儿童屈光参差性弱视立体视觉中枢区激活的fMRI远期研究

目的：运用血氧水平依赖性功能核磁共振成像技术(BOLD-functional magnetic resonance imaging,BOLD-fMRI)阶段性评价屈光参差性弱视儿童在规范弱视训练后视皮质相关功能区激活情况。

方法：收集先期研究及后续收集屈光参差性弱视儿童共13例进行任务态组块模式(Blocks)的功能磁共振(fMRI)研究,采用前后对照t检验对规范弱视治疗18mo和24mo及终止治疗6mo后的脑功能激活数据进行分析。图像处理平台为Matlab 7.12.0.635的SPM8软件。

结果：各阶段功能区激活主要集中在左枕叶(Brodmann 18区)、枕中回(Brodmann 19区)、边缘叶(Brodmann 19区)、双侧顶上小叶(Brodmann 7区)、右枕叶舌回(Brodmann 17区),弱视治疗24mo激活范围无明显扩大,差异无统计学意义(mean T=1.014,P>0.01),终止治疗6mo后激活范围差异无统计学意义(mean T=0.9793,P>0.01)。

结论：屈光参差性弱视治疗2a后视中枢基本稳定,持续弱视治疗对于视中枢功能重建无显著作用。     

儿童屈光参差性弱视立体视觉中枢区激活的fMRI二期研究

目的：利用血氧水平依赖性功能性磁共振成像( blood oxygen level dependent - function magnetic resonance imaging, BOLD-fMRI)技术,阶段性评价屈光参差性弱视儿童在规范弱视训练6,12,18 mo后,立体觉映射的视皮层的功能重建情况。
　　方法：延续一期研究的11例屈光参差性弱视患儿,进行任务态组块式( Blocks )设计的 fMRI 试验。基于Matlab7.12.0.635的SPM8软件包进行图像后处理,利用假设驱动法对各治疗阶段结果进行前后配对t检验,获得各阶段视皮层激活的差异数据。
　　结果：弱视训练6, 12 mo 时,左侧枕叶( BA18)、枕中回( BA19)、边缘叶( BA19)及右侧枕叶舌回( BA17)和双侧顶上小叶( BA7)激活范围扩大,较前一治疗阶段的激活强度有显著性差异,平均t值分别是1.5762,1.6856, P<0.001,至18 mo时,激活强度差异降低,平均t值1.1473 , 0.001　　结论：儿童屈光参差性弱视治疗1a后,立体觉视中枢功能重建增幅减缓。     

准分子激光手术在矫治儿童严重屈光参差性弱视中的作用

儿童严重屈光参差患者的弱视发生率高达66.67%,其中28.30%患儿终致视力残疾.近十年准分子激光手术矫治儿童严重屈光参差的研究表明,该手术是安全、有效的,可预测性及稳定性均较好,为儿童屈光参差性弱视治疗提供了一个良好的条件.术后进行规范的弱视治疗,提高了治愈率,降低了致残率.然而,儿童屈光手术矫治起始年龄、等值球镜的矫治范围、术后角膜剩余厚度等有待规范.术后儿童角膜修复机制的研究有待深入.     

A retrospective analysis of children with anisometropic amblyopia in Nepal

Purpose: Anisometropia is one of the main causes of amblyopia. This study was conducted to investigate the association between the depth of amblyopia and the magnitude of anisometropia.

Methods: A retrospective record review was conducted at the Nepal Eye Hospital between July 2006 and June 2011. Those children included in this study were aged ≤13 years and diagnosed with unilateral anisometropic amblyopia, no strabismus and ocular pathology. Associations between the depth of amblyopia and the age and/or gender of the subjects, the laterality of the amblyopic eyes, the type and magnitude of refractive error of amblyopic eyes, and the magnitude of anisometropia were statistically analyzed.

