显微手术外侧裂入路治疗高血压性基底节出血临床观察

对36例高血压性基底节区出血采用经外侧裂人路小骨窗开颅或去骨瓣减压开颅,显微镜下清除血肿.结果 全部病例血肿清除满意,术后24 h内复查了解血肿清除情况,23例血肿清除100%,6例清除90%以上,7例清除80%以上.认为外侧裂入路显微手术创伤小、止血可靠、能有效降低颅内压,是治疗高血压性基底节区出血的有效手术方式之一.     

外侧裂入路显微手术治疗高血压壳核区脑出血42例

1995年 5月～ 2 0 0 0年 10月 ,我院采用显微外科技术经外侧裂入路治疗高血压壳核区脑出血 4 2例 ,取得良好效果。现报告如下。临床资料 :本组男 2 3例 ,女 19例 ;年龄 35～ 76岁 ,平均5 8.5岁。患者均有高血压病史。患者左侧壳核出血区 2 5例 ,右侧壳核区出血 17例 ,其中 5例血肿破入脑室内 ;血肿量 30～ 6 0 m l,平均 4 7.5 ml。临床表现 :神志清楚者 2 0例 ,昏睡至神志恍惚 10例 ,烦躁不安至浅昏迷 9例 ,中度昏迷 3例。入院时完全失语 13例 ,部分失语 15例 ,一侧肢体全瘫 19例 ,部分肌力减退 2 3例。手术方法 :采用翼点开颅 ,打开骨瓣 ,…     

枕下极外侧入路的解剖学研究及临床应用

采用甲醛同定的成人头颅标本12例24侧和28例成人干性颅骨标本进行模拟枕下极外侧入路的显微解剖学研究和相关参数的测量,并临床应用切除斜坡下段和枕骨大孔区肿瘤21例.发现乙状窦、枕髁和椎动脉是该入路重要的解剖标志,乳突尖到枕髁外缘中点为(29.56±3.24)mm;枕髁后缘距舌下神经管内口为(12.23±3.13)mm.临床应用该入路切除斜坡下段和枕骨大孔区肿瘤21例,肿瘤全切8例,次全切除9例,大部切除4例,无手术死亡.提示采用枕下极外侧入路切除斜坡下段、颈静脉孔区、枕骨大孔区腹侧和高位颈髓腹侧病变,可以增加术野空间,减少对脑干和重要血管神经的牵拉,是较为理想的手术入路.     

经翼点入路显微切除侧裂区胶质瘤18例分析

目前，手术是治疗脑胶质瘤首选且有效的方法。侧裂区胶质瘤周围血管丰富，肿瘤被额颞叶覆盖，切除难度较大，而术后并发症较多，2001～2004年我们共收治侧裂区胶质瘤18例，均经翼点入路行显微手术切除术，术后效果满意。现报告如下。     

改良额颞颧入路暴露Willis环及其主要分支的显微解剖学研究

目的 利用改良额颞颧弓（FTZ）开颅,结合深部骨质切除对Willis环及其主要分支显露进行显微解剖学研究。方法利用10例尸头标本行10侧FTZ开颅,借助显微磨钻,在手术显微镜下切除前、后床突及部分岩骨等,用于显露Willis环及其主要分支,尤其基底动脉、对侧颈内动脉床突上段、大脑中动脉水平段（M1）;同时行10侧标准翼点入路暴露上述结构。结果改良FTZ入路较常规翼点入路可更好暴露Willis环及其主要分支。结论改良FTZ入路可用于处理Willis环及其主要分支的多发动脉瘤,并且是较好的选择。     

