甲状腺肿触诊法可靠性辩析

三位医生分别对２５５名儿童进行了甲状腺触诊检查，Ａ医生检出率为１５．６９％，Ｂ医生为３０．５９％，Ｃ医生为２１．５７％。Ａ与Ｂ医生甲肿率符合率（Ｋａｐｐａ值）是０．３２，Ａ与Ｃ医生符合是０．４０，Ｂ与Ｃ医生符合度是０．２５，重复性差，可信程度低。三位医生触诊与“Ｂ超”检查结果比较，符合度分别为Ａ医生０．２１，Ｂ医生０．１１Ｃ０．１４，符合度很低，真实性很差。作者对研究结果做了扼要讨论，并提供了相应     

Sexual Risk Cognitions Questionnaire: A reliability and validity study

The Sexual Risk Cognitions Questionnaire was designed to assess the type and frequency of cognitions associated with unsafe sex. It consists of 22 core items (SRCQ-22) with six subsections. Each subsection consists of 8-12 items designed for specific subgroups defined by gender, sexual orientation and HIV serostatus. Data on reliability and validity are presented based on a sample of 344 respondents in London. Reliability for all sections of the questionnaire was high but sample numbers were relatively small for some subsections. Validity for the SRCQ-22 was assessed in terms of its relationship with self-reported sexual behaviour among men who have sex with men who made up the largest proportion (70%) of the sample. The results indicate that the SRCQ-22 is a reliable measure for assessing cognitions related to HIV risk sexual behaviour in this population and supports the view that they are important determinants of safe and unsafe behaviour.     

Disease activity score for children with juvenile dermatomyositis: reliability and validity evidence

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability and validity of the Disease Activity Score (DAS), an instrument used to evaluate children with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM). METHODS: Psychometric study of internal consistency, reliability, rater agreement, and the relationship with measures of muscle strength and disability was conducted. RESULTS: The DAS ratings are internally consistent (reliability = 0.89) and describe a wide range of disease activity. The pediatric rheumatologists in this study agree on the presence of most of the disease indicators. Their disagreements tend to cancel each other, resulting in highly correlated (r = 0.79) overall measures across raters. Estimates of muscle weakness using the DAS and ratings of muscle strength obtained independently from therapists are highly related (r = -0.77), but estimates of disease activity and disability are weakly related (r = 0.20). CONCLUSION: The DAS exhibits evidence of good reliability and validity. The combination of skin and muscle strength assessments makes this easily administered instrument a useful addition in the evaluation of children with JDM.     

Toxin-based selection of insulin-producing cells with improved defense properties for islet cell transplantation

Insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells are known to be extremely susceptible to destruction, primarily by autoimmune mechanisms, infectious agents, and by chemical toxins that cause overt type I diabetes. As development of highly protected insulin-producing cells would be important for successful cell therapy of diabetic patients, gene transfection technique was utilized by several investigators in order to improve the defense properties of transplanted cells. In this article, we summarize other approaches based on a selection strategy that has been developed in our laboratory and by other research groups that engineer pancreatic beta-cells to provide protection against diabetogenic toxins (streptozotocin and alloxan), oxidative stress and cytokines. Selection strategies based on acute repeated or long-term continuous treatment of cell lines with cytotoxic agents have resulted in the selection of highly resistant cell subpopulations. We discuss possible involvement of different expression of cytoprotective genes in the selection of cell subpopulations, which demonstrate a broad spectrum of resistance. Importantly, toxin-based selection did not impair functional activity of the cells as it was shown in vitro. In addition, selected cells preserved their improved metabolic characteristics following encapsulation in alginate and subsequent implantation in diabetic animals. Identifying the mechanisms through which cell defense properties act will help clarify the process responsible for beta-cell regeneration in type I diabetes patients. Such knowledge might be useful in developing strategies focusing on the regeneration of beta-cell resistant populations.     

A systematic review of the validity and reliability of sedentary behaviour measures used with children and adolescents

The aim of this review was to evaluate the reliability and validity of methods used to assess the multiple components of sedentary behaviour (i.e. screen time, sitting, not moving and existing at low energy expenditure) in children and adolescents. Twenty‐six studies met our inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Thirteen studies reported the reliability of self‐ and proxy‐report measures of sedentary behaviour and seven of these were found to have acceptable test–retest reliability. Evidence for the criterion validity of self‐ and proxy‐report measures was examined in three studies with mixed results. Seven studies examined the reliability and/or validity of direct observation and the findings were generally positive. Five studies demonstrated the utility of accelerometers to accurately classify sedentary behaviour. Self‐report measures provide reliable estimates of screen time, yet their validity remains largely untested. While accelerometers can accurately classify participants' behaviour as sedentary, they do not provide information about type of sedentary behaviour or context. Studies utilizing measures of sedentary behaviour need to more adequately report on the validity and reliability of the measures used. We recommend the use of objective measures of sedentary behaviour such as accelerometers, in conjunction with subjective measures (e.g. self‐report), to assess type and context of behaviour.     

