ALP、PSA及其相关指标与前列腺癌骨转移的关系

目的 探讨ALP、PSA及其相关指标(fPSA、fPSA/tPSA、PSAD)与前列腺癌骨转移的关系,及对前列腺癌骨转移诊断的预测作用.方法 回顾分析2005年9月至2009年2月在我院经前列腺穿刺活检或手术后病理检查确诊的167例前列腺癌患者.以ECT、X线片、CT/MRI或骨活检诊断骨转移,分析ALP、PSA、fPSA、fPSA/tPSA、PSAD与前列腺癌骨转移的关系及对骨转移的诊断价值.结果 167例前列腺癌患者中骨转移104例(62.3%),非骨转移63例(37.7%).骨转移组ALP、PSA及PSAD明显高于非骨转移组(均P<0.01),而两组间fPSA/tPSA差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).PSA>50 ng/ml组骨转移率明显高于PSA>20～50 ng/ml组、>10～20 ng/ml组和≤10 ng/ml组(均P<0.05);ALP>90 U/L组骨转移率明显高于ALP≤90 U/L组(P<0.05);PSAD>0.4 ng·ml-1·cm-3组骨转移率明显高于PSAD≤0.4 ng·ml-1·cm-3组(P<0.05).以ALP>90 U/L、PSA>50 ng/ml和PSAD>0.4 ng·ml-1·cm-3为界分别分析ALP、PSA、PSAD、PSA+ALP、PSA+PSAD和PSA+PSAD+ALP对前列腺癌骨转移诊断的预测价值,发现指标联合应用后阳性预测值及阴性预测值较单一指标好,PSA+PSAD+ALP联合应用的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值最佳,分别为100%、79.17%、91.38%及100%.结论 ALP、PSA及PSAD均为判断前列腺癌患者有无骨转移的可靠指标,PSA+PSAD+ALP联合应用有助于预测前列腺癌骨转移,当患者PSA<50 ng/ml、PSAD<0.4 ng·ml-1·cm-3及ALP<90 U/L时,几乎可排除骨转移.     

血清PSA与前列腺癌骨转移的关系

目的:探讨血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA)预测前列腺癌骨转移的价值.方法:以全身核素骨显像为金标准,回顾性分析放免法测定的58例前列腺癌骨转移和63例非骨转移患者血清PSA水平与骨转移的关系.结果:血清PSA≤10/μg/L者骨转移的发生率极低,发生率为0.PSA≥20 μg/L者有骨转移的可能,骨转移的发生率为50%.PSA≥40/μg/L者骨转移的可能性极大,骨转移的发生率为68%.结论:对于新诊断而未治疗的前列腺癌的患者,PSA<10μg/L者无骨痛或病理性骨折时不必行全身核素骨显像检查.PSA≥20μg/L者应常规行全身核素骨显像检查,以早期确诊前列腺癌骨转移.     

血清白细胞介素-6、铁蛋白和转铁蛋白在前列腺癌骨转移中的表达研究

目的:观察前列腺癌骨转移患者血清中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、铁蛋白(SF)、转铁蛋白(s Tf)、前列腺特异抗原(PSA)的变化情况。方法:选取179例前列腺癌患者,其中发生骨转移79例(骨转移组)、未发生转移100例(前列腺癌未转移组),并选取良性前列腺增生患者100例(前列腺增生组)作为对照,抽取清晨空腹静脉血3 m L,离心提取血清,采用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA法)检测血清中IL-6、SF、sTf、PSA的浓度。结果:前列腺癌未转移组IL-6、SF、s Tf、PSA分别为(12.6±7.1)μg/L、(132±15.6)ng/L、(7.5±3.3)μg/L、(14.5±5.6)μg/L,前列腺癌骨转移组IL-6、SF、sTf、PSA分别为(25.3±8.2)μg/L、(293±65.4)ng/L、(4.9±3.0)μg/L、(190.1±70.3)μg/L,前列腺增生组的IL-6、SF、s Tf、PSA分别为(10.1±5.5)μg/L、(121±7.1)ng/L、(8.3±3.4)μg/L、(5.6±3.7)μg/L;前列腺癌骨转移组中上述4个指标值与前列腺癌未转移组、前列腺增生组比较,有统计学差异。前列腺癌骨转移患者的血清IL-6、SF、s Tf值和PSA水平显著相关,对应的相关系数分别是0.289、0.320、—0.342,(P0.05)。结论:IL-6、SF、PSA在前列腺癌骨转移患者中高表达,s Tf低表达,可反映前列腺癌骨转移情况,对前列腺癌骨转移患者的诊断有重要意义。     

