Evisceration with four anterior relaxing incisions and circumferential posterior sclerotomies with porous polyethylene orbital implants: an 8‐year study

Purpose: To present long‐term follow‐up data on eviscerations carried out with scleral modification and placement of spherical porous polyethylene implants. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, interventional study on eviscerations performed with four anterior relaxing incisions and posterior sclerotomies made circumferentially behind the equator at approximately 330° and placement of porous polyethylene spherical implant, performed between March 2000 and August 2007 by a single surgeon. Patient age, sex, causative diagnosis, axial length, implant size, follow‐up duration, complications and treatment were recorded. Results: In total, 92 patients were identified. The mean implant size was 19.46 mm. During the follow‐up period (mean: 60 months, range: 19–107 months), there were no cases of implant exposure. In some patients, mild discharge, ptosis and conjunctival cysts developed. Conclusions: Primary evisceration with four anterior relaxing incisions and posterior sclerotomies made circumferentially behind the equator at approximately 330°, combined with porous polyethylene orbital implant placement, is a useful technique for treating a variety of end‐stage eye diseases.     

Remove,rotate, and reimplant: a novel technique for the management of exposed porous anophthalmic implants in eviscerated patients

Purpose

To describe and to evaluate a new and relatively easy technique for porous implant exposure repair.

Methods

Eleven patients with exposed porous orbital implants after evisceration were included in this study. Five patients with large exposures (diameter>7 mm) and six patients with small exposures of orbital implants (diameter<7 mm) that persisted despite posterior vaulting of the prosthesis and usage of antibiotics and steroids for more than 6 weeks, underwent revision surgery with the remove-rotate-reimplant technique (3R technique). Negative microbiological culture taken from the exposed socket surface before surgery was the major inclusion criterion. Five patients with insufficient conjunctival tissue also underwent additional mucosa or hard palate grafting of the defect in addition to the remove-rotate-reimplant procedure.

Results

Patients have been followed up for more than 18 months (ranging from 18–30 months). None of them received motility peg insertion after repair. Implant reexposure was detected in one patient during the follow-up period, which was managed by dermis fat grafting with implant removal.

Conclusion

The remove-rotate-reimplant technique is an effective surgical method for repairing exposed porous anophthalmic implants after evisceration with a 90% success in this study. It avoids the removal of the implant from the sclera, which is a traumatic procedure that may lead to the tearing and loss of scleral tissue covering the implant. Saving the porous implant and scleral cover reduces the surgical time and cost.     

羟基磷灰石义眼台植入后暴露原因分析及处理

目的探讨羟基磷灰石义眼台植入术后暴露原因及处理。方法对15例羟基磷灰石义眼台植入后义眼台暴露者,寻找分析其暴露原因,并根据义眼台暴露情况不同采用相适宜的治疗方法。结果经保守或手术治疗后,随访6月-3年,12例效果良好,治愈率为80%。结论羟基磷灰石义眼台植入术中应积极避免暴露因素,对于义眼台暴露者,根据暴露直径及原因等,采用相适宜的不同处理。     

羟基磷灰石义眼台植入的手术体会

目的比较巩膜包裹羟基磷灰石(hydmxypatite，HA)义眼台植入法与带线HA义眼台直接植入法的疗效。方法眶内植入HA义眼台共58眼，用自体或异体巩膜包裹义眼台后眶内植入40眼，用带线义眼台直接植入眼眶18眼，随访3月-4年。结果义眼台暴露7眼12％(7／58)，Ⅰ期1眼，Ⅱ期6眼；6眼采用巩膜包裹植入法15％(6／40)，1眼采用带线义眼台直接植入法5．6％(1／18)。结膜囊狭窄1眼。结论HA义眼台植入术后主要并发症是义眼台暴露，用带线义眼台直接植入发生这种并发症的机率变小。     

改良羟基磷灰石义眼台植入术临床观察

目的:观察改良的羟基磷灰石义眼台植入术的疗效。方法:对32例改良的义眼台植入术,其中Ⅰ期18例,Ⅱ期14例,进行回顾性分析。结果:本组改良的羟基磷灰石义眼台植入术后,义眼活动度好,与健眼同步,无脱出、眼窝凹陷或上睑下垂;其中3例义眼台暴露,重新手术修补。结论:对严重的眼球破裂伤、无光感疼痛性眼球或萎缩眼球患者行改良的羟基磷灰石义眼台植入术,是一种较安全而有效的方法。     

Primary replacement for the management of exposed orbital implant

Purpose: We present a series of primary orbital implant replacement for cases of implant exposure to describe our experience of this one-staged surgical approach.

