The effect of gingival fiberotomy on the rate of tooth movement

This study was designed to assess the gingival tissue resistance to remodeling in determining the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Closed coil spring orthodontic appliances were stretched bilaterally between the first molars and incisors in the maxillary arches of 18 adult rats. The resistance of gingival tissues was eliminated around the randomly chosen first molars by a circumferential fiberotomy procedure. Movements of teeth were measured on submental vertex radiographs against the metallic implants that were placed in zygomatic processes. The data were analyzed by randomized block design analysis of variance. During the 30-day experimental period, the teeth that underwent the fiberotomy procedure moved faster (0.63 mm versus 0.51 mm, P less than 0.05), indicating that the resistance of gingival tissues may be a rate-limiting factor in orthodontic tooth movement.     

偏侧咀嚼对正畸牙移动影响的实验研究

目的通过建立偏侧咀嚼大鼠模型,探讨偏侧咀嚼对正畸牙移动过程的影响。方法选择30只6～8周龄,（250±10）g,雄性SD大鼠,随机分为实验组与对照组,每组各15只。通过拔除实验组大鼠右下颌所有磨牙使右上颌第一磨牙丧失咬合接触建立大鼠偏侧咀嚼动物模型,同时,在两组大鼠双侧上颌切牙和第一磨牙间放置镍钛拉簧,初始力值为50g,近中移动磨牙。分别于第0、3、7、10、14天测量大鼠上颌第一磨牙近中移动的距离并通过HE染色观察大鼠上颌第一磨牙牙周组织形态学变化。结果各时间点代偿性咀嚼增强侧牙移动速率均小于对照组（P〈0.05）,牙周组织变化与对照组相似;失咬合侧牙移动速率大于对照组（P〈0.05）,牙周组织出现退行性改变;但三种咬合状态下牙齿移动速率曲线均表现为瞬时运动、迟滞期及后期移动三个阶段。结论动物实验证实偏侧咀嚼引起正畸牙牙周组织发生相应改变最终影响牙移动速率,但无论牙移动速率快慢,牙移动均符合正畸性牙移动的一般规律。     

大鼠正畸牙移动对炎性牙周组织改建的实验研究

目的 观察炎性牙周组织对正畸牙齿移动中牙周骨组织改建的影响。方法 建立牙周病动物模型，将40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常牙移动组和牙刷炎牙移动组，近中移动大鼠上颌第一磨牙，比较两组大鼠的牙移动距离，并通过HE染色进行组织学观察。结果 既定时间内，牙周炎组牙移动距离大于正常牙移动组；牙周炎牙移动组压力侧破骨现象明显增加，牙周及根尖创伤也更大，张力侧成骨活动减弱并滞后。结论 进行正畸治疗一定要重视局部牙周组织的健康，对牙周炎患者应行彻底的牙周治疗和维护，并适当延长复诊周期。     

大鼠正畸牙移动张力侧牙周组织中CTGF基因表达的研究

目的：检测正畸牙移动张力侧CTGF基因表达变化及时间分布特点,初步探讨正畸牙移动中牙槽骨改建与CTGF的关系。方法：45只雄性S.D.大鼠随机分为正常对照组,牙移动12h组、1d组、2d组、3d组、5d组、7d组、14d组、21d组,对大鼠上颌第一磨牙近中移动,运用原位杂交实验方法,检测正畸牙移动张力侧CTGF基因表达强度及时间分布特点。结果：牙移动1 d后牙槽骨表面的立方形活跃成骨细胞CTGFm RNA阳性表达开始增强,7 d后达到高峰,然后逐渐下降。结论：正畸牙移动过程中,在机械力作用下CTGF可能参与了张力侧的骨形成。     

正畸力作用下牙周炎大鼠张力侧牙周组织中转化生长因子β1基因表达的研究

目的研究炎性牙周条件下牙移动及牙周改建中转化生长因子（transforming growth factor-β1,TGF—β1）基因的表达。方法90只雄性SD大鼠随机分为为正常牙移动组、牙周炎牙移动组,对大鼠上颌第一磨牙近中移动,在0、0．5、1、2、3、5、7、14、21d时间点处死动物,运用原位杂交方法,检测牙移动张力侧TGF—β1 mRNA表达强度及时空分布特点。结果正常及牙周炎大鼠牙周组织中,TGF-β1 mRNA在牙周膜成纤维细胞、成骨细胞和骨髓组织中呈弱阳性表达,正常大鼠牙齿受力2d后,张力侧牙槽骨表面成骨细胞中TGF-β1 mRNA的表达明显增加,5d达到峰值;牙周炎大鼠牙移动5d后,其牙槽骨表面立方形成骨细胞TGF—β1 mRNA的表达明显增加,14d达到高峰期,21d还有较强的阳性信号表达。结论牙周炎可能阻碍正畸力效应下的牙周组织改建。     