PSA、ECT骨显像诊断前列腺癌骨转移的临床价值

目的 :探讨前列腺特异抗原 (PSA)、发射型计算机断层扫描 (ECT)骨显像诊断前列腺癌骨转移的临床价值。方法 :对 6 7例 (骨转移组 4 4例 ,非骨转移组 2 3例 )前列腺癌病人的PSA、ECT与骨转移的关系进行回顾性分析。　结果 :ECT骨显像诊断前列腺癌骨转移的敏感性 91.6 7% ,骨显像表现为单个核素浓聚灶的病人 6例 ,仅 2例为前列腺癌骨转移。骨转移组与非骨转移组的PSA值差异有显著性 (87.2 8μg/Lvs 2 5 .37μg/L ,P <0 .0 1) ;PSA与骨转移的程度正相关 ,PSA <10 μg/L ,骨转移率为 0 ;PSA 10～ 2 0 μg/L ,骨转移率 7.6 9% ;PSA 2 0～ 6 0 μg/L ,骨转移率5 3.33% ;PSA 6 0～ 10 0 μg/L ,骨转移率 91.6 7% ;PSA >10 0 μg/L ,骨转移率 10 0 %。 　结论 :ECT骨显像对前列腺癌骨转移有较高的敏感性 ,但对单个转移灶诊断的特异性不高。对未经治疗的前列腺癌病人 ,PSA <10 μg/L ,前列腺癌骨转移的可能性极小 ;PSA >10 0 μg/L者 ,骨转移的可能性极大     

肾癌骨转移的相关预测及诊断因素分析

目的:探讨碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、血钙和血红蛋白(Hb)在预测和诊断肾癌骨转移的价值。方法:纳入病理诊断为肾透明细胞癌且后期随访有骨转移的患者14例为骨转移组。同期按1∶3匹配性别、年龄、肿瘤病理类型和随访时间,纳入肾癌无骨转移的患者42例为无骨转移组。分析两组之间各项指标的差异,明确肾癌骨转移的相关预测及诊断因素。结果:骨转移组患者的各项指标均显著高于无骨转移组(P<0.05)。二项式Logistic回归分析显示初诊肾癌ALP、骨转移后的ALP和骨转移独立相关(P<0.05)。ROC曲线显示初诊肾癌时患者ALP水平能较准确的预测骨转移风险(AUC=0.855),Cut-off值为108.5U/L;后期随访患者ALP水平能较准确的诊断骨转移风险(AUC=0.927),Cut-off值为81.5U/L。结论:初诊肾癌时,患者ALP>108.5U/L可预测后期发生骨转移的风险,肾癌后期随访的ALP>81.5U/L是判断患者是否合并骨转移的危险因素。     

不同ISUP分组初诊前列腺癌患者血清标志物与发生骨转移的相关性

目的探讨不同国际泌尿外科病理协会(ISUP)分组的初诊前列腺癌患者血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)与发生骨转移的相关性。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2018年12月收治的368例初诊前列腺癌患者的病例资料, 中山大学附属第三医院247例, 汕头大学医学院附属粤北人民医院111例, 南方医科大学深圳医院10例。根据初诊时是否伴有骨转移分为骨转移组230例和无骨转移组138例, 两组的年龄[(71.9±9.4)岁与(71.2±8.7)岁]、体质指数(BMI)[(23.1±3.7)kg/m2与(23.7±2.6)kg/m2]差异无统计学意义(P>0.05), PSA[(307.3±847.0)ng/ml与(84.5±257.3)ng/ml]、血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)[(174.5±270.8)U/L与(71.0±23.2)U/L]差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。368例中, PSA<10 ng/ml 45例、10～20 ng/ml 35例、>20 ng/ml 288例。根据不同ISUP分组, 比较骨转移组与无骨转移组的ALP、PSA差异。采用受...     

