Establishing transvaginal NOTES for gynecological and surgical indications: benefits, limits, and patient experience

Gynecologists have been performing transvaginal surgery for over a century and consequently the transvaginal approach was advocated for establishing natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) in gynecological and surgical practice. From 2008 the NOTES alternative has been offered to selected patients. Transvaginal cholecystectomies were intended in 13 patients and completed in 12. Various additional procedures were performed. All surgical procedures and postoperative courses were uneventful. The mean operating time for transvaginal cholecystectomy only was 88.4 minutes (standard deviation [SD] 17.3). A questionnaire was posted to the patients after a mean follow-up of 8.5 months. Patients primarily chose transvaginal NOTES because of the lack of scarring. Vaginal sensation was not affected. Patients perceived transgastric, transvesical, and transrectal surgery to be less acceptable approaches. The feasibility of transvaginal NOTES was proven for different indications. Patients' experiences and perceptions concerning transvaginal NOTES were excellent.     

阴式子宫切除术与腹腔镜辅助下阴式子宫切除术的应用探讨

目的探讨阴式子宫切除术(transvaginalhysterectomy,TVH)与腹腔镜辅助下阴式子宫切除术(laparoscopicassistedvaginalhysterectomy,LAVH)两者应用指征及特点。方法回顾性分析了46例TVH和54例LAVH病例的临床资料。结果LAVH组的手术成功率、术后住院时间及并发症发生率、适应证均显著优于TVH组;而TVH组的手术时间较短、成本-效果比明显优于LAVH组。结论LAVH显著扩大了经阴道子宫切除术的适应证,使部分需要经腹子宫切除术(transabdominalhysterectomy,TAH)的病人避免了开腹手术,其较TVH更为优越;但TVH组成本-效果比显著优于LAVH组,从经济学角度出发如存在适应证,TVH手术仍可作为首选术式。     

阴式非脱垂子宫切除术并发症的发生原因及处理

目的 分析经阴道非脱垂子宫切除术并发症的发生原因,总结经验教训和防治对策.方法 回顾性对比分析2006年6月至2010年4月非脱垂子宫经阴道切除110例患者(TVH组),与同期开展的经腹子宫切除术120例患者(TAH组)的并发症.结果 TVH组发生1例直肠损伤,1例输卵管脱垂,1例腹腔内出血,4例术前与术后诊断不符合,2例术后残端出血,4例阴道残端息肉;TAH组3例术前与术后诊断不符合,4例腹壁切口液化,其中2例二期缝合,3例术后支气管肺部感染,2例阴道残端息肉;未发生腹腔内出血及脏器损伤.结论 TVH发生临近脏器损伤及术后出血的概率较TAH高,应高度重视,认真防范.     

Technical feasibility of totally natural orifice cholecystectomy in a swine model

The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of totally NOTES performing a cholecystectomy without laparoscopic assistance. A gastroscope was used through a transvaginal access in five acute female pigs. An incision of 2?cm was created in the vagina and pneumoperitoneum was obtained with a Veress needle. The gallbladder was located in the abdominal cavity using endoscopic transillumination for spatial orientation. After the abdominal suspension of the gallbladder the cholecystectomy was completed with the NOTES technique in four animals without complications. In one animal we had technical problems and the procedure was stopped. The mean operative time was 110 minutes. The transvaginal approach provides complete abdominal exploration and both the cystic duct and artery were identified, clipped, and transected. After dissection the gallbladder was removed through the vagina. Our results showed that completely transvaginal NOTES cholecystectomy is a feasible technique performed only with a flexible endoscope.     

经阴道全子宫切除术患者术前焦虑水平的调查

目的 探讨阴式全子宫切除术患者术前的焦虑情绪及年龄、文化程度和婚姻状况对焦虑程度的影响,为实施心理干预提供依据.方法 采用焦虑自评量表(Self-Rating Anxiety Scale,SAS)对109例患者进行术前心理评估,并对不同年龄、文化程度和婚姻状况的焦虑程度进行比较分析.结果 阴式全子宫手术患者SAS得分较国内的常模高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 患者在接受阴式手术前处于较高的焦虑水平,有必要实施系统的、有针对性的护理干预.     