Effects of local administration of clodronate on orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption in rats

Clodronate, a non-N-containing bisphosphonate, strongly inhibits bone resorption and also has anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the local administration of clodronate on orthodontic tooth movement. Both the right and left upper first molars of 26 7-week-old male Wistar rats were moved buccally with a standardized expansion spring. Clodronate solution was injected into the sub-periosteum area adjacent to the left upper molar every third day during the experimental period. The right first molar served as the control. Local injection of clodronate caused a significant (P < 0.001) and dose-dependent reduction in tooth movement in the rats. The number of osteoclasts on the clodronate-injected side was significantly less (P < 0.01) than on the control side. Local clodronate also inhibited root resorption incident to tooth movement. These results suggest that localized use of clodronate could be a useful therapeutic adjunct in orthodontic treatment.     

不同孕期大鼠正畸牙移动牙周骨桥蛋白mRNA表达变化的规律

目的观察不同孕期大鼠正畸牙施力后牙周组织骨桥蛋白（OPN）mRNA的表达,探讨其在孕期正畸牙周改建中的可能作用。方法将90只大鼠按所处孕期阶段和加力方式随机分3组,正常怀孕对照组30只、怀孕加力组30只和非孕加力组30只。怀孕加力组和非孕加力组大鼠戴入牙移动装置,加力使其上颌第一磨牙朝近中移动。分别在妊娠第6天、第12天和第19天处死动物,取上颌骨及牙齿标本,采用原位杂交法检测牙周组织OPN mRNA的表达。结果怀孕加力组大鼠牙周组织OPN mRNA的表达强于非孕加力组,且具有孕中期表达最强、晚期稍低而早期最低的特点;怀孕加力组和非孕加力组压力侧OPN mRNA表达都增强;怀孕加力组各孕期的表达具有显著差异。结论孕鼠牙周组织压力侧骨改建的骨吸收过程中,OPN mRNA起到了一定作用,而且OPN mRNA的表达受孕酮的调控。     

牙周炎大鼠正畸牙移动张力侧牙周组织转化生长因子β1表达研究冰

目的研究炎性牙周条件下牙移动及牙周改建中转化生长因子β1（transforming growth factor—β1,TGF-β1）的表达。方法90只雄性SD大鼠随机分为为正常牙移动组、牙周炎牙移动组,通过对大鼠上颌第一磨牙的近中移动,在预定的0、0．5、1、2、3、5、7、14、21d时间点处死动物,运用免疫组织化学,检测牙移动张力侧TGF—β1蛋白表达强度及时间分布特点。结果正常牙移动组中,TGF-β1在牙周膜的成纤维细胞、成骨细胞和骨髓组织呈弱阳性表达,牙移动1d后,张力侧牙周膜区免疫染色的阳性反应明显增强,2d后达到高峰;牙周炎牙移动组,TGF-β1在破骨细胞、牙周膜成纤维细胞呈阳性表达,牙移动0．5d后,张力侧牙周膜区免疫染色的阳性反应明显增强,以后逐渐下降。结论牙周炎症影响正畸力效应下的牙周组织改建。     

Effects of short- and long-term celecoxib on orthodontic tooth movement

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that short- and long-term celecoxib administration has no effect on orthodontic tooth movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were submitted to short- (3 days) and long-term (14 days) celecoxib administration, while the respective control groups received equivolumetric saline intraperitoneal injections. The upper left first molars of all rats were moved mesially for 14 days by a fixed orthodontic appliance exerting 50 g force upon insertion. After the experimental period, tooth movement was quantified and tissues around the first molar were processed for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) histochemistry. The amount of tooth movement and the number of TRAP-positive cells on the alveolar bone surface were evaluated. RESULTS: The amount of tooth movement was significantly reduced in rats submitted to short- and long-term celecoxib administration, while the number of osteoclasts on the alveolar bone did not differ between the four groups studied. CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesis is rejected. Although celecoxib administration did not affect the number of osteoclasts, the osteoclast activity might be reduced, which could explain the inhibition of tooth movement observed in the celecoxib-treated animals. These results indicate that orthodontists should be aware of patients under short- and long-term therapy with celecoxib.     

