Erosive effect of a sport drink mixture with and without addition of fluoride and magnesium on the molar teeth of rats

Abstract – A sport drink mixture (pH 3.2), either as such or supplemented with 15 ppm F or 38.5 ppm Mg or both, was given to Osborne-Mendel rats as the only liquid for 42 days. The erosion was scored on the lingual surfaces of the first mandibular molar teeth. Sport drink caused marked erosion, but in the groups where fluoride, alone or with magnesium, was added to the drink, the erosion damages were less severe. Magnesium alone had no clear effect on erosion. Dental plaque, induced by a powdered diet containing 15% sucrose, seemed to modify the erosion process by covering a part of the enamel and thus protecting these areas from the direct effect of acidic drink.     

Effect of a sport drink mixture with and without addition of fluoride and magnesium on plaque formation, dental caries and general health of rats

A sport drink mixture (pH 3.2) containing 6% sucrose was given to Osborne-Mendel rats for 42 days. In some experimental groups the drink was supplemented with 15 ppm F, 38.5 ppm Mg or both F and Mg. The rats were fed a slightly cariogenic powdered diet containing 15% sucrose. Sport drink mixture increased significantly the accumulation of plaque but, compared with a group that drank distilled water, did not affect caries. Addition of fluoride to the sport drink mixture, alone or with magnesium, significantly reduced caries and tended to decrease plaque; addition of magnesium had no clear effect on plaque or caries. In spite of the fact that the rats had a sport drink mixture as the only drink for 6 wk, there were no untoward effects on growth, in histological studies of the inner organs, or in Ca, Mg, Na and K contents of kidney, heart and aorta.     

Effect of fluoride on gingivitis and dental caries in a preventive program based on plaque control

ABSTRACT The purpose of the investigation was to estimate the relative effect of fluoride on caries in a preventive program based on meticulous plaque control. The material consisted of 82 children; 41 in the test and 41 in the control group. At the start of the study the children were 13–14 years of age. In August 1973 an examination was performed to obtain baseline data for the trial. Prophylactic treatment was given to the children once every second week. A total of 18 treatments were given during a 10-month period. In the control group an abrasive paste was used containing 5 % sodium monofluorophosphate (Jodka Fluor Polerpasta®). In the test group an abrasive paste was used which was identical with the control paste except that it did not contain any fluoride components. Twelve months after the baseline examination the test and control groups were reexamined. The trial demonstrated that, in children, fortnightly professional cleaning of the teeth combined with meticulous toothbrushing instructions result in (1) a high standard of oral hygiene and (2) only very few new carious surfaces. Though the control group children received fortnightly topical application of F^? during the prophylactic sessions and used a fluoridated dentifrice, there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding number of new carious tooth surfaces per child per year.     

Arrestment of caries in rats by adding fluoride and magnesium to the diet

Abstract – 90 weanling Osborne-Mendel rats were divided into six groups of 15 animals each. Half of them received a modified MIT 200 control diet in which one third of the sucrose of the original formula was replaced by high-extraction wheat flour, magnesium content reduced to 360 parts/10⁶ and phosphorus content increased with NaH₂PO₄ 2H₂O to 0.49%. For the experimental diet, an additive containing 75 parts/10⁶ fluoride (as NaF) and 50 parts/10⁶ magnesium (as MgO) was mixed into the above composition. Each diet was given to three experimental or three control groups for 25, 40, or 55d. Caries involving dentin-enamel junction was significantly reduced through the F + Mg addition by 37%, 51%, and 61% on the 25th, 40th, and 55th day, respectively. Caries involving dentin was significantly reduced by 58%, 68%, and 70%, respectively. Caries arrestment was observable in both the control rats and rats fed the F + Mg additive but in the latter animals the reduction meant an arrestment at a lower level than in controls. This arrestment resembles an early caries arrestment obtained recently in a clinical trial by fluoridation of dietary sugar products. The growth of the animals was only temporarily retarded by the additives.     

Effect of dextranase on plaque formation and caries development in the rat

abstract — Plaque formation and caries development were studied in 0-M rats fed Diet 2000 and infected with S. mutans 6715 and fecal flora from older caries-active rats. Merck dextranase, Beckman dextranase or Beckman glucanase 447 were administered singly or in combination to groups of 12 rats either as an addition to the diet or as a "mouthwash" twice daily, 5 d per week. All enzymes studied were associated with significant inhibition of both plaque formation and caries development, especially on the buccal and lingual surfaces.     