Analysis of factors affecting vaginal hysterectomy

Abstract

The study analyzes factors that affect vaginal hysterectomy to establish the indications of a vaginal approach to benign uterine disease. In a retrospective study, 174 patients underwent vaginal hysterectomy for uterine leiomyomas or adenomyosis by one gynecologist between December 2005 and December 2006. All data were compared and analyzed by X²- test, t-test, and multiple logistic regression. Based on a uterine weight ≥ 500 g, body weight, a history of surgery, concomitant surgery (adenexectomy), penetration of the posterior cul de sac during surgery, uterine descent, and average uterine weight we determined the feasibility of vaginal hysterectomy. Based on an operative time ≥ 33 min, body weight, concomitant surgery (adenexectomy), penetration of the posterior cul de sac, vertical length of the vaginal opening, uterine descent, and the uterine weight had significant effects on the success of vaginal hysterectomy. The range of indications for vaginal hysterectomy may vary greatly depending on the surgeon's experience. If experiences are accumulated gradually, together with the advantages of laparoscopically assisted hysterectomy, most abdominal hysterectomies and laparoscopic hysterectomies can be replaced by vaginal hysterectomy.     

经直肠超声检查在妇科疾病中的初步应用

目的 探讨经直肠法妇科超声检查的适应证及其诊断价值.方法 对39例不宜行经阴道超声检查的患者行经直肠法妇科超声检查,分析其声像图特征.结果 24例阴道异常大量出血患者经直肠超声可清晰显示子宫内膜回声和厚度;6例宫颈癌患者经直肠超声可清晰显示宫颈异常回声和血流表现,其中2例可见低回声占位,边界不清;8例无性生活史者和1例先天性阴道闭锁患者经直肠超声可清晰显示子宫体、宫颈、内膜、双侧卵巢及盆腔情况.结论 经直肠法妇科超声检查是一种安全、无创且可行性强的超声检查方法,对不宜行经阴道超声检查的患者,经直肠法可作为良好的替代方式,有较高的临床应用价值.     

腹腔镜辅助下阴式全子宫切除术40例分析

目的 探讨阴式全子宫切除术及效果。方法 对有子宫切除术指征的34例子宫肌瘤、功能性子宫出血、子宫腺肌症患者行腹腔镜辅助下阴式全子宫切除术。结果 33例成功，1例中转开腹，成功率为97．6％。结论 腹腔镜辅助下阴式全子宫切除术具有时间短、损伤小、术后恢复快等优点，可值得推广。     

非脱垂病变子宫阴式与腹式切除术比较

目的探讨阴式切除非脱垂病变子宫手术在妇科领域的应用价值。方法回顾性分析比较阴式及腹式切除非脱垂病变子宫手术286例，记录患者的术前阳性体征、术中发现及术后恢复情况。结果阴式手术组手术时间及术中出血量明显少于腹式手术组，分别为（72．6±18．3）min和（96．2±15．3）min、（88．6±34．3）mL和（105．6±25．0）mL，P均〈0．05；静脉用抗生素时间、肛门排气时间及住院时间均明显短于剖腹手术组，分别为（3．2±1.6）d和（5．2±2．8）d、（18±9）h和（31士9）h、（4．8±1.5）d和（7．8±1.6）d，P均〈0．05。结论 阴式切除非脱垂病变子宫手术具有手术时间短、术中出血量少、术后胃肠功能恢复迅速、住院时间短等优点，值得推广应用。     

Emergency transvaginal hybrid natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery

In a clinical series, 10 consecutive female patients with intra-abdominal infections were successfully treated with natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) performed transvaginally. The surgery, which consisted of a hybrid NOTES procedure using a transvaginal approach, was performed on an emergency basis by the surgical team on call. The indications for surgery were acute cholecystitis (n?=?6), acute appendicitis (n?=?2), and pelvic peritonitis (n?=?2) with intra-abdominal infection. The procedure was successfully performed in all patients using a dual-channel endoscope and mini-laparoscopy assistance. This is the first clinical series in which NOTES has been performed on an emergency basis to treat intra-abdominal infections. Transvaginal surgery for intra-abdominal infection is a feasible procedure for groups experienced in the elective NOTES approach.     

经阴道妇科手术两种阴道消毒方法的临床对比研究

[目的]通过对两种阴道消毒方法的研究,选择一种科学、经济、实用的方法用于经阴妇科手术。[方法]选择2006年1月—2006年12月经阴道子宫切除、子宫肌瘤剔除和卵巢肿瘤摘除术420例,随机分实验组与对照组,分别采用碘伏阴道消毒法与传统阴道消毒法进行术前阴道消毒,对消毒前后细菌阳性率、不同时间细菌杀灭率、两组术后发热情况、感染率、阴道残端伤口愈合情况、两种方法所用时间及经济花费进行对比。[结果]两种方法消毒前后细菌阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),以消毒后3min开始手术达到最佳的消毒效果。两组术后发热情况差异无统计学意义,两组术后阴道残端伤口愈合情况差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),两组术后感染率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),所用时间及病人花费实验组较对照组有明显降低。[结论]碘伏阴道消毒法与传统阴道消毒法相比较,碘伏阴道消毒法更科学、实用、经济,更具有临床可行性。     

Randomized, double-blind comparison of the efficacies, costs, and vaginal flora alterations with single-dose ceftriaxone and multidose cefazolin prophylaxis in vaginal hysterectomy.