颞下锁孔入路的显微解剖学研究与应用

目的研究颞下锁孔入路的解剖结构和暴露范围,为临床应用提供解剖学依据。方法10具尸头双侧模拟颞下锁孔入路,分别行硬膜下和硬膜外解剖研究,显微镜下观察暴露的解剖结果,测量重要结构到标记点的距离。结果颡下硬膜下锁孔入路暴露小脑幕切迹缘、环池、中脑下段和脑桥上端的外侧及小脑上表面、小脑上动脉、大脑后动脉、动眼神经、视束、视交叉、视神经、颈内动脉、后交通动脉、脉络膜前动脉、丘脑穿动脉、垂体柄、双侧乳头体、滑车神经、岩静脉、三叉神经起始部及三叉神经以上的上斜坡;硬膜外入路可暴露海绵窦外侧壁的全貌及其内部结构,磨除岩骨可暴露三叉神经与内听道间的上斜坡和部分内听道以下的中斜坡,内听道全程及面神经和前庭蜗神经、展神经、Dorello管孔、桥小脑角、小脑前下动脉及内听动脉。结论颞下锁孔入路可暴露鞍上区、脑干腹侧方、岩斜区、海绵窦区等部位,可用以切除累及上述部位的病变。     

儿童髓母细胞瘤的显微手术治疗

目的探讨经小脑延髓裂（CMF）入路手术切除儿童髓母细胞瘤（MDB）的显微手术方法和技巧。 方法回顾性分析笔者自2011年1月至2019年12月采用经CMF入路微创显微手术治疗32例MDB患儿的临床资料,对显微外科手术技巧进行总结。28例患儿采用单侧CMF入路,4例患儿采用双侧CMF入路。 结果肿瘤全切除者29例（90.6%）,次全切除者3例（9.4%）,无手术相关死亡病例,无永久性脑脊液漏。1例患儿术后并发小脑性缄默症,1个月后完全恢复。所有患儿均打通导水管,除2例患儿术后因脑积水未解除或加重需行脑室-腹腔分流术外,其余患儿术后原有颅高压症状和体征均得到改善。术后2例患儿出现后组颅神经麻痹,5例患儿有幕上、幕下硬脑膜下积液,经皮下置管和加压包扎后治愈;颅内感染3例,共济运动障碍加重3例,脑膜脑膨出和呼吸障碍各1例,经对症处理后痊愈。术后均经影像学随访,中位随访时间为37个月（3~81个月）,27例患儿恢复正常生活,5例患儿仍有不同程度的神经功能障碍。 结论经CMF入路是一种显露充分、方便实用、安全有效的切除MDB的微创手术入路。掌握CMF入路和MDB显微手术方法和技巧,采用精湛的微创神经外科手术技术,有利于提高MDB的全切除率和提高手术疗效。     

颞叶桥静脉的显微解剖及其临床意义

颞叶表面的桥静脉在经岩骨入路术中极易损伤，应注意保护。对颞叶桥静脉可依据桥静脉引流的区域和桥静脉终点所在的部位进行分组。颞叶桥静脉的形态分为单支型、烛台型、多十型和静脉湖型。经石骨入路术中除注意保护Labbe静脉外，还应对天幕窦和岩嵴组桥静脉加以保护。     

经鼻蝶窦入路显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤

目的 探讨经鼻蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤的显微手术治疗及术后处理.方法 回顾性分析经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术切除的38例垂体微腺瘤患者的临床资料.38例垂体腺瘤中泌乳素( PRL)腺瘤18例,生长激素(GH)腺瘤12 例,促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)腺瘤5例, 无分泌功能腺瘤3例.结果 肿瘤全切33例, 次全切5例;术后复查激素水平,降至正常26例, 下降大于50%的4例, 8例变化不明显.结论 单鼻孔经蝶入路显微手术切除垂体腺瘤是一种安全、有效的方法.     

超早期经外侧裂入路显微手术治疗高血压壳核出血

对62例高血压壳核出血患者超早期经外侧裂入路显微手术治疗。术后24—48h复查CT示44例患者血肿清除量〉90％,18例患者血肿清除量〈70％。随访6—12个月,按照ADL分级评估预后,存活58例,其中Ⅰ级9例（15．5％）,Ⅱ级22例（37．9％）,Ⅲ级18例（31．0％）,Ⅳ级6例（10．3％）,Ⅴ级3例（5．2％）。死亡4例（6．5％）。Ⅰ-Ⅲ级为预后良好共49例,占79．03％。认为超早期经外侧裂入路显微手术能更好的保护脑组织和血管,减少神经功能缺失,是治疗高血压壳核出血行之有效的方法。     

