3型骨折简单、可靠且有效。     

外支架联合掌侧钢板治疗复杂桡骨远端关节内骨折

[目的]探讨外支架联合掌侧钢板治疗复杂桡骨远端关节内骨折的初期疗效。[方法]总结2007年7月～2009年5月采用外支架联合掌侧钢板固定治疗复杂桡骨远端关节内骨折45例,按AO骨折分型均属C3-3型,按Melone骨折部位分型:四部分骨折30例,四部分以上15例,尽量恢复桡骨远端长度、关节面平整、掌倾角和尺偏角,干骺端骨缺损使用羟基磷灰石人工骨填充,外固定支架固定腕关节于功能位,轻度撑开保持软组织适当张力,掌侧置入"T"形钢板。[结果]45例均获临床随访(12～20个月,平均18个月),X线显示骨折平均愈合时间6周,Cooney腕关节临床评分:优39例,良3例,一般3例,优良率93%。所有患者无感染、固定物松动、肌腱刺激、腕管综合征等并发症。[结论]外支架联合掌侧钢板充分利用内外固定方式的优点,能够满足复杂桡骨远端关节内骨折坚强固定和早期活动的治疗需要,初期治疗结果满意。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.