Arthroscopic Treatment of Acute and Chronic Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation

This article presents an all-arthroscopic technique for coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction by ligamentoplasty after acute or chronic acromioclavicular joint dislocation. A coracoacromial ligament transfer is done to reconstruct the torn coracoclavicular ligaments, similar to open surgery. The coracoacromial ligament is dissected from the undersurface of the acromion and is reinserted on the inferior clavicle by transosseous suture fixation. Additional wire or screw stabilization may be used. With this method, we achieve a very satisfactory reduction of the dislocated acromioclavicular joint.     

肩锁关节脱位手术复位中肩锁韧带的标志性作用

目的探讨肩锁关节脱位手术复位中修复肩锁韧带的作用。方法对我科2009年04月～2011年07月收治21例肩锁关节脱位采用切开复位锁骨解剖钩状钢板内固定＋肩锁韧带修补术的资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组21例手术中,19例达到肩锁韧带无张力修复,2例未能修复,可修复率达95.2%。术后21例均获得随访,根据Karlsson标准评定疗效,其中优17例,可2例,差2例。结论在肩锁关节脱位治疗中,用锁骨解剖钩状钢板内固定,同时修补喙锁韧带、肩锁韧带是治疗肩锁关节脱位的可靠方法。其中,肩锁韧带的无张力修复对肩锁关节解剖复位有很高的临床使用价值。     

Aktuelle operative Therapiestrategien bei chronischer Akromioklavikularsgelenkinstabilität

Chronic instability of the acromioclavicular joint (AC joint) results if the initial acromioclavicular joint luxation has been missed or if the rehabilitative or surgical treatment was not successful. Late repairs after a traumatic luxation are difficult to deal with because the biological healing response for reconstitution of the ligaments seems to be compromised. A meticulous diagnostic examination should be performed paying special attention to the character and direction of instability (static versus dynamic and vertical versus horizontal). For this purpose a specified classification system should be used (Hedtmann and Heers). A new surgical technique for stabilization of chronic AC joint instability has been established and biomechanically evaluated. The technique includes an augmented modified coracoacromial ligament (only the medial half of the ligament) transfer supplemented by coracoclavicular polyester augmentation. In an in vitro model the technique was shown to restore anterior and superior translation of the intact AC joint. An increase of translation compared to the level of the intact joint was statistically significant only for the posterior direction (127%, 3.8 mm intact versus 4.6 mm following reconstruction; p<0.05). Therefore, for further improvement of the technique some form of acromioclavicular ligament reconstruction (posterosuperior) could be profitable. In conclusion the presented surgical technique (augmented CA ligament transfer) reveals promising biomechanical results in an in vitro model and may serve as an alternative to current coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction techniques using autologous tendon grafts.     

空心钉固定联合半腱肌肌腱重建喙锁韧带治疗Ⅲ度肩锁关节脱位

目的探讨空心钉固定联合半腱肌肌腱重建喙锁韧带治疗Ⅲ度肩锁关节脱位的疗效。方法对22例Ⅲ度肩锁关节脱位患者行空心钉固定联合半腱肌肌腱重建喙锁韧带治疗。结果患者均获随访,时间10～32个月。肩关节功能恢复良好,局部畸形消失,未见复发。参照Karlsson疗效评定标准:A级18例,B级4例。结论该手术方法设计符合生物力学的要求,方法简单,复位作用良好,是治疗Ⅲ度新鲜肩锁关节脱位有效方法。     

Arthroscopic reconstruction for acromioclavicular joint dislocation

We describe an arthroscopic reconstruction technique for acromioclavicular joint dislocation. Subsequent to Baum’s first repair of the coracoclavicular complex in 1886, over 60 operative procedures have been described in the literature. This procedure is the first described arthroscopic approach used in reconstruction for acromioclavicular dislocation. It provides an anatomically correct and structurally sound reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligament complex. This arthroscopic technique is also a cosmetically pleasing alternative to previously described open procedures for reconstruction of acromioclavicular joint dislocations. As with most arthroscopic procedures, this technique achieves its goals with minimal morbidity and violation of the surrounding soft tissues.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 5 (May-June), 2001: pp 558–563     

Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction Using a Semitendinosus Graft for Failed Acromioclavicular Separation Surgery

Although acromioclavicular joint separations are fairly common, the occurrence of high-grade acromioclavicular separations that require surgery is low. Various modifications of the Weaver-Dunn procedure have been popular and fairly successful methods to treat severe acromioclavicular separations, despite the fact that reconstructions have been done a number of ways. We report on the results of a technique for salvaging failed modified Weaver-Dunn reconstructions using a semitendinosus graft through bone tunnels in the distal clavicle and coracoid to reconstruct the coracoclavicular ligament.     