The reliability and validity of self-reported weight and height

The reliability and validity of measures of self-reported weight and height are analyzed by using data on 3373 people 14–61 yr of age. Results indicate that these measures are remarkably accurate indicators of actual weight and height. The measures are valid and reliable, even in groups of people for whom one might expect the data to be of a poorer quality, such as those who are severely overweight. Nevertheless, there are some group differences in reliability and validity that may be important in some types of studies.     

胰岛细胞替代及再生治疗现状

本综述介绍了胰岛细胞再生治疗的相关方法,包括替代/植入治疗并实现患者体内真正的胰岛再生方法.主要是向临床医师介绍这种方法的实施、治疗现状以及所面临的技术及伦理上的挑战.     

几种焦虑症状筛查量表信度和效度的比较

目的:比较几种焦虑症状筛查量表的信度和效度。方法:对某三级综合医院的内、外、妇科门诊患者按比例随机抽样,使用简易焦虑问卷、医院焦虑抑郁量表、7条目广泛性焦虑量表、2条目广泛性焦虑量表、患者健康问卷的焦虑量表做问卷调查,并用国际神经精神科简式访谈问卷进行访谈。共收集有效问卷300份。随机抽取其中50例(实际有效35例),在初次访谈后的7~14 d进行重测。比较各量表的信度和效度。结果:各个量表的Cronbachα信度系数为0.796～0.932,重测信度为0.820～0.906。筛查广泛性焦虑阳性最多的是医院焦虑抑郁量表,为12例,最少的是患者健康问卷的焦虑量表,为9例。灵敏度以医院焦虑抑郁量表的75%为最高,其余均在60%左右;特异度均在85%以上。各量表的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积为0.869～0.963,以患者健康问卷的焦虑量表为最大,2条目广泛性焦虑量表为最小。结论:几种量表均具有良好的信度和效度,各有优势,在筛查焦虑症状上具有一定的价值,可以根据具体情况选用。     

The revised scale for caregiving self-efficacy: reliability and validity studies.

Two samples of family caregivers (Study 1: N = 169; Study 2: N = 145) of cognitively impaired older adults were used to revise, extend, and evaluate a measure of perceived self-efficacy for caregiving tasks. The Revised Scale for Caregiving Self-Efficacy measures 3 domains of caregiving self-efficacy: Obtaining Respite, Responding to Disruptive Patient Behaviors, and Controlling Upsetting Thoughts. The 3 subscales show strong internal consistency and adequate test-retest reliability. Construct validity is supported by relationships between these 3 facets of perceived caregiving efficacy and depression, anxiety, anger, perceived social support, and criticism expressed in speech samples. The Revised Scale for Caregiving Self-Efficacy has potential uses for both research and clinical purposes.     

医学统计学试卷的信度与效度分析

目的 分析医学统计学试卷的信度与效度,为评价试卷质量提供科学依据.方法 以某高校2005级骨伤班学生为研究对象,收集2008-2009学年第1学期医学统计学等7门课程的成绩,以邓小平理论等6门课的成绩为参考,运用SPSS11.0软件对医学统计学考试成绩进行分析.结果医学统计学试卷的难度为0.76,区分度为0.32,克朗巴赫α系数为0.62,标化α系数为0.65,效标效度为0.50,区分效度佳(P<0.001).结论 该试卷具有良好的信度和效度,是一份设计合理的医学统计学试卷,但仍有改进的空间.     

Preliminary reliability and validity of a family caregiver conflict scale for stroke

Recovery from stroke is a challenging process for stroke survivors and their families. Assessing family conflict may be useful in guiding interventions to reduce caregiver distress. The purpose of this study was to assess preliminary reliability and validity data for a 15-item family caregiver conflict scale [FCCS] for stroke. Construct validity was assessed using subscales from the family assessment device: communication, problem solving, general family functioning, and a perceived criticism scale. Data were pooled from three studies of caregivers of stroke survivors (total N=93). Internal consistency for the FCCS was adequate (>0.70). Higher family conflict was related to more ineffective family communication, general family functioning, and higher perceived criticism (p > or =0.05). Nonspouse caregivers reported more family conflict than spouse caregivers. The FCCS appears to have adequate internal consistency and construct validity and may provide information about family conflicts around stroke recovery and direction for family-focused interventions.     