Methods: This study reports on a one-stage technique which involved the removal of the exposed implant or dermis fat graft (DFG) and insertion of a secondary (replacement) in the same procedure, with a variety of materials, including autologous tissue. Re-exposure in a socket where a DFG was placed was defined as a new defect in the newly epithelialized conjunctiva or dehiscence of the dermis-conjunctiva junction. All cases of primary replacement for the management of exposed orbital implant, porous and non-porous, were included, even when there were clinical signs suggestive of infection. The primary outcome was the rate of re-exposure, requiring additional surgical procedures. Infection following primary replacement was a secondary outcome.

Results: Seventy-eight patients had primary replacement for the management of an exposed orbital implant. 6.4% had re-exposure at a mean follow-up of 49.7 months (9.1% for ball implants and 4.5% for DFG). The rate of exposure was higher in those with prior signs of infection than those without (8% vs. 3.6%). Re-exposure occurred in 4.5% of cases with DFG implantation, 4.3% of cases with non-porous implants and in 20% of cases with porous implants.

Conclusion: Primary replacement for management of exposed orbital implant, porous and non-porous, has a high rate of successful outcome even in cases with presumed or confirmed infection.     

羟基磷灰石义眼台植入后暴露原因分析及处理

目的探讨羟基磷灰石义眼台植入后义眼台暴露的原因及处理方法。方法对本院2002~2004年收治的32眼羟基磷灰石义眼台暴露患者的治疗方法及效果进行回顾性分析。结果义眼台暴露的发生时间为术后3d~6月,暴露范围为3~14mm,义眼台暴露能自行愈合者5眼;手术修补27眼,其中2眼伴有慢性感染最终手术取出义眼台。术后随访。结论义眼台暴露的原因与炎症、手术方法、手术时机、术后感染和义眼台的型号等因素有关。其处理可根据暴露范围不同采用不同方法,义眼台暴露范围在5mm以内的可采用保守治疗,暴露范围超过10mm的应尽早手术修补,处理过程中应尽量消除可能再次引起义眼台暴露的危险因素。     

Scleral wrap increases the long‐term complication risk of bone‐derived hydroxyapatite orbital implants

Background: This study was prompted by previous findings that suggested that scleral wrapping increased the rate of complications following insertion of bone‐derived hydroxyapatite orbital implants and compared the long‐term results of implants inserted with and without scleral wraps. Methods: This retrospective case series reviewed the long‐term outcomes of 159 patients who had undergone enucleation with insertion of a bone‐derived hydroxyapatite orbital implant at Dunedin Hospital between 1977 and 2006. Implants were inserted with and without scleral wraps in 85 and 74 cases, respectively. Follow up was 0.5–27.5 years (mean 8.2 years) for the whole series and 9.7 years for the sclera group and 6.7 years for the group without sclera. Patient details were obtained from theatre records, case note review, patient interview and examination, interview of patient relatives and family general practitioner records. The main outcome measures were the rates of minor or major complications and their treatments and outcomes. Results: Twenty‐seven cases (17%) suffered minor complications of limited implant exposure that either healed spontaneously, with implant drilling or wound resuturing and 11 cases (7%) suffered major complications requiring explantation. Of 38 patients with postoperative complications, 31 (82%) had scleral wraps compared with 7 (18%) without sclera (P < 0.001; OR 5.14, 95% CI 2.00–14.78). Conclusion: Bone‐derived hydroxyapatite orbital implants inserted without scleral wrap were associated with better clinical outcomes and a lower rate of long‐term complications. It is therefore recommended that these implants be inserted without a scleral wrap.     

前巩膜片技术预防多孔材料义眼座植入的暴露

目的探讨在眼球摘除后多孔材料义眼座前部增加一巩膜片植入眼眶后预防暴露的有效性。方法美国Ore-gon州OHSU医学院Casey Eye Institute眼科研究所眼面部整形外科从2000年1月至2009年1月,John D Ng医生的162例（170眼）眼球摘除合并眼眶内植入有孔材料,使用前巩膜片技术（在多孔义眼座的前部缝合一7.5 mm×7.5 mm的巩膜片,并将四条直肌缝在巩膜片上）。根据病例资料,眼疾诊断,手术操作技术,先前眼科手术史,植入物的大小,随访时间,植入后并发症等,观察统计义眼暴露率及并发症。结果植入暴露发生7例,7眼（4.12%,7/170）。其中一例发生在早期（〈6个月）,6例发生在晚期（〉6个月）。这7例中1例给于抗生素及结膜切除手术,暴露得到修复;另外6例结膜撕裂较大未能得到修复,遂取出义眼座植入一新的前部缝有巩膜片的义眼座。这7例经过1a以上的随访,未出现再次暴露。结论巩膜片在移植物的前表面可以作为一种屏障,在预防暴露方面具有一定的有效性。     