重建喙锁韧带治疗急性肩锁关节脱位的疗效观察

目的探讨重建喙锁韧带治疗急性肩锁关节脱位的手术方法及临床疗效。方法自2010—09--2012—02对28例急性肩锁关节脱位行同种异体肌腱移植结合双带袢钢板重建喙锁韧带术治疗。结果本组获12～29个月。平均17．2个月的随访,肩外形正常,X线复查肩锁关节解剖关系正常。参照Karlsson标准行肩关节功能评定：优25例。良3例。结论应用同种异体肌腱移植结合双带袢钢板重建喙锁韧带治疗肩锁关节脱位,可长期恢复肩锁关节的解剖关系、维持喙锁间隙、术后并发症少,术后配合个性化的康复计划,肩关节功能恢复满意。     

关节镜下重建喙锁韧带并修复肩锁韧带治疗Rockwood Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位

目的 探讨关节镜下重建喙锁韧带并修复肩锁韧带治疗RockwoodⅢ型肩锁关节脱位的临床疗效.方法 对我科2011年3月至2016年8月收治的60例RockwoodⅢ型肩锁关节脱位病人进行回顾性分析.其中男34例,女26例;左肩36例,右肩24例.年龄为23～48岁,平均年龄为(29.3±6.2)岁.受伤至手术时间为3～12 d,平均为(6.1±2.5)d.根据手术方法不同分为两组:修复组30例,使用关节镜下Endobutton技术重建喙锁韧带,采用5#爱惜帮聚酯纤维缝线修复肩锁韧带;对照组30例,使用关节镜下Endobutton技术重建喙锁韧带,不修复肩锁韧带.比较两组病人术后1年的肩锁关节前后位X线片的喙锁间隙数值以及术后1年的Constant-Murley肩关节功能评分.结果 随访时间为14～24个月,平均为(16±2.7)个月.所有病人手术切口均一期愈合,愈合时间为14～18 d,平均为(13±3.8)d,均无血管神经损伤.术后1年,修复组的喙锁间隙数值为(12.9±0.6)mm,优于对照组的(13.6±1.1)mm;修复组的Constant-Murley肩关节功能评分总分为(91.1±2.4)分,优于对照组的(86.3±3.5)分;上述指标组间差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05).结论 关节镜下应用Endobutton技术重建喙锁韧带同时修复肩锁韧带治疗RockwoodⅢ型肩锁关节脱位,有利于肩锁关节稳定性及肩关节功能的恢复.     

应用不同手术方法治疗陈旧性肩锁关节脱位的疗效分析

目的比较分析应用不同手术方法治疗陈旧性肩锁关节脱位的疗效。方法对 43例陈旧性肩锁关节脱位患者分别应用单纯切开复位克氏针内固定 (9例 );切开复位内固定并肩锁关节韧带重建 (14例 );切开复位内固定并喙突上移 (20例 )三种手术方法进行治疗,术后平均随访 4.8年,对其自觉症状、上肢肌力、肩关节功能和肩锁关节间隙等改善程度进行比较。结果三种术式的优良率分别为 33％ (3/9)、 50％ (7/14)和 74％ (15/20)。单纯切开复位克氏针内固定法的疗效与切开复位内固定并肩锁韧带重建法相比,差异无显著性意义 (P >0.05),两者与切开复位内固定并喙突上移法比较,差异有显著性意义 (均 P< 0.05)。结论治疗陈旧性肩锁关节脱位的手术方法应达到 :(1)清除关节内瘢痕组织及软骨碎片; (2)重建关节纵向与水平稳定性; (3)施以有效内固定直至韧带修复,牢固愈合。     