Effects of gradually increasing force generated by permanent rare earth magnets for orthodontic tooth movement

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of gradually increasing force generated by permanent rare earth magnets for orthodontic tooth movement by using a novel experimental rat model and computer simulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-five male rats (age 18 weeks) were used as animal experiments. Magnetic (experimental groups) or titanium (control group) cuboids (1.5 x 1.5 x 0.7 mm) were bonded to the lingual surface of the maxillary first molars. The initial distance between materials was 1.0 mm, generating 4.96 gf (experimental group I), or 1.5 mm, generating 2.26 gf (experimental group II). Tooth movement was measured and periodontal structures were observed with microfocus x-ray computed tomography radiographs. RESULTS: The distance between the magnets decreased with time in experimental groups I and II (P < .001), whereas there was no tooth displacement in the control group. Experimental group I showed rapid tooth movement in the initial phase followed by slower tooth movement. Experimental group II showed gradual tooth movement. Horizontal sections on microfocus computed tomgraphy radiographs revealed no pathological changes, such as root resorption, on the compressed side in the experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS: The initial light force and gradual increasing force in magnetic attractive force induced effective tooth movement in rats without inducing any pathological changes.     

糖尿病大鼠正畸牙齿移动及组织学变化

目的 探讨糖尿病大鼠正畸牙移动对牙周组织的影响。方法 选用80只雄性SD大鼠，牵引左上颌第一磨牙近中移动。实验组以STZ腹腔注射制备Ⅰ型糖尿病模型，对照组注射柠檬酸缓冲液，3周后开始实验。分别在加力0、3、7、14、21天处死大鼠，记录上颌第一磨牙移动距离，组织HE染色后，观察牙周组织形态学的改变。结果 ①实验组大鼠牙齿移动距离在移动末期明显大于对照组；②实验组骨质疏松；③实验组大鼠压力侧破骨细胞数在骨吸收期少于对照组，3、7、14天有统计学意义；④实验组大鼠在骨形成期张力侧成骨细胞数少于对照组，14、21天有统计学意义。结论 ①糖尿病性骨质疏松导致正畸牙齿移动末期牙齿移动速度加快；②糖尿病骨质反应能力降低，牙齿移动过程中破骨活动和成骨过程均受抑制。     

Effects of pregnancy on orthodontic tooth movements: effects of progesterone on orthodontic tooth movements in pregnant rats]

This study evaluated the periodontal responses and progesterone changes to orthodontic tooth movements in pregnant rats. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into two groups: non-pregnant and pregnant. All rats were treated with fixed orthodontic appliances that moved the upper incisors in a distal direction during 10 days. At the end of the experiment, the periodontal tissues were examined histologically and immunohistochemically (ABC method). The results showed that in the histological examination of the tension sides of the upper incisors, the bone formation was more obvious in the pregnant group than that in the non-pregnant group. In the immunohistochemical staining, the osteoblasts were positive-stained cells and they exhibited deeper stain and higher percentage in the pregnant group. In a conclusion, the progesterone influences the periodontal reconstruction on orthodontic tooth movements in pregnant rats and may be helpful in alveolar bone formation, which suggests that orthodontic treatments in pregnant patients may not be so harmful as people thought before.     

Periodontal healing following orthodontic movement of rat molars with intact versus damaged periodontia towards a bony defect