The validity,reliability and generalizability of diary data

There is need for reliable and valid behavioral measures for field research. Five sets of data were analyzed, in which diary as well as interview approaches were taken. Results suggest that scores derived from one-week diaries have satisfactory construct validity (convergent, concurrent, predictive and nomological); that, for salient activities, they are less subjective to retrospective bias than are interview data and that, for this reason, interview-diary discrepancies may be useful for hypothesis testing. For items of neutral value, interview and diary provided remarkably similar values. A one-day diary was not an adequate substitute for a one-week diary. Attrition related to diary-keeping resulted in under-representation of certain groups (e.g., low income, little education, minority ethnicity, poor health), and conclusions would be different if based on diarists' responses or those of the intact sample.     

Current concepts in validity and reliability for psychometric instruments: theory and application

Validity and reliability relate to the interpretation of scores from psychometric instruments (eg, symptom scales, questionnaires, education tests, and observer ratings) used in clinical practice, research, education, and administration. Emerging paradigms replace prior distinctions of face, content, and criterion validity with the unitary concept "construct validity," the degree to which a score can be interpreted as representing the intended underlying construct. Evidence to support the validity argument is collected from 5 sources: CONTENT: Do instrument items completely represent the construct? RESPONSE PROCESS: The relationship between the intended construct and the thought processes of subjects or observers. INTERNAL STRUCTURE: Acceptable reliability and factor structure. RELATIONS TO OTHER VARIABLES: Correlation with scores from another instrument assessing the same construct. CONSEQUENCES: Do scores really make a difference? Evidence should be sought from a variety of sources to support a given interpretation. Reliable scores are necessary, but not sufficient, for valid interpretation. Increased attention to the systematic collection of validity evidence for scores from psychometric instruments will improve assessments in research, patient care, and education.     

Constant-load cycle endurance performance: test-retest reliability and validity in patients with COPD

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rest-retest reliability and validity of a constant-load endurance exercise test on a cycle ergometer with a workload of 75% of maximal work capacity (W(max)) in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In 60 patients with COPD (FEV(1) 40 +/- 15% pred), exercise endurance time was measured with a constant-load endurance exercise tests at 75% of W(max), on two different occasions. In a subgroup of 20 patients, test-retest reliability of the measurement of end-exercise ventilatory and metabolic responses was assessed. Validity of the cycle endurance test was assessed comparing endurance time and total work performed during the cycle endurance test to peak oxygen uptake (VO(2peak)) and the 12-minute walking distance (12MWD).Test and retest assessments of cycle endurance time did not differ statistically significantly (P =.40). Highly significant intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC > or = 0.85; P <.001) were found between test and retest of assessment of endurance time as well as of end-exercise ventilatory and metabolic responses. In addition, statistically significant correlation coefficients were found between VO(2peak) and endurance time (r = 0.50; P =.001) and total work performed (r = 0.72; P <.001) during the constant-load cycle test. Significant correlation coefficients of the same magnitude were found between 12MWD and endurance time (r = 0.58; P =.001) and total work performed (r = 0.72; P <.001) during the constant-load cycle test. It is concluded that constant-load exercise testing on a cycle ergometer with a workload of 75% of maximal work capacity is a reliable and valid method to assess exercise endurance in patients with COPD.     

A benzodiazepine mood effect scale: reliability and validity determined for alcohol-dependent subjects and adults with a parental history of alcoholism.

The Tufts Addiction Research Center Inventory--Morphine Benzedrine Group (ARCI-MBG) scale was designed to measure benzodiazepine-induced mood elevation. The reliability and validity of the Tufts ARCI-MBG scale were determined in 64 subjects with a history of alcoholism (HA), a positive history of parental alcoholism, defined as one or both parents meeting DSM-III-R criteria for alcohol dependence (PHP), and matched control subjects. Significant correlations were found for within-day Tufts ARCI-MBG scale scores for all groups and for between-day scores for PHP and matched control subjects. Interitem reliability was significant for pooled baseline scores. For HA subjects, correlations between mean Tufts ARCI-MBG scale and Drug Liking scores that were obtained after either alprazolam or diazepam administration were significant. These results suggest that the Tufts ARCI-MBG scale is a reliable test that is a valid measure of benzodiazepine-induced mood elevation.     

Assessment of the reliability and validity of the arthritis impact measurement scales for children with juvenile arthritis

There are few multidimensional measures of functional status in children, and none have been developed for children with juvenile arthritis (JA). This report describes an attempt to apply selected components of the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS), which were developed and validated for adults, to a sample of children with active JA (n = 60) or inactive JA (n = 17). Our results suggest that the Pain scale and the Physical Activity scale are the most reliable measures for children with JA; the correlations of the Pain scale, Physical Activity scale, and Dexterity scale results with the clinical measures of JA diagnostic category and joint count support the convergent validity of these scales for the active JA group; and the AIMS revised Physical Disability dimension and the Pain dimension, used to predict the children's classification in the active or inactive JA group, evidence discriminant validity. Additional studies of children with a wider range of impairments are needed to further assess the usefulness of the AIMS for children with JA.