Carbon fiber replacement of the ligaments of the shoulder girdle and the treatment of lateral instability of the ankle joint

A normal active human being will not accept chronic instability or persistent luxation of any joint. Many attempts have been made to stabilize a damaged joint with autogeneic and allogeneic materials and by various surgical techniques. In animal and clinical trials, carbon fibers are reported to be a promising material for ligament replacement in chronic joint instability. The authors are investigating carbon fibers not only for repair of chronic instability of knee joints but also for chronic luxations and subluxations of the sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and ankle joints. For long-term stability of the new ligament, carbon fibers must be implanted in cancellous bone channels. Ingrowth of connective tissue and newly formed bone produces a secure ligament anchorage. A temporary tension band wire loop immobilizes the sternoclavicular or acromioclavicular joint. The ankle ligament replacements are immobilized with a weight-bearing plaster boot for six weeks postoperation. The use of carbon fibers as a ligament replacement in the sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and ankle joints produces favorable functions and stability. Reconstruction of the normal ligament insertions of a joint is essential, particularly with respect to supination and free range of movement. Of 56 cases with lateral chronic instability of the ankle, 51 with a mean average postoperative follow-up period of two years, 49 had subjectively good results. Stable joints were demonstrable in 48 cases; supination was limited in four cases.     

Anatomy of the pectoralis minor tendon and its use in acromioclavicular joint reconstruction

Many procedures described for operative management of acromioclavicular joint separations entail transfer of the coracoacromial ligament. We sought to describe the anatomy and morphology of the pectoralis minor tendon better, to assess its anatomic potential as a substitute for sacrificing the coracoacromial ligament, and to compare the ultimate tensile strength of the pectoralis minor with that of the coracoacromial ligament and detached coracoclavicular ligament. The morphology of the pectoralis minor tendon was carefully delineated and compared with that of the coracoacromial ligament, and 10 paired fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were tested to failure by applying a single uniaxial tensile load. Anatomic study of the pectoralis minor tendon confirmed its adequacy as a source of local autograft tissue in acromioclavicular joint reconstruction. We hypothesize that, in cases of acromioclavicular joint separation necessitating operative intervention, the use of the pectoralis minor tendon as a potential source of autograft tissue is anatomically feasible and it is slightly stronger than the coracoacromial ligament.     

Functional and radiological outcome after arthroscopic and open acromioclavicular stabilization using a double-button fixation system

The aim of this study was to determine the functional outcome and radiological results after open and arthroscopic stabilization of the acromioclavicular joint using a double-button fixation system. We reviewed 16 patients that were surgically treated for acromioclavicular dislocation using a double-button fixation system. An arthroscopic technique was used in 9 patients for acute injuries and an open technique in 7 patients for subacute or chronic lesions. Mean follow-up was 17 months (range : 6-26 months). The mean DASH score post-operatively was 2.29 (range : 0-5.83), VAS score was 0.82 (range : 0-2) and SSV averaged 90.5 % (range: 80-95%). Radiologically the reduction of the acromioclavicular joint was complete in 10 patients. A clinically stable residual subluxation was present in 5 patients. Only one patient experienced a redislocation after new trauma and needed revision surgery. Operative treatment of grade 3 and 4 acromioclavicular dislocations, using a double button coracoclavicular fixation system, yielded good functional results with full return to work and recreational activities. Arthroscopic coracoclavicular fixation without CA ligament transfer should be reserved for acute injuries within 2 weeks after the trauma.     