The aim of this research was to determine whether orthodontic tooth movement influences periodontal healing. In 16 male Wistar rats, 12 week of age, a bony defect was created mesial to both maxillary first molars, not including the attachment apparatus (group 1), and in 15 animals, the defect included the periodontal ligament (group 2). In both groups, the right first molar was moved mesially (orthodontic side) for 2 weeks followed by a 1-week retention period; the contralateral molar was not moved (control side). Histomorphometric analysis was performed. The results within and between the different treatment groups and sides were statistically compared by t-test and analysis of variance with repeated measures on logarithmic transformation. Junctional epithelium was significantly larger at the control than at the orthodontic side of both groups (P = 0.024), and significantly larger in group 2 than in group 1 (P < 0.001). A significantly (P = 0.034) larger pocket depth was found at the control side in group 1. Supracrestal connective tissue was larger at the control than at the orthodontic side for both groups and significantly larger in group 2 than in group 1 (P = 0.004). Root resorption was found infrequently only at the orthodontic side in both groups (five out of 31 cases). The principal findings suggest favourable effects of orthodontic tooth movement on restraining epithelial apical down-growth and decreasing pocket depth. Orthodontic treatment could not completely avoid formation of a long epithelial attachment. Therefore, periodontal regenerative surgery might be indicated prior to orthodontic tooth movement. Orthodontic movement, shortly after periodontal surgery, had no detrimental effect on periodontal soft tissue healing or on diminished but non-inflamed periodontal tissues.     

Permissible limit for mandibular expansion

In recent years, mandibular expansion has been increasingly performed in conjunction with orthodontic treatment. Lateral tipping of the molars associated with mandibular expansion should, however, be considered, because excessive expansion may result in excessive buccal tooth inclination, which may disturb the occlusal relationship. This study was conducted to quantitatively clarify molar movement during mandibular expansion using the Schwarz appliance to determine the permissible limit of mandibular expansion as a clinical index for inclination movement. Inclinations in the masticatory surface of the first molar and intermolar width were measured before expansion (T1), after expansion (T2), and before edgewise treatment (T3). Lower plaster models from 29 subjects treated with expansion plates were used and compared with models from 11 control subjects with normal occlusion.The average treatment change (T1-T2) in intermolar width was 5.42 mm (standard deviation 1.98), and the average angle of buccal tooth inclination was 10.16 degrees (standard deviation 3.83). No significant correlation was found between age prior to treatment and the treatment period when they were compared with the intermolar width increments and inclination angles. There was a significant positive correlation between retention duration and the amount of expansion. The regression coefficient of the angle of buccal tooth inclination during expansion to the increment of the intermolar width was approximately 0.2. This means that 1 mm of expansion is accompanied by 5 degrees of molar lateral tipping. This coefficient is clinically useful for estimating the permissible limit for mandibular expansion.     

局部注射阿仑膦酸钠对大鼠正畸牙移动的影响

目的观察局部注射阿仑膦酸钠对大鼠正畸牙移动及牙周组织的影响。方法32只Wistar大鼠分为对照组和低剂量、中剂量、高剂量三个实验组,使用40g力牵其左侧上颌第一磨牙近中移动,实验中分别将生理盐水、0.02mmol/L、0.1mmol/L、0.5mmol/L的阿仑膦酸钠溶液注射入各组大鼠上颌第一磨牙近中腭侧的粘骨膜下,注射于实验前3d开始,每3天一次,每次50μl。分别在0、1、3、7、14、17、21d时取模法测量大鼠牙移动量。第21天取上颌组织块经固定、脱钙、脱水、包埋后切片,HE染色观察牙周组织变化,TRAP染色观察压力区破骨细胞数、破牙骨质细胞数,比较各组间是否有差异。结果①各实验组大鼠第一磨牙移动距离显著低于对照组,并随药物浓度增高其抑制效果增强。②实验组压力区破骨细胞数和破牙骨质细胞数显著低于对照组。结论局部注射不同浓度阿仑膦酸钠能获得不同的抑制牙齿移动的效果,可应用于临床中作为一种增强支抗的手段。     

Effect of misoprostol, a prostaglandin E1 analog, on orthodontic tooth movement in rats.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of oral administration of misoprostol, a prostaglandin E1 analog, on orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption in rats. Sixty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats that initially weighed 250 +/- 20 g were used in this study. The animals were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 experimental and 2 control (nonappliance and appliance) groups. The experimental groups received 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 25.0, 50.0, and 100.0 microg/kg misoprostol by gastric lavage every 24 hours for 2 weeks. A fixed orthodontic appliance consisting of a nickel-titanium closed-coil spring, 5.0 mm long was ligated between the maxillary right incisor and the maxillary right first molar. The initial activating force was 60 g. For analysis of root resorption, 99 maxillary right and left first molars from 61 animals were chosen. Serial histologic sections of the mesial root of the maxillary first molars were made, and histologic analysis of root resorption on the mesial and distal surfaces was performed. The results showed that oral misoprostol did increase the amount of orthodontic tooth movement in all the experimental groups compared with the appliance control group. This increase was statistically significant in doses of 10.0, 25.0, 50.0, and 100.0 microg/kg (P <.001). However, there were no statistically significant differences among these 4 different doses. There were no statistically significant differences in the amount of root resorption among the groups. However, a trend toward more root resorption was registered. On the basis of these findings, oral misoprostol can be used to enhance orthodontic tooth movement with minimal root resorption.     

