Altered expression of cell cycle proteins and prolonged duration of cardiac myocyte hyperplasia in p27KIP1 knockout mice.

-The precise role of cell cycle-dependent molecules in controlling the switch from cardiac myocyte hyperplasia to hypertrophy remains to be determined. We report that loss of p27(KIP1) in the mouse results in a significant increase in heart size and in the total number of cardiac myocytes. In comparison to p27(KIP1)+/+ myocytes, the percentage of neonatal p27(KIP1)-/- myocytes in S phase was increased significantly, concomitant with a significant decrease in the percentage of G(0)/G(1) cells. The expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, G(1)/S and G(2)/M phase-acting cyclins, and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) were upregulated significantly in ventricular tissue obtained from early neonatal p27(KIP1)-/- mice, concomitant with a substantial decrease in the expressions of G(1) phase-acting cyclins and CDKs. Furthermore, mRNA expressions of the embryonic genes atrial natriuretic factor and alpha-skeletal actin were detectable at significant levels in neonatal and adult p27(KIP1)-/- mouse hearts but were undetectable in p27(KIP1)+/+ hearts. In addition, loss of p27(KIP1) was not compensated for by the upregulation of other CDK inhibitors. Thus, the loss of p27(KIP1) results in prolonged proliferation of the mouse cardiac myocyte and perturbation of myocyte hypertrophy.     

起搏器外露的处理及原因分析

目的 探讨起搏器植入术后,起搏器外露的病例资料特点,分析其外露特点、原因和处理方法.方法 分析本院2013年10月至2018年10月间起搏器外露患者的外露时间、部位、细菌培养等资料,采取术前细菌培养加药敏实验后应用敏感抗生素,术中彻底清创冲洗但保留起搏器系统,并将起搏器系统重新固定于胸大肌之下,创口根据情况直接缝合或采...     

Combinatorial roles for pRB, p107, and p130 in E2F-mediated cell cycle control

Numerous studies have implicated the pRB family of nuclear proteins in the control of cell cycle progression. Although over-expression experiments have revealed that each of these proteins, pRB, p107, and p130, can induce a G(1) cell cycle arrest, mouse knockouts demonstrated distinct developmental requirements for these proteins, as well as partial functional redundancy between family members. To study the mechanism by which the closely related pRB family proteins contribute to cell cycle progression, we generated 3T3 fibroblasts derived from embryos that lack one or more of these proteins (pRB(-/-), p107(-/-), p130(-/-), pRB(-/-)/p107(-/-), pRB(-/-)/p130(-/-), and p107(-/-)/p130(-/-)). By comparing the growth and cell cycle characteristics of these cells, we have observed clear differences in the manner in which they transit through the G(1) and S phases as well as exit from the cell cycle. Deletion of Rb, or more than one of the family members, results in a shortening of G(1) and a lengthening of S phase, as well as a reduction in growth factor requirements. In addition, the individual cell lines showed differential regulation of a subset of E2F-dependent gene promoters, as well as differences in cell cycle-dependent kinase activity. Taken together, these observations suggest that the closely related pRB family proteins affect cell cycle progression through distinct biochemical mechanisms and that their coordinated action may contribute to their diverse functions in various physiological settings.     

Therapeutic opportunities for cell cycle re-entry and cardiac regeneration

Over the last two decades, considerable effort has been made to better understand putative regulators and molecular switches that govern the cell cycle in attempts to reactivate cell cycle progression of cardiac muscle. Rapid advancements on the field of stem cycle biology including evidence of cardiac progenitors within the adult myocardium itself and reports of cardiomyocyte DNA synthesis, which each suggest that the adult myocardium may in fact have the capacity for de novo myocyte regeneration. Augmenting cardiomyocyte number by targeting specific cell cycle regulatory genes or by stimulating cardiac progenitor cells to differentiate into cardiac muscle may be of therapeutic value in repopulating the adult myocardium with functionally active cells in patients with end-stage heart failure. Advancements in the area of cardiomyocyte cell cycle control and regeneration and their therapeutic potential are discussed.     