低功率半导体激光治疗羟基磷灰石义眼座暴露

目的探讨低功率半导体激光治疗羟基磷灰石义眼座暴露的疗效。方法采用JAM-II型多功能半导体激光治疗仪(激光物质为GaA1As,激光波长650nm)对22例不同程度的义眼座暴露患者进行激光照射治疗,并将结果与既往采用药物及手术治疗的20例义眼座暴露患者比较。结果激光组22例全部愈合(100%);药物及手术组中轻、中、重度的愈合率分别为83.3%,63.6%和0。经采用χ2检验之四格表精确检验法处理,2组间轻度患者的愈合率在统计学上差异无显著性意义(P=0.545),而2组间中度和重度患者的愈合率在统计学上差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论低功率半导体激光治疗羟基磷灰石义眼座暴露的疗效优于药物及手术方法。可用于预防及治疗羟基磷灰石义眼座暴露。     

自体巩膜覆盖预防羟基磷灰石义眼座暴露的临床观察

目的：观察自体巩膜覆盖羟基磷灰石(HA)义眼座对预防术后义眼座暴露的临床效果。

方法：对69例69眼采用双层巩膜覆盖43例、带直肌的板层巩膜瓣覆盖26例为加固物,行一期HA义眼座植入术。

结果：术后随访4～24mo,均无义眼座暴露发生。

结论：在行HA义眼座植入时,双层巩膜、带直肌的板层巩膜瓣为加固物覆盖HA,能有效地预防义眼座暴露。     

义眼座感染的临床病理分析

目的:探讨义眼座感染患者的临床和病理表现,以及其治疗和转归。方法:回顾分析2004-03/2012-06因义眼座感染在深圳市眼科医院取出义眼座的12例12眼患者的临床资料。结果:义眼座感染的临床表现为结膜囊分泌物增多、眼窝疼痛、结膜充血水肿(12眼),义眼座暴露(11眼),义眼自动脱落(10眼),复发性化脓性肉芽肿(1眼)。3眼结膜囊分泌物培养出表皮葡萄球菌,3眼涂片发现真菌菌丝,6眼培养结果为阴性。组织病理学检查可见义眼座前部有炎性细胞和坏死物碎屑,无纤维血管组织;义眼座后部有浓密的纤维血管组织生长,伴随炎性细胞。12例患者均取出感染的义眼座联合全身及局部抗感染治疗,7眼行Ⅱ期义眼座植入术,5眼拒绝接受整形手术。平均随访52mo,12例12眼均未出现感染复发。结论:义眼座感染是义眼座植入术后罕见的,也是最严重的并发症,通常需要取出义眼座联合抗感染治疗。     

改良式羟基磷灰石义眼台I期植入临床分析

目的观察改良式羟基磷灰石义眼台植入的临床效果。方法20例（20眼）眼内容摘除后应用自体巩膜花瓣状成形、球内视神经剪断的方法包裹义眼台I期植人,交叉重叠缝合义眼台前的4瓣巩膜,后方巩膜敞开,分层缝合眼球筋膜囊及结膜。术后随访3～18月。结果所有患眼术后上睑饱满,与对侧眼相比无明显差异,切口I期愈合,义眼台活动良好,未发现义眼台暴露等并发症。结论改良式羟基磷灰石义眼台植入术安全可靠,并发症少,疗效良好。     

羟基磷灰石义眼座植入不同术式的疗效分析

目的评价羟基磷灰石义眼座不同植人方法的临床效果。方法54例根据植入术式分为无包裹组和自体巩膜包裹组,观察术后一期愈合情况及义眼座暴露等并发症。随访3—18个月。结果术后眼窝饱满度、义眼座活动度良好。主要并发症为结膜囊裂开,义眼座暴露。两种植入方法的愈合及暴露情况各组之间比较差异无统计学意义。结论羟基磷灰石义眼座植入整容效果良好,不同术式羟基磷灰石义眼座植入术后并发症的发生与植入方式无明显关系。     

二期羟基磷灰石义眼台早期植入临床观察

目的：观察眼球摘除术后二期羟基磷灰石义眼台早期植入的临床特点。

方法：回顾性分析16例16眼二期羟基磷灰石义眼台早期植入原因、植入时间、手术特点、手术效果以及并发症。术后随访6～13(平均10)mo。

结果：眼球摘除术后外院转入,严重眼外伤眼眶内组织污染,眼内炎蔓延眼球摘除术后,眼内肿瘤术后是二期羟基磷灰石义眼台早期植入主要原因。16例患者在眼球摘除术后7～15(平均12)d成功行肌锥内二期羟基磷灰石义眼台植入术。术后患者外观改善,义眼台活动度良好,未见感染、义眼台暴露、脱出、眼睑下垂等并发症,1例早期球结膜裂开,再次缝合后愈合,1例结膜囊肿形成,手术切除后无复发。