A comparison of efficacies, costs, and effects on vaginal microflora of one preoperative and three postoperative 1-g doses of cefazolin versus those of one preoperative 1-g dose of ceftriaxone was done with 65 and 73 women, respectively, undergoing elective vaginal hysterectomy. Patient infection rates were not statistically different between the cefazolin group (six events in 6 of 73 patients [8.2%]) and the ceftriaxone group (11 events in 9 of 65 patients [13.8%]). Side effects, including diarrhea, were minimal and similar between the two groups. Significant shifts in the cervicovaginal microflora of the patients occurred postoperatively, with a marked increase in enterococci and a drop in nonenterococcal streptococci. No shifts among aerobic, facultative gram-negative rods and staphylococci were observed. Among the anaerobes, a significant decrease in the number of patients harboring nonsporulating, gram-positive rods and a less striking concomitant increase in Bacteriodes species and members of the family Peptococcaceae were noted. No qualitative differences were noted between the two groups that received prophylactic therapy. Aside from enterococci, cefazolin or ceftriaxone resistance among vaginal isolates (greater than or equal to 10(3)/ml) was minimal. Selection of resistant isolates was not different between the treatment groups. We could not detect a difference between a single 1-g dose of ceftriaxone and multidose cefazolin for infection prophylaxis in patients undergoing a vaginal hysterectomy. However, the total acquisition, preparation, and administration costs were greater for the ceftriaxone regimen than they were for the cefazolin regimen. Cefazolin should therefore remain the drug of choice for infection prophylaxis in uncomplicated vaginal hysterectomies.     

盆腔引流在非脱垂子宫阴式系列手术中的应用

目的 探讨盆腔引流在非脱垂子宫阴式系列手术中的应用.方法 将行阴式系列手术的292例患者按术后是否放置盆腔引流分为2组,观察组205例,术后放置盆腔引流;对照组87例,术后未放置盆腔引流.对2组的术后病率、盆腔感染、肛门排气时间、住院时间、阴道残端息肉发生情况进行比较.结果 观察组的术后病率、盆腔感染率分别为12.2%、0.0%,对照组的术后病率、盆腔感染率分别为23.0%、2.3%,2组比较差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).2组肛门排气时间、住院时间、术后3个月阴道残端息肉发生情况比较差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).结论 放置盆腔引流可以有效降低术后病率和盆腔感染,且不增加负面影响.     

A complex ileovaginal fistula with associated obstructive uropathy in a patient with Crohn's disease: technical considerations and review of the literature

A high index of suspicion of an ileogenital fistula should be aroused by a patient with Crohn's disease, weight loss, malnutrition, and a persistent vaginal discharge. Preoperative gastrointestinal and genitourinary evaluation should be used in an attempt to localize the fistulous origin as well as concomitant fistulae. The principles of surgical therapy include preoperative ureteral catheters, resection of the diseased bowel and fistulous segment of bowel, and interposition of healthy tissue (ie, omentum) between the bowel anastomosis and the vaginal cuff.     

腹腔镜辅助下阴式子宫切除

目的：探讨腹腔镜子宫切除的最佳术式。方法：47例中腹腔镜辅助下阴式子宫切除26例，腹腔镜鞘内子宫切除21倒．对两种术式的手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、手术并发症等进行对比分析。结果：通过对比分析，腹腔镜辅助下阴式子宫切除较腹腔镜鞘内子宫切除有更多的优点，如手术时间短，术后并发症少，标本可完整取出等。结论：腹腔镜辅助下阴式子宫切除所需腹腔镜器械少，腹部穿刺孔更小，阴道操作所用器械符合医生习惯，子宫可经阴道完整取出，术后并发症少，手术时间明显短于腹腔镜鞘内子宫切除，因此，在腹腔镜子宫切除术式中，阴式子宫切除是最佳的选择。     