Associations between the total fluoride content of dental plaque and individual caries experience in Australian children

Individual caries experience (DMFT) and the total fluoride content of dental plaque were determined for 72 schoolchildren, aged 9.7-13.0 years, lifelong residents in one of three New South Wales towns, where the fluoride levels of the reticulated water supplies were: Katoomba, less than 0.1 parts/10(6); Sydney, 1.0 parts/10(6) for 4 years; and Yass, 1.0 parts/10(6) for 16 years, prior to sampling. The mean fluoride content of plaque in Sydney (22.6, s.d. = +/- 16.8 parts/10(6)) and Yass (25.6, s.d. = +/- 16.4 parts/10(6)) differed significantly (t = 2.27, P less than 0.05 and t = 3.30, P less than 0.02, respectively) from that in Katoomba (13.5, s.d. = +/- 8.3 parts/10(6)). Significant inverse associations were demonstrated between total plaque fluoride and individual caries experience (DMFT) in Sydney (r = -0.45, P less than 0.025) and overall (r = -0.28, P less than 0.010). Inverse trends were established between plaque quantity (dry weight of plaque collected) and fluoride levels. No associations could be demonstrated between fluoride treatment (dentifrice, tablets or topical application) and plaque fluoride, DMFT or plaque quantity.     

Effect on dental caries of a dental public health program for Danish schoolchildren

ABSTRACT The effect of a dental public health program comprising schoolchildren under the Danish Act on Child Dental Health has been evaluated after 5 years of operation. The program comprised complete restorative care for all children from kindergarten through the 9th grade (16 years of age), but only children attending kindergarten through third grade (10 years) are included in the present study. Each grade comprised approximately 50 children. A number of preventive procedures such as topical fluoride application, oral hygiene instruction and various other educational procedures have been used. The treatment services resulted in almost complete elimination of the “D” component and the “M” component in the DMFS index. The preventive services resulted in marked reductions in the total DMFS index, and almost complete elimination of new carious lesions after enrollment in the program. The non-experimental nature of the study makes it impossible to determine the effect of each one of the preventive procedures used in the program.     

The effects of medium chain fatty acids and fluoride on fissure caries in Wistar rats

This work was to compare the degree of caries protection provided by fatty acids with chain lengths of 9-12 carbons and to assess the anti-caries potential of a fluoride-fatty acid mixture. Male Wistar rats were weaned at 21 days, maintained on a standard laboratory diet for 7 days and then provided with a cariogenic, 45% sucrose diet for 34 days. This regimen produced a very reproducible degree of fissure caries and the inclusion of 1% powdered potassium nonanoate or decanoate in the diet gave large and significant reductions in total and advanced lesions. Decanoate was significantly more inhibitory towards advanced lesions than was nonanoate. In contrast, 1% potassium laurate was considerably less effective under these conditions. Caries protection with a mixture of 0.25% decanoate and 76 parts/10(6) fluoride was found to be cumulative rather than synergistic. It is suggested that the optimal effect obtained with decanoate was due to a favourable combination of the surfactant and wetting properties of this molecule at the low pH values found in fissure dental plaque. It is also suggested that fluoride and decanoate acted in an independent manner to enhance remineralization of early lesions and to inhibit the acidogenic flora, respectively.     

Use of fluoride tablets and effect on prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis

A study was executed to investigate the relation between the use of fluoride tablets by children in the age period 1.5-6 yr on the one hand and the caries experience at the age of 6 and 15 yr and the prevalence of fluorosis at the age of 15 yr on the other hand. The year of birth of the child, the motivation of the mother to engage in preventive dental behavior, the level of her school education and her place of birth were taken into account as possible confounding factors. A significant relation was found between the use of fluoride tablets and the prevalence of fluorosis. The most important predicting factor for the caries experience of the child was the mother's motivation to engage in preventive dental behavior. An effect of fluoride tablets on the caries experience could not be demonstrated.     

Relationship between enamel fluoride concentration and dental caries in a selected population

The relationship between dental caries experience (DMFT) and enamel fluoride concentration (EnF) was determined in 100 freshman dental students aged between 20 and 26 yr. DMFT was determined by clinical examination and supplemented by bitewing radiographs. Biopsies were performed on the maxillary right canine of each student by etching with 1 M perchloric acid for 5 s. A regression analysis of DMFT and EnF and of square root DMFT and 1nEnF indicated that the correlation coefficients were not significant. Students exposed to fluoridated drinking water had significantly lower DMFT and significantly greater EnF than the students reared in areas with non-fluoridated drinking water.     

氟化泡沫防龋2年效果观察

目的　观察氟化泡沫对儿童恒牙龋的预防作用 ,比较氟化泡沫与氟化凝胶的防龋效果。方法　将武汉市两所小学 612名 6～ 7岁儿童分为氟化泡沫组、氟化凝胶组和对照组 ,每 6个月分别使用一次氟化泡沫和氟化凝胶 ,为期 2年。结果　与对照组相比 ,氟化泡沫组和氟化凝胶组光滑面新生龋面均降低率分别为 40 .74%和3 7.0 4% (P <0 .0 5 ) ;窝沟新生龋面均降低率分别为 4.3 5 %和 13 .0 4% ,但无统计学差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;氟化泡沫组与氟化凝胶组比较 ,其光滑面和窝沟新生龋面均均无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　氟化泡沫对光滑面龋有明显的预防作用 ,效果与氟化凝胶相似。     