前列腺癌肿瘤组织中E-cadherin和N-cadherin的表达及意义

目的:探讨上皮-间质转化(EMT)相关蛋白E-cadherin和N-cadherin在中低危前列腺癌和高危前列腺癌中的表达差异,以及E-cadherin和N-cadherin的表达与患者年龄、血清PSA水平、肿瘤组织Gleason评分的关系。方法:回顾性分析42例前列腺癌患者临床资料,将前列腺癌分为高危组27例和中低危组15例。免疫组化法检测两组E-cadherin和N-cadherin的表达,并比较两组有无差异;同时分析E-cadherin和N-cadherin的表达阳性率与血清PSA值、肿瘤Gleason评分及患者年龄的关系。结果:E-cadherin在中低危组的表达水平高于高危组(6.1±0.51 vs 4.2±0.37,P0.01),并且在中低危组中表达阳性率显著高于高危组(73.3%vs 25.9%,P0.01),E-cadherin在PSA20μg/L的患者中表达阳性率高于PSA≥20μg/L的患者(66.7%vs 29.6%,P0.05),在Gleason评分5~7分的患者中,其表达阳性率明显高于Gleason评分8~10分的患者(60.9%vs 21.1%,P0.05)。N-cadherin在中低危组的表达水平低于高危组(3.7±0.32 vs 7.5±0.58,P0.01),并且在中低危组中的表达阳性率低于高危组中(13.3%vs 59.3%,P0.05),在Gleason评分5~7分的患者中,其表达阳性率明显低于Gleason评分8~10分的患者(26.1%vs 63.2%,P0.05),N-cadherin在PSA20μg/L和PSA≥20μg/L的患者中表达阳性率没有差异(P0.05)。E-cadherin和N-cadherin在年龄≥70岁和70岁的患者中表达阳性率均没有明显差异(P0.05)。结论:E-cadherin和N-cadherin在高危前列腺癌和中低危前列腺癌表达阳性率及表达水平存在差异,即两者与前列腺癌的侵袭转移有关,并且E-cadherin和N-cadherin的表达可能与前列腺癌Glesaon评分、血清PSA水平有关。     

前列腺特异抗原联合分级对前列腺癌患者分期的预测

目的探讨血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA)联合分级对前列腺癌患者的分期进行预测的方法。方法回顾分析我院泌尿外科187例穿刺活检诊断为前列腺癌患者的临床资料。采用等级相关分析、秩和检验、逐步判别多因素分析方法,分析血清PSA水平、游离PSA百分比(FPSA/TPSA值)与Gleason评分(GS)、分期的关系。结果前列腺癌患者GS越高,血清PSA水平越高(r=0.369,P<0.001)。分期越晚,血清PSA、GS越高(r=0.398,0.530,P均<0.001)。FPSA/TPSA值与分期不相关(P>0.70),但当PSA≤10μg/L时,FPSA/TPSA值与分期呈负相关(r=-0.600,P<0.05)。当PSA>20μg/L时,67%~87%的患者可能为C或D期。用PSA、GS预测分期的公式为x=-3.488+0.041×PSA+0.428×GS。结论血清PSA水平与GS呈正相关。血清PSA水平、GS分别与分期呈正相关。当PSA≤10μg/L时,FPSA/TPSA值与分期呈负相关。运用判别公式x=-3.488+0.041×PSA+0.428×GS可以预测前列腺癌患者的分期。     

前列腺癌骨转移患者血清中卵泡抑制素样蛋白1的表达及临床相关性研究

目的:探讨卵泡抑素样蛋白1(FSTL1)在前列腺癌骨转移患者中的表达,以及血清FSTL1与机体慢性炎性因子白介素6(IL-6)、细胞生长分化调节相关因子骨形成蛋白6(BMP6)的相关性,探讨血清FSTL1对前列腺癌骨转移的临床应用价值。方法:采用ELISA法测定35例前列腺癌骨转移患者和30例良性前列腺增生(BPH)患者血清FSTL1、IL-6、BMP6水平,并进行相关性分析。结果:前列腺癌骨转移组血清FSTL1的表达水平[(20.23±8.69)μg/L]较BPH组[(35.45±12.35)μg/L]明显降低(P0.01);血清IL-6、BMP6表达[(23.56±20.17)μg/L、(428.30±178.40)μg/L]较BPH组[(11.21±8.62)μg/L、(293.50±39.72)μg/L]明显增高(P0.05);前列腺癌骨转移组的血清FSTL1的表达与IL-6、BMP6呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.971、-0.972(P0.05)。结论:前列腺癌骨转移患者血清FSTL1的表达降低,并且和体内炎症因子、细胞转化因子有关,为临床判断前列腺癌的发生及进展提供了新的生物学标记,为前列腺癌治疗提供了新的生物学靶向分子。     