细胞周期调节蛋白与糖尿病肾病

肾细胞的异常肥大、增殖、凋亡是糖尿病肾病发生及发展过程中的重要环节,细胞生长的调控最终发生在细胞周期水平上,细胞周期凋节蛋白正是细胞水平调节细胞周期的重要因素,包括细胞周期素(cyclin)、细胞周期素依赖激酶(CDK)、CIP/KIP家族及CDK4抑制剂(INK4)家族.这些细胞周期调节蛋白在肾小球的异常肥大、增殖及硬化中均起了极大的作用.多种药物具有通过调节细胞周期蛋白治疗糖尿病肾病的作用.因此有效调节细胞周期蛋白不仅可以预防糖尿病肾病的发生、发展,还将给糖尿病肾病的治疗带来新的启示.

Abstract：

The hypertrophy, proliferation, apoptosis of renal cell are the important segments to the process of diabetic nephropathy. Meanwhile,the regulation will take place during the cellular level. The cell cycle regulatory proteins are the important factor that adjusts cell cycle in the cellular level ,including cyclin,cyclin-dependent kinase(CDK) ,CIP/KIP and INK4. All these cell cycle regulatory proteins play vital roles in the hypertrophy, proliferation, sclerosis of renal cell. Many drugs can treat diabetic nephropathy by the way of adjusting the cell cycle regulatory proteins. So effective regulation of the cell cycle regulatory protein not only can prevent the incidence of diabetic nephropathy, but also can bring some new enlightenments to the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.     

Mip/LIN-9 can inhibit cell proliferation independent of the pocket proteins

Progression through the G1-phase of the cell cycle requires that cyclin D and CDK4 phosphorylate pRB and the other pocket proteins, p107 and p130. Cyclin E and CDK2 further phosphorylate pRB to complete its inactivation and allow the cell to enter S-phase. These phosphorylation events lead to the inactivation of the antiproliferative effect of the pocket proteins. The pocket proteins are the main targets of CDK4, and its unregulated activity can contribute to carcinogenesis. Mip/LIN9 is a recently described protein with growth suppressor, as well as growth promoting effects due to its ability to stabilize B-Myb and induce genes required for S phase and mitosis. The finding that a mutation that deletes the first 84 amino acids of Mip/LIN-9 corrects the defects of the CDK4 knockout mouse suggests that it should have a growth repressor effect that is blocked by CDK4. However, overexpression of cyclin D only partially blocks the inhibitory effect of Mip/LIN-9 on cell proliferation. Here, we performed experiments to further understand the antiproliferative effect of Mip/LIN-9 within the context of the pocket proteins. Our results suggest that there is a pocket protein-independent mechanism of the Mip/LIN-9 antiproliferative effect since it can be observed in cells with ablation of the three members of the family, and in NIH3T3 cells expressing the adenovirus E1A-12S protein. Altogether, the independence from the pocket proteins and the partial blockade of the antiproliferative effect produced by expression of cyclin D suggest that the role of Mip/LIN-9 downstream of CDK4 may be more closely related to the activation of B-Myb and the induction of S/M genes. Importantly, the regulatory effect of CDK4 is not due to direct phosphorylation of Mip/LIN-9 by this kinase or even CDK2, suggesting an indirect mechanism such as phosphorylation of the pocket proteins.     