Effect of a preventive program based on professional toothcleaning and fluoride application on caries and gingivitis

The effect of a preventive program was studied in 12-14-yr-old children. 104 children (test group) participated in this program. After four visits in the first 6 wk, the children visited the oral hygienist five times a year to receive professional oral prophylactic treatment and instructions. Additionally a fluoride application (Duraphat) was given two times a year. Children of a control group (n = 117) received no prophylactic treatment. Diet was not controlled in either test or control group. After 2 yr mean caries increment amounted to 2.7 +/- 2.8 new DFS in the test group and 5.0 +/- 4.2 new DFS in the control group, respectively. The most pronounced differences between the two groups could be found on the proximal surfaces. In all, caries was reduced by 46% during the 2-yr period. Plaque accumulation and frequency of gingivitis were significantly reduced only in the test group (67% and 55%, resp.). The data revealed that the program reduced both caries and gingivitis to a remarkable extent.     

Effect of aluminum concentration on dental caries formation in the rat

OBJECTIVE: Topically applied aluminum (AI) reduced fissure caries in rats with indigenous microflora, but neither therapeutic activity nor concentration effects have been studied in animals infected with caries-inducing bacteria. This study investigated the effects of solutions containing various Al concentrations on formation of smooth surface and sulcal caries in cariogenically challenged rats infected with Streptococcus sobrinus.
METHODS: Weanling rats, inoculated with S . sobrinus, were randomly assigned to six groups which were topically treated twice daily with water (treatment control), a NaF solution of 100 parts/10⁶ F (positive control), or AIK(SO₄)₂ solutions containing 100, 1000, 2000, or 4000 parts/10⁶ Al. Rats were fed a high-sucrose diet and distilied water ad libitum for 10 weeks, then the molars were scored for enamel and dentin caries.
RESULTS: Relative to the water control, NaF and all Al solutions significantly reduced prevalence of both smooth-surface and fissure caries. Protection by Al solutions was greater on smooth surfaces than sulcal areas. Al treatments reduced smooth surface scores by 49–7I% and sulcal scores by 27–53%. For all comparisons the protective effect of the 100 parts/10⁶ Al solution was less than solutions containing 1000 parts/10⁶ Al or more. NaF and all Al solutions also significantly reduced the extent of lesion penetration into dentin.
CONCLUSIONS: Topically applied AI reduced the formation and progression of both smooth surface and Sul. cal caries and showed evidence of a dose response in a rat model infected with S. sobrinus.     

Effect of a field program based on systematic plaque control on caries and gingivitis in schoolchildren after 3 years

The effect of a field program, based on systematic plaque control, on caries and gingivitis was tested during a 3-year period on 1,100 schoolchildren. Once every 3rd week the children were given oral hygiene instructions, professional toothcleaning and fluorides topically delivered by specially trained dental nurses. The children of a control group of approximately the same number of pupils, participated in a preventive program consisting of mouthrinsings once every 2nd week with a 0.2% sodium fluoride solution. The children of the third and fourth grades were, at the start of the experiment, selected as reference groups and then continuously examined once every year. At the end of the trial the mean reduction of surfaces haboring plaque and units with gingival inflammation was 59% and 73%, respectively. The reduction in caries increment was 51%.     

Effect on plaque formation and acidogenicity of stored aqueous solutions of stannous fluoride

Abstract – Stored aqueous solutions of SnF₂ showed a reduced effect on plaque acidogenicity after 24 weeks, this being paralleled by reduced concentrations of Sn²⁺ and lowered pH. The plaque inhibiting effect was, however, maintained unchanged, indicating a different mechanism for this activity. Stored solutions caused a yellow dental stain probably consisting of SnS₂.     

Effect of amine fluoride/stannous fluoride toothpaste and mouthrinse on dental plaque accumulation and gingival health

Objective: The aim was to investigate the influence of amine fluoride (AmF)/stannous fluoride (SnF₂) containing toothpaste and mouthrinse on plaque accumulation and gingival health of young adults after 4 weeks use. Subject and methods: Forty‐two young adults (mean age: 28.33 ± 7.19 years) were examined for the Plaque Index (PI; Silness and Löe, 1964 ) and Gingival Index (GI; Löe and Silness, 1963 ) scores, and divided randomly into two groups. Both groups used AmF/SnF₂ containing toothpaste twice a day for 3 min toothbrushing, and one group after toothbrushing rinsed with AmF/SnF₂ containing mouthrinse for 30 s. After 4 weeks the probands were re‐examined. Results: Statistically significant decrease in dental plaque (PI) and gingival (GI) index values were found at the end of the study. The reduction of PI and GI values was significant in all groups but it was higher in the combined (toothpaste + mouthrinsing) group, than using toothpaste only. Conclusion: The regular combined use of AmF/SnF₂ toothpaste and mouthrinse was more effective in the reduction of plaque accumulation and maintenance of gingival health than the toothpaste alone.