总前列腺特异抗原、游离前列腺特异抗原、碱性磷酸酶和Gleason评分联合检测对前列腺癌骨转移的预测价值

探讨总前列腺特异抗原（tPSA）、游离前列腺特异抗原（fPSA）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）和Gleason评分与前列腺癌骨转移的关系,评价联合检测对前列腺癌骨转移的预测价值。 方法 回顾性分析2015年1月1日至2018年11月1日在本院临床诊断为良性前列腺增生或前列腺癌的患者（tPSA>10 ng/mL）以及健康体检人群的临床资料,其中前列腺癌患者又经核素骨显像分为骨转移组和非骨转移组;共收集304例完整病例进行分析,其中前列腺癌骨转移组48例(15.8%）,前列腺癌未发生骨转移组116例（38.2%）,良性前列腺增生组56例（18.4%）,健康对照组84例（27.6%）。检测分析所有患者的tPSA 、fPSA、ALP值及Gleason评分。结果 任意两组之间的tPSA、fPSA比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;前列腺癌骨转移组的ALP均高于其他三组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;前列腺癌骨转移组的Gleason评分高于非骨转移组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,对不同分化程度的前列腺癌患者骨转移率进行比较,发现低风险组的骨转移率明显低于中高风险组（P<0.05）。单指标tPSA、fPSA和ALP预测前列腺癌骨转移时,绘制ROC曲线下面积分别为0.664、0.700和0.783,其cut off值分别为57.47 ng/mL、8.44 ng/mL、85.47 U/L;三项指标联合检测时发现tPSA+fPSA+ALP的特异度和阳性预测值分别达86.20%和64.40%,高于单指标和两项指标联合检测。结论 对于怀疑有骨转移的前列腺癌患者,不宜单独用血清前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）浓度来判断骨转移,应联合tPSA、fPSA、ALP三者及Gleason评分对前列腺癌患者发生骨转移风险的预测。     

Routine bone scans in patients with prostate cancer related to serum prostate-specific antigen and alkaline phosphatase

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the need for a bone scan as a routine staging procedure in patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer in relation to serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, and thus determine whether a reduction of the use of this staging method is possible in patients with a low probability of osseous metastasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The results of bone scans were related retrospectively to levels of serum PSA and ALP in 363 patients with prostate cancer newly diagnosed between 1989 and 1997. RESULTS: Of 363 consecutive patients, 111 had a positive bone scan. In 19 of 144 (13%, "missed diagnosis") patients with a PSA level of < 20 ng/mL the bone scan was positive. In 125 patients (49%, "false-positives") with a PSA level of > 20 ng/mL the bone scan was negative. A threshold level of 100 U/L for ALP gave a better balance for the number of "false-positives" and "missed diagnosis". ALP values correlated better with an abnormal bone scan than did PSA levels; ALP levels of > 90 U/L indicated a 60% chance for the presence of bone metastases. CONCLUSION: Patients with newly diagnosed and untreated prostate cancer should undergo bone scintigraphy if there is bone pain or if ALP levels are > 90 U/L. Recent reports discourage the routine use of a bone scan when the serum PSA level is <20 ng/mL. However, the present series suggests there is a greater chance of a positive bone scan in patients with low PSA levels; these findings need further confirmation.     