三Endobutton钢板解剖重建喙锁韧带治疗肩锁关节脱位

目的探讨三Endobutton钢板解剖重建喙锁韧带治疗肩锁关节脱位的初步临床疗效。方法对25例肩锁关节脱位患者应用三Endobutton钢板解剖重建喙锁韧带治疗的临床疗效进行分析。结果 25例均获随访,时间14～29个月。X线检查证实肩锁关节脱位均完全复位。肩关节外展活动范围术前为40°～80°,术后为140°～150°。肩关节功能按Constant标准,评分术前为(66.5±3.2)分,术后3个月为(90.5±2.3)分,术后6个月为(93.5±3.1)分。结论三Endobutton钢板解剖重建喙锁韧带治疗肩锁关节脱位固定确实,不损伤关节面,术后患者可以早期功能锻炼,无需二次手术,疗效满意。     

三重固定纽扣钢板解剖重建陈旧性Ⅲ度肩锁关节脱位

目的探讨三重固定纽扣钢板解剖重建喙锁韧带治疗陈旧性Ⅲ度肩锁关节脱位的手术方法及临床疗效。方法 2009年1月-2010年6月,对14例陈旧性Ⅲ度肩锁关节脱位行三重固定纽扣钢板解剖重建喙锁韧带治疗。男10例,女4例;年龄26～52岁,平均38.5岁。致伤原因:交通事故伤7例,摔伤5例,砸伤2例。左侧9例,右侧5例。受伤至手术时间29～75 d,平均49d。肩锁关节有不同程度压痛,关节主、被动活动明显受限,X线片示肩锁关节完全脱位。按Allman分型标准,均为Ⅲ度完全性脱位。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无血管、神经损伤及感染等早期并发症发生。患者均获随访,随访时间13～30个月,平均18.3个月。术后1周1例患者发生复位部分丢失,X线片检查见肩锁关节半脱位,未给予特殊处理,其余患者无再脱位或其他相关并发症发生。末次随访时,根据美国肩肘外科协会(ASES)评分标准,获(90.8±4.1)分,与术前的(65.3±4.4)分比较,差异有统计学意义(t=-17.57,P=0.00);Constant-Murley评分为(91.7±3.9)分,与术前的(71.5±4.6)分比较,差异有统计学意义(t=-75.02,P=0.00)。简明肩关节功能测试问卷(SST)的肯定答案为7～12个,平均9.7个。结论三重固定纽扣钢板解剖重建喙锁韧带可有效治疗陈旧性Ⅲ度肩锁关节脱位,早期疗效满意。     

Evaluation and management of acromioclavicular joint injuries

The acromioclavicular joint is stabilized by the coracoclavicular and acromioclavicular ligaments and by the trapezius and deltoid muscles. Joint dislocation commonly results from a direct blow to the acromion. Injury types I through III are generally treated nonoperatively, whereas types IV through VI are treated operatively. Nonoperative protocols should always begin with ice and immobilization. Operative techniques include acromioclavicular ligament repair, dynamic transfer of the conjoined tendon, coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction, and coracoacromial ligament transfer. The goal with any injury type should always be full return to the patient's preinjury condition.     

改良双Endobutton技术治疗Tossy Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位的远期疗效分析

目的：采用改良双Endobutton技术对Tossy Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位进行治疗,并研究其远期的临床疗效。方法：对2008年12月至2010年12月采用改良双Endobutton技术治疗Tossy Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位的患者进行回顾性研究。42例患者,其中男24例,女18例;年龄21～56岁,中位年龄32.5岁。所有患者行切开复位,肩锁韧带采用Ethibond线缝合修复或带线锚钉重建,喙锁韧带采用双Endobutton技术重建进行治疗。临床疗效采用Karlsson标准进行评价,喙锁间隙距离以2块Endobutton钢板的中心连线距离来代替,通过影像学上测量喙锁间隙距离来评估复位丢失情况。结果：42例患者均获随访,时间2.0～3.2年,平均2.4年。术后3个月按照Karlsson疗效标准评定,A级32例,B级10例;末次随访时A级26例,B级16例,6例从A级降为B级。术后3个月喙锁间隙距离（26.91±0.91） mm,末次随访（27.41±1.10） mm,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,其中术中过度复位和术后从事体力劳动的患者其间隙距离增加更明显。另外,所有患者在锁骨侧Endobutton周围都存在一定的骨质吸收,但范围不大。结论：改良双Endobutton技术可以有效重建肩锁韧带及喙锁韧带,从而获得良好的早期临床效果,但随时间的延长会逐渐出现复位的部分丢失及钢板周围的骨质吸收,部分患者临床疗效也会有所下降,但患者对临床结果仍满意。     