Results: Out of the 189 children with unilateral anisometropic amblyopia (mean age 9.1?±?2.8 years), 59% were boys. Amblyopia was more commonly found in left eye (p?p?=?0.864) or age (p?=?0.341) of the subjects or the laterality of the eyes (p?=?0.159), but it was associated with the type (p?=?0.049) and magnitude (p?=?0.013) of refractive error of the amblyopic eye and the magnitude of anisometropia (p?=?0.002).

Conclusion: Nepalese anisometropic amblyopic children were presented late to hospital. The depth of amblyopia was highly associated with the type and magnitude of refractive error of the amblyopic eye and the magnitude of anisometropia. So, basic vision screening programs may help to find out the anisometropic children and reefer them to the hospital for timely management of anisometropic amblyopia if present.     

屈光手术在成人斜视弱视领域中的应用

屈光手术包括角膜屈光手术和眼内屈光手术,不仅仅用来矫正单纯的屈光不正,其在治疗斜弱视领域也担任着重要角色。本文系统介绍了屈光手术在治疗儿童以及成人屈光参差性弱视以及调节性内斜视方面的一些研究进展,尤其是在治疗成人屈光参差性弱视和调节性内斜视方面,显示出独特的疗效,本文对此进行综述。     

角膜屈光手术对成人和青少年远视性屈光参差性弱视的临床意义

目的：研究准分子激光角膜屈光手术治疗成人或大龄的青少年远视性屈光参差性弱视的疗效。

方法：选取2010-09/2013-03在我院行准分子激光角膜屈光手术的伴有弱视的远视性屈光参差患者共11例16眼,年龄15岁以上,随访6mo以上。记录患者术前术后裸眼视力、最佳矫正视力、睫状肌麻痹后屈光度以及立体视等情况,并询问患者主觉视觉质量改善的状况以及对手术的满意度。

结果：手术眼16只平均睫状肌麻痹后屈光度的等效球镜从术前的5.76±1.71D降到术后1.42±1.22D(t=13.6,P=0.00)。11例患者双眼间屈光参差从术前的3.78±2.39D降到手术后1.14±1.50D(t=6.08.P=0.00)。手术后患者看远裸眼视力从0.35±0.27上升到0.45±0.29(t=-4.76,P<0.001),看近裸眼视力从0.26±0.24上升至0.49±0.27(t=5.43,P=0.00); 术前worth四孔灯检查4例显示弱视眼抑制。手术后均恢复了正常。同视机检查6例有立体视,术后为10例。Titmus立体视检查立体视锐度也明显提升(t=-2.97,P=0.003)。 没有术中、术后明显并发症发生。所有患者主诉生活中视觉质量明显改善并对手术效果感到满意。

结论：准分子激光角膜屈光手术是治疗过了视觉敏感期的成人或大龄青少年远视性屈光参差性弱视,尽管对弱视眼视力提升有限,但依然提高患者的裸眼视力和立体视功能,改善患者生活质量,是一种值得采用的方法。     

屈光不正性弱视儿童皮层功能与弱视程度关系的功能磁共振研究

目的利用血氧水平依赖性功能性磁共振成像（blood oxygenation dependent level functional MRI,BOLD-fMRI）技术研究儿童屈光不正性弱视对不同级别大脑视觉皮层功能的影响,比较即时矫正屈光不正后视皮层的激活特点,分析皮层激活改变与弱视程度之间的关系。方法以SIEMENS AVANTO1.5 T磁共振成像系统采集18例屈光不正性弱视儿童及18例正常视力儿童的枕叶视皮层感兴趣区BOLD-fMRI数据,图像处理及分析为本核磁扫描仪自带软件。比较弱视组与对照组及弱视组即时屈光矫正前后皮层激活强度及范围的不同,分析其改变特点及机制。对患儿弱视程度分级,分析其与皮层激活改变的关系。结果弱视组皮层神经元的反应水平及激活范围均明显小于对照组;弱视组即时矫正屈光不正后皮层活动水平有所增高,激活范围增大,同时在楔叶、舌回等次级视皮层等有额外反应。同时皮层激活范围与弱视程度不成线性相关。结论屈光不正性弱视各级视觉皮层均发生了激活范围的改变,弱视眼矫正屈光不正后皮层激活范围明显增大,提示尽早矫正视力对改善弱视皮层损害有帮助,但这种皮层激活范围的改变与弱视程度并不呈线性相关。     