支气管哮喘患者T淋巴细胞的细胞周期分布及周期调节蛋白表达的意义

目的通过检测T淋巴细胞的细胞周期分布及其细胞周期调节蛋白(CCRP)的表达,探讨发作期支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)患者T淋巴细胞过度活化、增殖的调控机制.方法采用碘化丙啶DNA染色法应用流式细胞仪分析30例发作期哮喘患者(哮喘组)及20名正常人(正常组)外周血T淋巴细胞的细胞周期分布;采用间接免疫荧光法,应用流式细胞仪同步测定相应T淋巴细胞内CCRP、依赖激酶抑制蛋白(P27kipl)、细胞周期蛋白E(cyclin E)、cyclin A、cyclin B的表达水平.比较哮喘患者和正常人上述指标的差异.结果哮喘组S期、S+G2/M期的T淋巴细胞百分率分别为(18±9)%和(25±10)%,对照组分别为(5±4)%、(11±6)%, 两组比较差异有显著性(P均<0.01);哮喘组G0/G1期的T淋巴细胞百分率为(76±10)%,对照组为(90±6)%,两组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01).哮喘组T淋巴细胞内P27kipl的表达水平为 (4.0±2.4)%,对照组为(6.7±4.8)%,两组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05);哮喘组cyclin E、cyclin A、cyclin B的表达水平分别为(25±24)%、(9±7)%、(6.4±5.9)%,对照组分别为(6±5)%、(4±4)%、(3.4±1.6)%,两组比较差异均有显著性(P均<0.01).结论 T淋巴细胞内CCRP异常表达与发作期哮喘患者T淋巴细胞过度活化、增殖有关,将CCRP作为调控靶点,可望成为治疗哮喘的新途径.     

The Vif and Vpr accessory proteins independently cause HIV-1-induced T cell cytopathicity and cell cycle arrest

HIV type I (HIV-1) can cause G(2) cell cycle arrest and death of CD4(+) T lymphocytes in vitro and inexorable depletion of these cells in vivo. However, the molecular mechanism of viral cytopathicity has not been satisfactorily elucidated. Previously, we showed that HIV-1 kills T cells by a necrotic form of cell death that requires high level expression of an integrated provirus but not the env or nef genes. To determine which viral protein(s) are required for cell death, we systematically mutated, alone and in combination, the ORFs of the NL4-3 strain of HIV-1. We found that the elimination of the viral functions encoded by gag-pol and vpu, tat, and rev did not mitigate cytopathicity. However, elimination of the vif and vpr accessory genes together, but not individually, renders the virus incapable of causing cell death and G(2) cell cycle blockade. We thus identify vif and vpr as necessary for T cell cytopathic effects induced by HIV-1. These findings may provide an important insight into the molecular mechanism of viral pathogenesis in AIDS.     

An ATPase domain common to prokaryotic cell cycle proteins, sugar kinases, actin, and hsp70 heat shock proteins.

The functionally diverse actin, hexokinase, and hsp70 protein families have in common an ATPase domain of known three-dimensional structure. Optimal superposition of the three structures and alignment of many sequences in each of the three families has revealed a set of common conserved residues, distributed in five sequence motifs, which are involved in ATP binding and in a putative interdomain hinge. From the multiple sequence alignment in these motifs a pattern of amino acid properties required at each position is defined. The discriminatory power of the pattern is in part due to the use of several known three-dimensional structures and many sequences and in part to the "property" method of generalizing from observed amino acid frequencies to amino acid fitness at each sequence position. A sequence data base search with the pattern significantly matches sugar kinases, such as fuco-, glucono-, xylulo-, ribulo-, and glycerokinase, as well as the prokaryotic cell cycle proteins MreB, FtsA, and StbA. These are predicted to have subdomains with the same tertiary structure as the ATPase subdomains Ia and IIa of hexokinase, actin, and Hsc70, a very similar ATP binding pocket, and the capacity for interdomain hinge motion accompanying functional state changes. A common evolutionary origin for all of the proteins in this class is proposed.     

The phases of the cardiac cycle

The events of the cardiac cycle are re-evaluated on the basis of newer ideas of inertial states, compliance, and similar hemodynamic principles by the use of more precise, modern recording equipment.     