Common postoperative anatomy that requires special endoscopic consideration

Technological advancements have continued to expand the utility of flexible endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders [1]. While the majority of these procedures occur in patients with native anatomy, the cohort of patients with surgically altered gastrointestinal anatomy continues to rise. Understanding the types of and variations of surgically-altered anatomy is paramount to effectively performing endoscopy in the postsurgical patient, as the anatomic rearrangements have implications to procedural safety and success. Additionally, the ability to distinguish “normal” from “abnormal” from “abnormally abnormal” postoperative findings is essential to correctly identify and report problems.This article will describe common postsurgical anatomy that the endoscopist is likely to encounter. We describe normal and abnormal findings and detail technical considerations for obtaining accurate diagnostic information and performing therapeutic procedures vis-à-vis specific anatomical changes. Additionally, we highlight the essential components of specific endoscopic evaluations and outline methods to more effectively communicate such information to the referring provider (with particular focus on communicating anatomical findings with a surgeon).     

Denonvilliers筋膜的微创解剖认识及其临床价值

1836年,法国外科学家Charles-Pierre Denonvilliers首次描述在男性的直肠与膀胱、精囊腺和前列腺之间存在薄层致密组织,后被称为Denonvilliers筋膜。1982年英国外科学家R.J. Heald教授提出全直肠系膜切除术（TME）理念,历经数十年的临床实践,TME已成为中低位直肠癌手术的金标准。根据TME理念,直肠后方及侧方均应在盆筋膜壁层内面与直肠固有筋膜间分离,而在直肠前方于Denonvilliers筋膜前方分离、肿瘤下方2 cm处倒U形离断并切除部分Denonvilliers筋膜。然而,资料显示,由于盆腔自主神经（PAN）的损伤,TME术后排尿及性功能障碍发生率居高不下。因此,进一步理清盆腔筋膜和自主神经解剖的认识,对于改善患者术后功能尤为重要。在国内外众多学者研究的基础上,我们从胚胎发育学、解剖学、组织学和外科手术角度对盆腔筋膜及外科层面进行深入探索,指出Denonvilliers筋膜不属于直肠固有筋膜的范畴、如非肿瘤浸润应予保留,并提出保留Denonvilliers筋膜全直肠系膜切除术（iTME）的理念;并采用多中心临床试验加以验证。在此基础上我们联合国内直肠癌外科领域专家,发布iTME中国专家共识,旨在提高从业者对神经功能保护的认识,规范手术操作,造福广大患者。     

Long-term results of botulinum toxin for the treatment of chronic anal fissure: prospective clinical and manometric study

Background The aim of this prospective trial was to analyse the effectiveness and morbidity of chemical sphincterotomy in the treatment of chronic anal fissure after a 3-year follow-up.Methods One hundred consecutive patients with chronic anal fissures were treated by chemical sphincterotomy with 25 U botulinum toxin injected into the internal sphincter. Clinical and manometric results were recorded.Results No major complications were found; initial incontinence at the 2-month review (6%) spontaneously reversed at 6 months. There was a tendency of progressive recurrence over time, with an overall healing after 3 years of 47%. We found a group of patients with clinical (symptoms longer than 12 months and presence of a sentinel pile before treatment) and manometric factors (persistently elevated mean resting pressure, percentage of time with slow waves, and number of patients or percentage of time with ultra slow waves after treatment) associated with a higher recurrence of anal fissures.Conclusion Since it avoids the greater risk of incontinence associated with surgical sphincterotomy, we recommend the use of botulinum toxin as the first therapeutic approach for patients with chronic anal fissure and risk factors for incontinence; despite the higher rate of recurrence associated with this treatment. In patients with factors related to recurrence, re-injection with higher doses of botulinum toxin or complementary medical–surgical treatment should be considered.     