生物性韧带修复术治疗新鲜肩锁关节完全脱位

目的研究通过生物性韧带修复的新型手术方法治疗肩锁关节完全脱位。方法根据肩部解剖生理和生物力学设计手术,对肩锁关节全脱位即Ⅲ度损伤的患者用生物可吸收缝合线或粗丝线经骨穿孔延纤维走向修复喙锁韧带以重建肩锁关节垂直方向的稳定;再用双圈缝合法修复肩锁韧带和关节囊以重建肩锁关节水平方向的稳定。手术简便、创伤小,不影响关节面,不使用金属内固定材料,可达到肩锁关节的坚强固定。结果 11例患者术后随访 1～ 2.5年,肩关节活动度恢复正常,内固定稳定,无缝线松脱断裂,愈合良好,无明显并发症,避免了金属内固定的二次拆除手术,全部病例疗效达到 Karlsson A级。结论应用生物可吸收缝线或丝线,按生物力学原理重建喙锁韧带及肩锁韧带治疗肩锁关节脱位疗效可靠。     

Complete acromioclavicular dislocations: treatment with a Dacron ligament.

A series of 20 patients was treated for a complete acromioclavicular dislocation (Tossy III). Reduction of the clavicle is maintained by a Dacron ligament, which provides dynamic fixation. The mean follow-up period was 3.9 years. For 19 patients the results were good or excellent; in one case the result was poor. Advantages of the method described are ease of the procedure, absence of pins and a 1-week period of immobilization. An important result is the short sick leave with an average of 3.3 weeks, which is favourable compared with other operative and non-operative methods. The recent tendency to treat complete acromioclavicular dislocations non-operatively is based on the poor results of the Phemister and Bosworth operation; however, cerclage with a Dacron ligament has a low complication rate and gives a high percentage of anatomical reduction. It is therefore considered an effective method to treat complete acromioclavicular dislocations.     

自体双股掌长肌腱联合人工韧带重建喙锁韧带治疗肩锁关节脱位

目的:探讨应用自体双股掌长肌腱联合人工韧带重建喙锁韧带治疗肩锁关节脱位的手术方法及临床疗效。方法:2006年4月至2009年6月采用自体双股掌长肌腱联合人工韧带重建喙锁韧带治疗肩锁关节脱位31例,男18例,女13例;年龄18～60岁,平均35岁;急性损伤26例,慢性损伤5例。术前患者主要表现为不同程度肩部疼痛、活动受限、肩锁不稳,X线提示肩锁关节脱位。结果:术后切口愈合好,无一例血管及臂丛神经损伤。全部病例获得随访,平均时间23个月,JOA评分术前(38.8±1.5)分,术后1个月(73.2±1.1)分,末次随访(93.5±0.8)分。本组优28例,良2例,一般1例。结论:应用自体双股掌长肌腱联合人工韧带重建喙锁韧带同时行锁骨远端部分切除是治疗肩锁关节脱位的有效方法。     

喙锁韧带重建的解剖放射学研究

目的测量不同透视体位下喙锁韧带骨道走行的放射学参数，为临床喙锁韧带重建提供解剖学依据。 方法取22具防腐处理的成人肩关节标本，解剖测量喙锁韧带两部分（斜方韧带，锥状韧带）的走行方向、止点宽度及透视体位下成角。 结果斜方韧带锁骨侧足印宽度（26.2±1.2） mm，喙突侧（22.7±1.6）mm。锥状韧带锁骨侧足印宽度（24.6±1.4）mm，喙突侧（19.2±1.6）mm。影像学测量韧带的插入角度：肩胛骨正位与锥状韧带与锁骨长轴成角（81±4）°，斜方韧带成角（67±7）°。侧位成角：斜方韧带（83±3）°，锥状韧带（70±6）°。与外科标志的毗邻关系：斜方韧带与锥状韧带足印区长轴中心点在锁骨间距（21.9±4.8）mm，在喙突侧间距（15.7±1.6）mm。 结论锥状韧带及斜方韧带止点足印宽度较为恒定，斜方韧带插入角度有变异度较大，锥状韧带较为恒定。两韧带在锁骨及喙突上间距较小。在进行肩锁关节解剖重建时，可参照其解剖学特点。