功能核磁共振对弱视神经机制及治疗评价的研究进展

以往弱视神经机制研究主要集中于以视觉电生理为代表的二维表现形式,这些方式主要研究外侧膝状体之前的功能状态,对于视中枢的研究多处于动物模型阶段,无法准确探知人类弱视神经机制。易受多种因素影响,很难完成对弱视治疗效果的评价。功能核磁共振( functional MRI, fMRI)可无创、准确、以三维形式呈现视皮层神经元的功能活动状态,为弱视神经机制及治疗效果评价提供了可靠依据。本文就弱视神经机制及治疗后效果评价的fMRI研究进行综述。     

准分子激光角膜屈光手术治疗远视性屈光参差性弱视

目的:探讨准分子激光角膜屈光手术治疗成人或大龄青少年远视性屈光参差性弱视的效果.方法:选取2014-03/2016-03在我院治疗的成人或大龄青少年远视性屈光参差性弱视患者26例26眼,均行准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术,观察患者裸眼视力(uncorrected visual acuity,UCVA)、最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)、屈光度及立体视功能情况.结果:患者随访结束时屈光度的等效球镜和双眼间屈光参差分别为1.47±0.51D和1.15±0.22D,均较术前明显降低(P<0.05);患者随访结束时看远和看近UCVA及BCVA分别为0.26±0.13和0.23±0.09、0.42±0.09和0.31±0.16,均较术前明显提高(P<0.05);患者随访结束时立体视功能较术前明显改善(P<0.05),术后立体视功能<100"眼数比例为23%.结论:成人或大龄青少年远视性屈光参差性弱视行准分子激光角膜屈光手术治疗有一定的临床效果.     

翼状胬肉不同手术方式的术前术后屈光变化观察

目的:回顾分析原发性翼状胬肉不同手术方式前后视力及眼屈光度的改变。方法:初发翼状胬肉24例24眼随机分为两组,均侵犯角膜3～4mm,一组行翼状胬肉切除联合自体球结膜移植,一组行翼状胬肉切除联合生物羊膜移植,分别比较术前术后屈光度的差异及裸眼视力的变化。结果:自体球结膜移植组术前术后裸眼视力及散光变化有统计学意义(P<0.05)。生物羊膜移植组术前术后裸眼视力及散光变化有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:翼状胬肉导致的眼球屈光不正以远视散光为主,两种手术治疗均可以降低散光,提高视力。     

Brain mechanism of acupuncture for children with anisometropic amblyopia: a resting functional magnetic resonance imaging study based on voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity

AIM: To explore the brain mechanism of acupuncture for children with anisometropic amblyopia using the voxel-mirror homotopic connectivity (VMHC) analysis method of resting functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) technology based on clinical effectiveness. METHODS: Eighty children with anisometropic monocular amblyopia were randomly divided into two groups: control (40 cases, 1 case of shedding) and acupuncture (40 cases, 1 case of shedding) groups. The control group was treated with glasses, red flash, grating, and visual stimulations, with each procedure conducted for 5min per time. Based on routine treatment, the acupuncture group underwent acupuncture of “regulating qi and unblocking meridians to bright eyes”, Jingming (BL1), Cuanzhu (BL2), Guangming (GB37), Fengchi (GB20) acupoints were taken on both sides, with the needle kept for 30min each time. Both groups were treated once every other day, three times per week, for a total of 4wk. After the treatment, the overall curative effect of the two groups and the latency and amplitude changes of P100 wave of pattern visual-evoked potential were counted. At the same time, nine children with left eye amblyopia were randomly selected from the two groups and were scanned with rs-fMRI before and after treatment. The differences in the brain regions between the two groups were compared and analyzed with VMHC. RESULTS: Chi-square test showed a notable difference in the total efficiency rate between the acupuncture (94.87%) and control groups (79.49%). Regarding the P100 wave latency and amplitude, the acupuncture group had significantly shorter latency and higher amplitude of P100 wave than the control group. Moreover, the VMHC values of the bilateral temporal lobe, superior temporal gyrus, and middle temporal gyrus were notably increased in the acupuncture group after treatment. CONCLUSION: Acupuncture combined with conventional treatment can significantly improve the corrected visual acuity and optic nerve conduction in children with anisometropic amblyopia. Compared with the conventional treatment, the regulation of acupuncture on the functional activities of the relevant brain areas in the anterior cerebellum may be an effective acupuncture mechanism for anisometropic amblyopia.     

Posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens for the correction of high myopic anisometropic amblyopia in adults

This study aims to evaluate the clinical results of posterior chamber implantable collamer lens (ICL) implantation in adults with high myopic anisometropic amblyopia. Thirteen patients aged 27.04±7.24y (range 19.2 to 42.5) were studied. ICL implantation was performed in 13 amblyopic eyes. The mean myopic anisometropia was significantly dropped from -10.70±3.02 D preoperatively to +0.09±1.67 D at 1mo postoperatively. The logMAR CDVA at 3d, 1, 3 and mean 9mo postoperatively improved by a mean of 1.69, 2.50, 3.01 and 3.00 lines and gained more than 2 lines accounted for 23.08% (3 eyes), 41.67% (5 eyes), 63.63% (7 eyes) and 55.56% (5 eyes), respectively. The contrast sensitivity of amblyopic eyes was significantly increased after surgery. Four patients partially recovered near stereopsis (400” to 100”). There was no severe complications were observed. ICL implantation alone can improve vision, contrast sensitivity, and partial restoration of binocular vision in adult patients with high myopic anisometropia.     

Refractive errors in a rural Korean adult population: the Namil Study

Purpose

To assess the prevalence of refractive errors, including myopia, high myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia, in rural adult Koreans.

Methods

We identified 2027 residents aged 40 years or older in Namil-myeon, a rural town in central South Korea. Of 1928 eligible residents, 1532 subjects (79.5%) participated. Each subject underwent screening examinations including autorefractometry, corneal curvature measurement, and best-corrected visual acuity.

Results

Data from 1215 phakic right eyes were analyzed. The prevalence of myopia (spherical equivalent (SE) <−0.5 diopters (D)) was 20.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 18.2−22.8%), of high myopia (SE <−6.0 D) was 1.0% (95% CI: 0.4−1.5%), of hyperopia (SE>+0.5 D) was 41.8% (95% CI: 38.9−44.4%), of astigmatism (cylinder <−0.5 D) was 63.7% (95% CI: 61.0−66.4%), and of anisometropia (difference in SE between eyes >1.0 D) was 13.8% (95% CI: 11.9−15.8%). Myopia prevalence decreased with age and tended to transition into hyperopia with age up to 60−69 years. In subjects older than this, the trend in SE refractive errors reversed with age. The prevalence of astigmatism and anisometropia increased consistently with age. The refractive status was not significantly different between males and females.

Conclusions

The prevalence of myopia and hyperopia in rural adult Koreans was similar to that of rural Chinese. The prevalence of high myopia was lower in this Korean sample than in other East Asian populations, and astigmatism was the most frequently occurring refractive error.     