Inferior pulmonary ligament approach and/or interlobar fissure approach for posterior and/or lateral basal segment resection: a case-series of 31 patients

BackgroundThoracoscopic posterior and/ or lateral basal segment resection is a major difficult segmentectomy for thoracic surgeons, because of its high surgical difficulty and high incidence of postoperative complications. Here we describe the surgical procedure and techniques of the transpulmonary ligament approach and/or interlobar fissure approach for the thoracoscopic posterior and/or lateral basal segment resection.MethodsThe clinical data of 31 patients who underwent thoracoscopic posterior and/or lateral basal segment resection from January 2020 to June 2022 were included. All patients underwent posterior and/or lateral basal segment resection via the inferior pulmonary ligament and/or interlobar fissure approach. Follow-up was continued to September 2022.ResultsAll patients including 7 males and 24 females, with a median age of 51 [31–62] years, completed the operation successfully. One patient was converted to lobectomy due to insufficient margins intraoperatively. Two patients were treated using the interlobar fissure approach, 25 patients were treated via the inferior pulmonary ligament approach, and four patients were treated by employing both methods. Also, 20 patients had a single lesion and 1 patient had two lesions. Eleven patients underwent surgical resections on other lesions when posterior and/or lateral basal segment lesions resected. The median operation time was 120 [50–290] minutes, the median intraoperative blood loss was 50 [10–100] mL, the median postoperative drainage time was 4 [2–10] days, and the median postoperative hospital stay was 4 [2–13] days. There was no perioperative death. Postoperative complications included five cases of persistent air leakage longer than 5 days (7, 7, 8, 9, and 10 days), and one patient developed a pulmonary infection and abnormal liver function after the operation. The median maximum diameter of the lesion was 0.8 [0.2–1.5] cm, lymph nodes were resected in a median of 8 [4–15] case.ConclusionsThe approach of the inferior pulmonary ligament to resect posterior and/or the lateral basal segment can optimize the surgical procedure. The surgical trauma and postoperative complications are reduced, which is worthy of popularization and application.     

Glyceryl trinitratevs. lateral sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure

INTRODUCTION: Glyceryl trinitrate has been shown to be an effective treatment for chronic anal fissure. It decreases anal tone and ultimately heals anal fissures. The aim of this trial was to compare glyceryl trinitrate with lateral sphincterotomy (current standard treatment) as definitive management for chronic anal fissure. METHODS: All patients with symptoms of chronic anal fissure were randomly assigned to one of two treatment arms. The glyceryl trinitrate group applied 0.2 percent paste to the perianal area three times a day for eight weeks. Patients in the lateral sphincterotomy group underwent surgery on the next available operating list. Patients were reviewed at two weekly intervals until the fissure healed. RESULTS: Sixty-five patients were enrolled in the trial, with 31 in the lateral sphincterotomy group and 34 in the glyceryl trinitrate group. Five patients were excluded after randomization. Twenty of 33 (60.6 percent) glyceryl trinitrate patients had healed fissures in eight weeks compared with 26 of 27 (97 percent) in the sphincterotomy group (P=0.001). Twelve patients in the glyceryl trinitrate group had little improvement in their symptoms and underwent lateral sphincterotomy. Poor tolerance and poor compliance with treatment were important factors in patients whose fissures did not heal with glyceryl trinitrate. Fissures healed significantly faster after sphincterotomy compared with glyceryl trinitrate treatment (P=0.0001). Nine of the 20 patients whose fissures healed with glyceryl trinitrate paste subsequently had a recurrence of their fissures. There were no long-term complications from lateral sphincterotomy. CONCLUSION: Glyceryl trinitrate paste heals the majority of chronic anal fissures. However, a significant minority have little improvement or develop side effects and require conventional surgical treatment. Poor compliance with prescribed treatment often contributes to nonhealing. In addition, some fissures which initially heal with glyceryl trinitrate paste recur and require further treatment. Glyceryl trinitrate treatment is labor intensive for patients and physicians and has not been shown to be superior to lateral sphincterotomy.Funded by the Department of Surgery, University of Adelaide.Presented in part at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, Auckland, New Zealand May 10 to 14 1999.     