The essential role of p21 in radiation-induced cell cycle arrest of vascular smooth muscle cell

The biologic mechanisms for the success and failure of intravascular radiation therapy after angioplasty have not been well studied. We investigated the molecular mechanism of radiation-induced cell cycle arrest in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) and examined whether p21 knock-out is a cause of radiation failure. Using different dosages of gamma radiation, we evaluated the effect of radiation on VSMC apoptosis and cell cycle progression, and its action mechanism. Irradiation significantly retarded the growth of cultured VSMC, which was not due to induction of apoptosis but mainly due to cell cycle arrest. Radiation showed remarkable cell cycle arrest at G1 and G2 phase (G0/G1:S:G2/M phases = 61%:34%:5% with 0 Gy versus 61%:9%:30% with 16 Gy, 12 h after radiation). In immunoblot analysis and kinase assay, radiation increased the expression of p21 and decreased the expression and activity of CDK2 and 1. In contrast, radiation did not affect the expression and activity of CDK4 and 6, nor the expression of p27 and p16. When p21 was knocked out, cell cycle of VSMC was not arrested by radiation, leading to increased proliferation. These finding provide the evidence that radiation inhibits VSMC proliferation through cell cycle arrest by enhancing p21 expression and suppressing CDK1 and 2. This observation supports the key role of p21 in radiation-induced cell cycle arrest and the degree of p21 expression may be the possible mechanism of radiation failure and delayed restenosis.     

Effect of indomethacin on cell cycle proteins in colon cancer cell lines

AIM: To study the effect of indomethacin (IN) on human colon cancer cell line SW480 with p53 mutant and SW480 transfected wild-type p53 (wtp53/SW480) in vitro and investigate molecular mechanism of anti-tumor effect of IN on colon cancer. METHODS: SW480 cells and wtp53/SW480 cells were treated with different concentrations of IN respectively, the expressions of CDK2, CDK4 and p21WAF1/CIP1 protein were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: IN gradually down-regulated the expression of CDK2, CDK4 protein of wtp53/SW480 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibitory effect reached the maximum level at 600 μmol/L; IN up-regulated the expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 protein in a dose-dependent manner at a certain concentration range, and the expression reached the maximum level at 400 μmol/L, and returned to the base level at 600 μmol/L. The expression of CDK2, CDK4 and P21WAF1/CIP1 protein of SW480 cells did not change. CONCLUSION: IN exerts antitumor effect partly through down regulation of the expression of CDK2, CDK4, protein and up regulation of the expression of p21WAF1/PIC1.     

Cardiomyocyte cell cycle activation improves cardiac function after myocardial infarction

AIMS: Cardiomyocyte loss is a major contributor to the decreased cardiac function observed in diseased hearts. Previous studies have shown that cardiomyocyte-restricted cyclin D2 expression resulted in sustained cell cycle activity following myocardial injury in transgenic (MHC-cycD2) mice. Here, we investigated the effects of this cell cycle activation on cardiac function following myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS AND RESULTS: MI was induced in transgenic and non-transgenic mice by left coronary artery occlusion. At 7, 60, and 180 days after MI, left ventricular pressure-volume measurements were recorded and histological analysis was performed. MI had a similar adverse effect on cardiac function in transgenic and non-transgenic mice at 7 days post-injury. No improvement in cardiac function was observed in non-transgenic mice at 60 and 180 days post-MI. In contrast, the transgenic animals exhibited a progressive and marked increase in cardiac function at subsequent time points. Improved cardiac function in the transgenic mice at 60 and 180 days post-MI correlated positively with the presence of newly formed myocardial tissue which was not apparent at 7 days post-MI. Intracellular calcium transient imaging indicated that cardiomyocytes present in the newly formed myocardium participated in a functional syncytium with the remote myocardium. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that cardiomyocyte cell cycle activation leads to improvement of cardiac function and morphology following MI and may represent an important clinical strategy to promote myocardial regeneration.