功能磁共振成像在弱视研究中的新进展

近年来功能磁共振成像（FMRI）技术基于血管内血氧浓度的变化,可以无损伤地反映活体大脑功能,在视觉系统的研究中得到了迅速的发展,尤其在弱视的研究中已取得重要成果。FMRI可用来从整体水平研究弱视患者的皮层损害特点,还能通过它观察眼优势柱转移、视觉运动觉能力的缺陷,比较不同类型弱视的脑功能变化,尤其屈光参差性弱视和斜视性弱视。就FMRI在弱视研究中的新进展进行综述。     

高度近视合并屈光参差性弱视患者与非弱视患者空间扭曲特征对比分析

目的 探讨高度近视合并屈光参差性弱视患者与非弱视患者空间扭曲特征差异。方法 选取2019年5月至2020年1月就诊于北京同仁医院的高度近视合并屈光参差患者50例作为研究对象。根据患者最佳矫正视力(BCVA)(≥0.8)分为非弱视组和弱视组,非弱视组患者21例,弱视组患者29例。采用国家医疗保健器具工程技术研究中心开发研制的视感知觉检查评估系统检测患者空间扭曲情况,检测时视标“○”沿着3个直径分别为3.6°、4.4°和5.2°的同心圆随机闪现,受试者将“+”套入“○”后点击鼠标,将结果记录为空间扭曲距离(SDD)和空间扭曲角度(SDA),两者计量单位分别为像素和度(°),箭头的头尾距离为SDD,与水平线夹角为SDA,在小、中、大三个同心圆分别记录为SDDs、SDDm、SDDl和SDAs、SDAm、SDAl。使用SPSS 22.0对数据进行统计学分析。结果 弱视组患者双眼SDD较非弱视组明显增大,除SDDm外(P=0.20),SDDs和SDDl两组间差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05);弱视组患者双眼SDA较非弱视组明显增大,除SDAm外(P=0.25),SDAs和SDAl两组间差...     

Femtosecond laser corneal refractive surgery for the correction of high myopic anisometropic amblyopia in juveniles

AIM: To evaluate the effects of femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) and small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) to correct high myopic anisometropic amblyopia in juvenile patients. METHODS: From November 2013 to January 2015, 33 amblyopic patients with high myopic anisometropic amblyopia were studied. FS-LASIK (30 eyes) or SMILE (3 eyes) was performed in the amblyopic eyes. Visual acuity, refraction, contrast sensitivity, stereoacuity and complications were evaluated. Patients completed follow-up examinations at 3d, 1mo, 3mo and the last follow-up time (mean 8.17±3.23mo) after surgery. RESULTS: The mean age at surgery was 9.04±3.04y (range 6-16y). The mean spherical equivalent in the amblyopic eyes was significantly decreased from -10.00±2.39 D preoperatively to -0.06±1.06 D at 1mo, -0.19±1.33 D at 3mo and -0.60±1.43 D at approximately 8mo postoperatively (P<0.05 for all). The mean myopic anisometropia was significantly decreased from -9.45±2.33 D preoperatively to +0.37±1.48 D at 1mo, -0.46±1.47 D at 3mo and -0.09±1.83 D at approximately 8mo (P<0.05 for all). The logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) for uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (UDVA and CDVA, respectively) of the amblyopic eye improved from 1.74±0.35 and 0.98±0.63 preoperatively to 0.45±0.31 and 0.41±0.33 at approximately 8mo after surgery, respectively. The logMAR CDVA at 3d, 1, 3 and 8mo postoperatively improved by means of 1.42, 2.22, 2.96, and 4.39 lines, and a gain of more than two lines accounted for 45%, 50%, 74% and 86% of all patients, respectively. The contrast sensitivity of both amblyopic eyes and dominant eyes at 0.5, 2, 8 cycles per degree was significantly improved postoperatively (P<0.05 for all). Of the 33 pediatric patients, no patients had near stereopsis preoperatively and seven patients (21.2%) recovered near stereopsis (400″ to 60″) at approximately 8mo after surgery. No intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred in any patient. CONCLUSION: FS-LASIK or SMILE can be promising alternative methods to correct high myopic anisometropic amblyopia in juvenile patients who have failed with traditional approaches.     