The effect of pregnancy on orthodontic tooth movement in rats

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pregnancy on orthodontic tooth movement in Wistar rats. Material and Methods: Forty eight female three-month old Wistar rats with an average weight of 250±25 gr were selected and randomly divided into two experimental (pregnant) and control groups (non-pregnant). Maxillary central incisors were tipped distally by insertion of springs exerting 30g force. Two, seven and fourteen days after spring insertion animals were sacrificed. Then the mesioincisal distance between maxillary incisors were measured. Subsequently, histological sections were prepared to count osteoclasts under a light microscope. The data on the extent of orthodontic tooth movement, and the number of osteoclasts were analyzed by independent sample t-test. Results: The results indicated that 2,7 and 14 days after force application there was no significant difference in orthodontic tooth movement between experimental and control groups (p>0.05). The number of osteoclasts were significantly lower in the experimental group 7 and 14 days after spring insertion (p<0.05). Conclusion: Pregnancy may decrease the amount of tooth movement in the linear phase but it is not statistically significant. The number of osteoclasts is significantly decreased during pregnancy. Key words:Pregnancy, rat, orthodontic tooth movement, osteoclast.     

拔牙区骨改建对邻牙移动速度的影响

目的　本研究通过对拔牙创的骨改建进程及矫治力对牙齿移动的影响进行研究,为临床医生选择理想的矫治力和牙齿移动时机,缩短矫治时间提供依据。方法　取SD大鼠36只,随机分为3组,全麻下拔除一侧上颌第一磨牙,3月后拔除另一侧上颌第一磨牙。在拔牙后不同的时间制作口内矫治器,分别以0·30、0·60、1·36 N的力牵上颌第二磨牙向拔牙区移动,分别在施力前及施力后的第1、3、5、7、10、14天拍摄X线片,利用图像处理技术, 测量牙齿移动距离,以置入的拔髓针校正放大率。结果　①牙齿向新鲜拔牙区移动的速度明显大于向已愈合拔牙区移动的速度。②无论向新鲜拔牙区移动还是向已经愈合的拔牙区移动,0·30 N力组牙齿移动的距离在各时间点与0·60 N、1·36 N力组牙齿移动的距离之间存在显著的统计学差异;而0·60 N与1·36 N力组牙齿移动的距离之间基本上从第5天开始差别不大。③加力后牙齿移动周期一般包括三个阶段:瞬时运动;迟滞期;后期移动阶段。大约在第14天时,由于矫治力衰减,牙齿停止移动。结论　①牙齿向新鲜拔牙区移动速度快,而向已经愈合的拔牙区移动速度慢。②在矫治过程中,中等力较为合适;即使使用较大的力,也不一定引起较大的牙齿移动。     

Root resorption after local injection of prostaglandin E2 during experimental tooth movement.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of orthodontic root resorption in connection with local injection of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The material consisted of 25 male Wistar rats. The control group comprised six animals where no force was applied. In five animals 0.1 ml of 0.1 micrograms/microliter PGE2 was injected in the gingival area of the upper right first molar. In one animal no PGE2 was injected. The animals were killed after 3 days. The experimental tooth movement groups consisted of 19 animals. Duration of experiments was 3 days, 7 days, and 10 days. The maxillary first molars on both sides were each moved mesially by means of a coil spring. On the right side 0.1 ml of PGE2 0.1 micrograms/microliters was injected in the gingiva on the buccal side of the upper first molar on days 0, 3, 5, and 7. On the left side no injection of PGE2 was performed. In three animals in the 7-day group the vehicle (Waymouth medium) was injected. There was no significant difference in root resorption between the experimentally moved teeth with and without local injection of PGE2, but a trend towards more root resorption was registered on the teeth where such injections had been performed.