Prediction of bone metastases by combination of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and prostate specific antigen in patients with prostate cancer

Objective:   The clinical value of serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP), prostate specific antigen (PSA), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and prostatic acid phosphatase (PACP) for the prediction of bone metastases in prostate cancer were investigated.
Methods:   TRACP, PACP, ALP, and PSA serum levels were measured in 215 patients with prostate cancer, including 160 without and 55 with bone metastases. Correlation of serum marker levels with bone metastases was assessed using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values were calculated for each serum marker. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors for the presence of bone metastasis.
Results:   Mean serum TRACP, PACP, ALP, and PSA levels were significantly elevated in patients with bone metastases compared with those without ( P  < 0.05). PSA and PACP levels increased significantly with clinical stage of the disease, whereas TRACP and ALP levels only increased significantly in stage D2. Serum TRACP levels correlated significantly with extent of disease on bone scans. ROC analyses showed no significant differences in area under the curve for these markers. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that PSA, ALP, and TRACP were significant predictors of bone metastasis. Predicted and observed risks of bone metastasis were well correlated when TRACP, ALP, and PSA were combined and bone scan could have been omitted in 70% of patients by assessing these three markers.
Conclusions:   Serum TRACP can be considered a useful predictor of bone metastases in prostate cancer. A combination of TRACP, ALP, and PSA can obviate the need for a bone scan in 70% of cases.     

PSA和SPECT骨显像在前列腺癌诊断治疗中的意义

目的：研究PSA、SPECT骨显像在前列腺癌诊断及治疗中的临床意义。方法：对100例经临床确诊的前列腺癌患者全部行血清PSA测定及全身骨显像。结果：发生骨转移的患者为81％,PSA≥20tμg／I．的患者发生骨转移的为60％。结论：血清PSA与骨显像联检对前列腺癌临床诊断、疗效观察及预后判定具有重要的指导意义。     

Radionuclide bone scintigraphy in patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy: when is it indicated?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of radionuclide bone scintigraphy following biochemical recurrence after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) for localized prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of 1197 patients undergoing RRP we identified those with biochemical recurrence and who had also had a bone scan. Biochemical recurrence was defined as a prostate specific antigen (PSA) level of > or = 0.4 ng/mL. Patients with indeterminate bone scan findings and those in whom the interval between the PSA test and the bone scan was >3 months were excluded. Patient age, PSA level and other relevant pathological details were recorded. Clinical symptoms at the time of bone scan, androgen deprivation after RRP, bone scintigram details and time to recurrence were documented. RESULTS: Of the 1197 patients, 153 (12.8%) had a biochemical recurrence and 35 (23%) of these had a total of 44 bone scans taken over a mean (sd) follow-up of 70.4 (35.6) months; 34 (77%) bone scans were negative (group 1) and 10 (33%) positive (group 2). In group 1 the mean PSA at the bone scan was 5.2 ng/mL; 76% of the patients had a PSA of < 7 ng/mL. In group 2 the mean PSA at the bone scan was 30.7 ng/mL and all patients had a PSA of >7 ng/mL. The only significant difference between the groups was the PSA at the time of the bone scan (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Bone scintigraphy is a sensitive diagnostic tool for detecting prostate cancer metastases to bone. A bone scan in patients with a serum PSA of <7 ng/mL on biochemical recurrence after RRP is unlikely to be positive, whereas a PSA of > or = 20 ng/mL is. The presence of skeletal symptoms or a PSA level of >7 ng/mL should prompt the clinician to obtain a bone scintigram.     

Influence of local tumour stage and grade on reliability of serum prostate-specific antigen in predicting skeletal metastases in patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) can be reliably used to predict the absence or presence of skeletal metastases on the bone scan in patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate. METHODS: We studied 450 consecutive men presenting with adenocarcinoma of the prostate between 1991 and 1995. Serum PSA was measured by the Hybritech Tandem-R monoclonal immunoradiometric assay and bone scanning was performed with 99m-technetium-labelled methylene diphosphonate. In total, 46 patients were excluded for one or more of the following reasons: serum PSA not available; radionuclide bone scan inconclusive; histology of the prostate other than adenocarcinoma; hormonal or other therapy given prior to obtaining the serum PSA and/or bone scan. RESULTS: Of the 404 patients included, 43% had poorly differentiated (grade 3), 74% had locally advanced (stages T3-4) tumours and 50% had skeletal metastases. The mean and median serum PSA were 348 and 52 ng/ml, respectively, and 77% of the patients had a serum PSA >20 ng/ml. The negative predictive value (for the absence of metastases on bone scan) of a serum PSA <20 ng/ml was 87% for the whole group of patients, 92, 94 and 70% for grade 1, 2 and 3 tumours, and 95, 83 and 50% for stage T1-2, T3 and T4 tumours, respectively. The positive predictive value (for the presence of metastases on bone scan) of a serum PSA >100 ng/ml was 80% for the whole group of patients. CONCLUSIONS: In patients presenting with adenocarcinoma of the prostate, serum PSA alone is not sufficiently reliable to predict the absence or presence of metastases on the radionuclide bone scan. In patients with grade 3 and clinical stage T3-4 tumours, a bone scan should be obtained for accurate staging, regardless of the serum PSA value.     