结论：眼球摘除术后早期二期羟基磷灰石义眼台植入手术过程、效果类似一期义眼台植入。合理选择病例、良好的手术技巧基础上行早期二期羟基磷灰石义眼台植入安全有效。     

多孔聚乙烯板修复眼眶爆裂性骨折

目的探讨多孔聚乙烯（Medpor）板在眶壁爆裂性骨折修复术中应用的临床效果。方法对67例（67只眼）眼眶爆裂性骨折,应用Medpor板进行修复手术。术后随访6个月～2年观察眼球突出度、眼球运动及复视等指标。结果术前眼球突出度检查,患眼与对侧眼眼球突出度相差1．0—8．0平均（3．6±1．4）mm,差异具有统计学意义（t=19．884,P=0．000）;手术后3个月,患眼手术前后眼球突出度比较,相差0．0～7．0（3．2±1．4）mm,差异具有统计学意义（t=19．192,P=0．000）;术前65只眼眼球运动受限牵引试验阳性并伴有不同程度复视,手术后3个月,眼球运动受限者中有60例（92．3％）治愈,复视完全消失;5例（7．7％）30°视野范围外仍有复视,但对日常生活无明显影响。结论Medpor板修复眶壁骨折是一种安全有效、方便、可靠的手术方法。     

羟基磷灰石义眼台植入术后并发症的影响因素现状

由于具备诸多优点,羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,HA)义眼台自问世以来便得到广泛应用,其可作为眼球摘除术或眼内容物剜除术后填充眼眶内容积的理想材料,但其仍会引起并发症,有些并发症如严重的义眼台暴露等可能需要进行二次植入手术.本文就HA义眼台的临床应用、植入术后并发症、产生并发症的可能影响因素及常见并发症的处理方法等进行综述,以期为HA义眼台的临床应用提供一定的参考.     

Porous orbital implants in enucleation: a systematic review

Orbital implants have been used for cosmesis following surgical removal of the eyeball, or enucleation, for over a century. Implant design has progressed significantly in recent years with the use of porous devices, with the theoretical advantages of reduced complications and improved cosmesis. However, in some cases the theoretical benefits have not fully translated into clinical results. In this article the use of orbital implants in enucleation, with a particular focus on the newer porous biomaterials that have gained prominence over the last 15 years, is reviewed. Specific factors identified as affecting the performance of porous orbital implants include the material used, pore size, and morphology. Mechanical factors have received little consideration in the past and may form a basis for the use of higher compliance porous materials in the future. Of the porous materials in use, current clinical evidence is not sufficient to suggest either that porous implants are superior to non-porous implants, or that one material is more suited to the application than another. Future developments in this field require randomized controlled clinical trials with extensive follow-up as complications may not become evident until over 5 years post-implantation.     

一种防脱出义眼台的临床应用

目的探讨一种新型简易防脱出的义眼台的制作方法与效果。方法根据眼球摘除后的解剖特点设计义眼台的大小，选择羟基磷灰石和涤纶布为材料制作复合材料义眼台。结果羟基磷灰石和涤纶布形成牢固粘结，周围有纤维组织长出并包饶，义眼台无脱出或移位。结论以羟基磷灰石和涤纶布为材料制作复合义眼台，方法简易，效果可靠，组织相容性好，术后反应轻，便于临床上推广使用。     

异形羟基磷灰石义眼台的临床应用

目的:观察异形羟基磷灰石义眼台植入术并发症及手术效果,探讨异形义眼台的适应证及其临床应用价值。方法:设计不同体积的异形羟基磷灰石义眼台,治疗眼球萎缩、眼内容物摘除及眼球摘除术后患者共30例。对照组植入常规圆球形羟基磷灰石义眼台共30例。异形义眼台组与对照组间性别、年龄、眼部情况相似。手术后随访时间6mo以上,观察患者义眼台植入术后球结膜愈合时间、义眼台暴露、感染等并发症、义眼台活动度、位置以及与义眼片适合程度的差异。结果:异形羟基磷灰石义眼台组没有发生义眼台暴露、感染等严重并发症,球结膜愈合时间短,义眼台植入后前表面呈圆弧形,能与义眼片很好的吻合,义眼台活动度及位置均好于对照组。对照组有2例(7%)发生早期球结膜裂开的并发症,经过治疗后均愈合。结论:异形义眼台可以降低义眼台植入后引起的并发症,可以有效适应患者眼部病变的情况,获得良好的手术效果,适应证更广,安全性更好。