弱视的影像学研究进展

眼科是以影像学诊断为主的学科,随着现代医学发展,眼科方面的影像学研究进展迅猛。弱视是常见的严重损害视力的眼部疾病之一,在弱视研究方面,磁共振成像(MRI)、功能性磁共振(fMRI)、光学相干断层扫描(OCT)以及光学相干断层扫描血管造影(OCTA)等影像技术应用广泛,促进了相关影像学研究的进展。本文就各类弱视的影像学研究进展做一总结概述。     

IGF-1介导的丰富环境对成年弱视小鼠视皮层可塑性的影响

目的:检测丰富环境干预对单眼剥夺成年弱视小鼠视皮质中IGF-1及其受体的表达变化,初步探讨其对成年弱视小鼠初级视皮质突触可塑性的影响及分子机制。方法:将正常新生昆明小鼠随机分为正常组(Nor),单眼剥夺+标准环境组(MD+SE),单眼剥夺+丰富环境组(MD+EE),单眼剥夺+氟西汀组(MD+FLX)。在小鼠21日龄时构建单眼剥夺模型,确定模型建立成功后,每组选取18只小鼠按照预先分组放置在标准环境或丰富环境中饲养4wk,单眼剥夺+氟西汀组小鼠饮水中加入氟西汀。通过前爪触地反射实验检测小鼠视敏度,闪光视觉诱发电位检测客观视功能;小鼠处死后取材,使用电镜检测视皮层神经元的突触间隙宽度、突触活性区长度及突触后致密物厚度,Western Blot法检测视皮层中IGF-1、IGF-1R及IGFBP5蛋白表达。结果:(1)视敏度检测结果:MD+SE组小鼠前爪触地成功率明显低于Nor组(P<0.001);MD+EE组及MD+FLX组小鼠前爪触地成功率明显高于MD+SE组(均P<0.001);与MD+FLX组比较,MD+EE组小鼠前爪触地成功率无差异(P=0.816)。(2)闪光视觉诱发电位检测结果:与Nor组比较,MD+SE组小鼠剥夺眼闪光视觉诱发电位P2波潜伏期延长、波幅降低(均P<0.01);丰富环境饲养后,MD+EE组较MD+SE组小鼠剥夺眼闪光视觉诱发电位P2波潜伏期缩短、波幅增加(均P<0.01);与MD+FLX组比较,MD+EE组小鼠剥夺眼闪光视觉诱发电位P2波的潜伏期和波幅变化无差异(P>0.05)。(3)电镜检测视皮层神经细胞突触超微结构:与N or组比较,M D+SE组小鼠剥夺眼对侧视皮层神经细胞突触间隙增宽(P <0.01),突触活性区长度缩短(P <0.01),突触后致密物厚度变薄(P <0.01);丰富环境饲养后,MD+EE组小鼠较MD+SE组突触间隙变窄(P=0.0035),突触活性区长度延长(P<0.01),突触后致密物厚度增加(P<0.01),MD+EE组突触超微结构各项指标较MD+FLX组比较无差异(P>0.05)。(4)Western blot检测视皮层中IGF-1、IGF-1R及IGFBP5蛋白表达:MD+SE组小鼠IGF-1及IGF-1R蛋白表达明显低于Nor组(均P<0.01);MD+EE组小鼠IGF-1及IGF蛋白的表达明显高于MD+SE组(均P<0.01),然而仍显著低于Nor组(均P<0.01)。各组间小鼠IGFBP5蛋白表达异常无差异(P>0.05)。结论:丰富环境能重新激活成年单眼剥夺弱视小鼠视皮质可塑性,改善弱视小鼠视觉功能,其机制可能与调控IGF-1及受体的表达有关。