Glyceryl trinitrate ointment for the treatment of chronic anal fissure

PURPOSE: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed to test the effect of intra-anal glyceryl trinitrate ointment in patients with chronic anal fissures that would normally have been treated by sphincterotomy. Long-term follow-up was then performed to assess fissure healing. METHODS: Patients with chronic anal fissures were randomly assigned to 0.2 percent topical glyceryl trinitrate ointment or placebo. Anal manometry was performed before treatment, one week later, and 48 hours after treatment ceased at four weeks. Fissure healing was assessed by an observer blinded to the treatment arm. Pain was recorded on a linear analog scale. At the completion of the trial, treatment was continued with glyceryl trinitrate until fissure healing was obtained or lateral sphincterotomy was performed if required for ongoing pain. A long-term follow-up assessment was made at a mean of 29 (range, 25–33) months. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in anal resting pressure at Week 1 with glyceryl trinitrate (P=0.001) but not placebo, and at Week 4 there was a significant reduction in pain score with glyceryl trinitrate (P=0.001) and placebo (P=0.01) and a significant reduction in fissure grade with glyceryl trinitrate (P=0.0001) and placebo (P=0.02). Forty-six percent of fissures healed with glyceryl trinitrate and 16 percent healed with placebo (P=0.001). At long-term follow-up in 40 of 43 patients, 14 patients (35 percent) had undergone lateral sphincterotomy, and in the remainder who were treated with glyceryl trinitrate there was a significant reduction in pain score (P=0.0002). Seventeen patients attended for repeat manometry and fissures were healed with glyceryl trinitrate in ten (59 percent) cases. High internal sphincter pressures persisted at long-term follow-up in patients successfully treated with glyceryl trinitrate, indicating that the sphincter is the cause rather than effect of anal fissure. CONCLUSION: Topical glyceryl trinitrate produces a successful internal sphincterotomy, which resulted in long-term healing of 59 percent of chronic anal fissures and significant improvement in pain. Internal sphincter spasm is the cause of chronic anal fissure.M. L. Kennedy, S. Sowter, and H. Nguyen were supported by the Colorectal Research Fund and Department of Surgery, St. George Hospital, Sydney, Australia.Presented at the Tripartite Meeting, London, United Kingdom, July 8 to 10, 1996.     

Long-term results of open and closed sphincterotomy for anal fissure

Three hundred fifty patients who underwent open or closed lateral internal anal sphincterotomy for acute or chronic anal fissure between January 1981 and June 1985 were reviewed. Minimum follow-up was 14 months (mean, 37 months). No patient underwent an additional procedure at the time of sphincterotomy. Twenty-one failed to heal or developed a recurrence in the interval (6 percent). Five of these individuals were found subsequently to have Crohn's disease. Excluding these patients, the incidence of nonhealing was 4.6 percent. Eight patients (2.3 percent) developed postoperative infections requiring drainage, one half of which were associated with fistulas. Sixty patients (17 percent) complained of incontinence for flatus or feces. For two thirds, this was transient. There was no statistically significant difference in rate of healing or morbidity when comparing the open with the closed method.     

显微镜下经外侧裂入路治疗自发性基底节区脑出血的临床研究

目的比较显微镜下经外侧裂入路行血肿清除手术和常规传统经皮层开颅清除血肿手术在基底节区脑出血治疗中的临床优劣。 方法选择2017年1月至2018年12月汕尾市人民医院神经外科收治的60例基底节区脑出血患者作为研究对象,随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,各30例。观察组患者采用显微镜下经外侧裂入路行血肿清除术治疗,对照组患者采用常规传统经皮层开颅清除血肿手术治疗,比较2组患者手术相关指标、术后并发症、炎症指标,以及临床预后的差异。 结果2组患者在术前GCS评分、术前血肿体积、血肿清楚率上差别不大,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;观察组患者术中出血量、术后清醒时间、住院时间小于对照组,住院费用少于对照组,癫痫、电解质紊乱、肺部感染的发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组患者在再出血、颅内感染、应激性胃肠道出血、深静脉血栓上差异无统计意义（P>0.05）;观察组患者血清炎性因子白细胞介素1、肿瘤坏死因子α、C反应蛋白水平均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组患者在第3个月时生活质量评分平均秩次差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,观察组第6、12个月时的平均秩次小于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论对基底节区脑出血血肿清除外科手术入路选择上,显微镜下经外侧裂入路较常规传统经皮层开颅入路能够减少手术出血量,缩短术后清醒时间和住院时间,降低术后并发症的发生率及炎性因子水平,节约医疗成本,以及改善患者远期生活质量。