The OTSC clip for endoscopic organ closure in NOTES: Device and technique

The closure of the gastrotomy in Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) is a prerequisite for transgastric endoscopic procedures in the abdominal cavity. Different techniques have been proposed and are under experimental or early clinical investigation. We describe the technique of using an over‐the‐scope‐clip system (OTSC), made of super‐elastic Nitinol and a specially designed tissue‐approximating double jaw endoscopic grasper for gastric closure. The OTSC is a clipping system mounted at the tip of the endoscope and is used for the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding or gastrointestinal organ perforations. An enlarged version of the OTSC is now under investigation for NOTES. The closure procedure consists of two steps. First the margins of the perforation are approximated by means of an endoscopic grasper that has two mobile and one fixed jaw, thus providing two independent tissue grasping areas. Each half of this twin grasper is used to grasp one side of the perforation wound margins. Then the margins are approximated and pulled towards the OTSC cap at the tip of the scope. Then the clip is released and the access hole is closed by compression. The OTSC clip can be applied for organ closure in NOTES in experimental studies. The technique allows closing the access site from inside the gastric cavity without leaving material on the peritoneal surface of the organ.     

Ligasure血管闭合系统在经阴道子宫全切除术中的应用

【目的】探讨Ligasure血管闭合系统经阴道子宫全切除术的价值。【方法】对62例应用Ligasure血管闭合器系统经阴道子宫全切除术（A组）与同期62例普通阴式子宫全切术（B组）在手术成功率、平均手术时间、平均出血量、平均住院时间、术后并发症、术后肛门排气时间、平均住院费用等方面进行比较。【结果】两组在平均手术时间、平均出血量、术后肛门排气时间、住院天数等方面有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;平均住院费用、手术成功率、术后并发症方面无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。【结论】应用Ligasure血管闭合器系统经阴道子宫全切除术较传统阴式子宫全切具有手术时间短、出血量少、肛门排气早、住院天数少等优点,值得推广。     

国内首例经阴道腹腔镜胆囊切除术

目的探讨临床开展经自然腔道内镜手术(PURE NOTES),采用经阴道腹腔镜切除胆囊的可行性、安全性和优越性。方法胃镜下针刀切开阴道后穹窿3cm,切口处安放"三通转换器"(Single Incision Laparoscopic Surgery Port,SILS PORT),三通道内分别插入3个软性器械套管建立防止漏气的通道,充气后首先于SILSPORT6点位通道进入腹腔镜探查腹盆腔情况,并监视硬质弯曲操作器械通过3点及9点位的通道到达胆囊区。分离出胆囊管及胆囊动脉,置入钛夹,分别夹闭胆囊管及胆囊动脉,常规切除胆囊,电凝胆囊床,将胆囊从阴道取出体外。结果胆囊切除时间39min,出血量2mL,未放引流,术后无阴道分泌物、无出血、胆漏等并发症,几乎无腹部疼痛,恢复快,术后第3天康复出院。结论 PURE NOTES经阴道腹腔镜胆囊切除术技术可行,操作安全,相比传统腹腔镜手术有明显优势,是目前开展PURE NOTES的较好方法 。     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy without visible scar: combined transvaginal and transumbilical approach

Laparoscopic surgery has decreased trauma and improved results and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) should be a further step in this direction. However the use of flexible gastroscopes in the abdomen is difficult and the generally chosen transgastric approach is not without risk. Therefore we have carried out a cholecystectomy with a combined transvaginal and transumbilical approach, using laparoscopic instruments. The optic and a dissector were inserted in the posterior fornix of the vagina, and a 5-mm trocar was inserted deep in the umbilicus. After dissection the gallbladder was removed through the vagina. The operation was done without problems within 85 minutes and left no visible scar. The postoperative course was uneventful. In NOTES the transvaginal approach has important advantages over the transgastric method (e. g. regarding sterilization and closure); standard laparoscopic instruments can be used whilst there are no flexible endoscopes that are easier to handle.     

Ovarian vein thrombosis following total laparoscopic hysterectomy

Ovarian vein thrombosis usually occurs in pregnant patients, especially during the postpartum period. However, it is a rare complication following laparoscopic surgery in gynecology. The risk of a thromboembolic event is not well defined, and evidence‐based guidelines regarding deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis in gynecological laparoscopic surgery are still lacking. Herein we report a rare case of ovarian vein thrombosis following total laparoscopic hysterectomy in a 35‐year‐old woman who developed a fever of unknown origin on postoperative day 3. A complete fever work‐up was done. Her urine, vaginal stump and blood culture were all negative, and her white blood cell count was normal. CT revealed left ovarian vein thrombosis. The patient responded well to anticoagulation in conjunction with antibiotic therapy.