Serum alkaline phosphatase flare in prostate cancer accompanied by bone metastases and treated with hormonal therapy. TEKK Study Group

To clarify the roles of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) flare in prostate cancer accompanied by bone metastases and treated with hormonal therapy, we evaluated the clinicopathological character, treatment efficacy and outcome for patients with and without ALP flare. We evaluated 60 patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer accompanied by bone metastases and treated with hormonal therapy, whose response in terms of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels showed a partial response (PR) or better response. The patients were classified into two groups, an ALP flare group (13 cases) and a non-ALP flare group (47 cases). The former showed serum ALP elevation of more than double, and the latter less than double that of pretreatment levels following hormonal therapy. Patient characteristics, PSA response and outcome were compared between the two groups. Extent of disease (EOD) as grade of bone metastasis was significantly higher in the ALP flare group than in the non-flare group (p = 0.0352). Pre-treatment serum PSA levels were also significantly higher in the ALP flare group (p = 0.0010). However, there were no significant differences in pretreatment serum ALP levels. Serum PSA levels were normalized in 37 of the 47 patients (78.7%) in the non-ALP flare group compared with 6 of the 13 (46.2%) in the ALP flare group (p = 0.0211). Moreover, the period until biochemical failure was significantly shorter for the ALP flare than the non-flare group (p = 0.0027). These results suggest that prostate cancer patients with bone metastases in whom ALP flare is observed in response to hormonal therapy tend to have more extensive bone metastases, high pretreatment PSA levels, to be resistant to PSA normalization and more likely to experience biochemical failure.     

MRI of the skeleton in prostate cancer staging

OBJECTIVE: To explore the value of MRI in the detection of bone metastases in newly diagnosed prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: MRI examinations of the axial skeleton in 76 patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer were reviewed, and the relation of these findings to the serum level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) was examined. RESULTS: MRI indicated bone metastases in 26/76 patients (34%) in the entire study group, in 4/24 (17%) with serum PSA <20 ng/ml and in 22/52 (42%) with serum PSA >20 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that MRI is a more sensitive indicator of suspected bone metastases than bone scintigraphy in the low range of serum PSA, but less sensitive in the high range. Further studies of MRI and bone scintigraphy in parallel in patients with serum PSA <20 ng/ml are needed to elucidate their relative value in the staging of patients with prostate cancer.     

Radionuclide bone scan in patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. Clinical aspects and cost analysis

BACKGROUND: The indication for a radionuclide bone scan in patients with newly diagnosed, untreated prostate cancer remains controversial. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study we examined 406 patients who had received a staging bone scan irrespective of their PSA serum level and histology. We evaluated different guidelines and recommendations with respect to their usefulness. The costs were calculated according to EBM and GOA. We evaluated the classification systems of bone metastases according to Soloway, Crawford, and Rigaud. RESULTS: The bone scan was positive in 41 (10%) of 406 patients. The EAU guidelines turned out to be useful with respect to both clinical value and cost efficiency. The Rigaud classification of bone metastases predicted outcome better than the Soloway or Crawford classification. CONCLUSIONS: The EAU guidelines from 2005 are a useful tool to decide whether to perform a bone scan in patients with newly diagnosed, untreated prostate cancer. A bone scan should be performed if PSA levels exceed 20 ng/ml in patients with a G1/G2 histology, and in patients with G3 histology and locally advanced disease irrespective of PSA level. Bone scan metastases should be classified according to Rigaud.