2009-2013年乌鲁木齐市麻疹疫情的时间序列分析

目的 了解乌鲁木齐市麻疹疫情及发病情况,为预防控制麻疹提供技术支持和指导.方法 收集2009-2013年乌鲁木齐市麻疹病例资料及人口学资料,并对数据进行统计学分析.结果 2009-2013年该市法定传染病报告系统共报告麻疹952例,平均年化发病率为6.483/10万.不同年份的发病率之间差异有统计学意义(x2=140.378,P＜0.05).时间序列分析发现,乌鲁木齐麻疹发病存在明显的季节周期性,发病主要集中在4-6月份.结论 乌鲁木齐市每年的4-6月属于麻疹发病的上升期,应加强疾病预防监测工作,同时加强麻疹类疫苗的接种和查漏补种工作,从而达到控制麻疹病例的发生或流行.     

2008年苏州工业园区麻疹流行病学特征及控制策略

目的 了解苏州工业园区的麻疹流行病学特征,为本地区制定麻疹控制策略提供依据.方法 对2008年苏州工业园区麻疹发病情况进行描述流行病学分析.结果 2008年苏州工业园区麻疹的年报告发病率为37.23/10万,高于全国平均水平(9.95/10万),流动人口发病人数明显多于非流动人口,其比值为2.87∶1.麻疹病人的主要临床表现典型.2008年苏州工业园区麻疹发病高峰日为4月25日,发病高峰期为3月16日～6月5日.结论 苏州工业园区麻疹疫苗接种及时性和规范性还需进一步加强.应重点考虑对外来务工人员等流动人口开展麻疹疫苗的接种.     

如东县2005-2009年麻疹疫情分析

目的:了解如东县麻疹流行特征,为预防控制麻疹提供科学依据.方法:采用描述流行病学方法,对如东县2005-2009年麻疹疫情进行分析.结果:如东县2005-2009 年麻疹共发病134例,男女发病比为1.31∶1;发病年龄呈双峰型,分别为14～15岁和32～33 岁;3～6月是麻疹高发季节,占总病例数的80.61%.结论:麻疹发病率有反弹趋势,应加强重点人群的预防接种.     

南京市江宁区2001-2010年麻疹疫情流行病学特征分析

目的:了解南京市江宁区麻疹流行状况,为加速控制麻疹提供科学依据.方法:对2001-2010年南京市江宁区麻疹监测资料进行描述性流行病学分析.结果:2001-2010年麻疹年平均发病率为9.34/10万,1岁以下年龄组发病人数最多,发病高峰为每年3-6月.结论:麻疹流行的易感人群为免疫空白人群及流动人口.建议加强麻疹疫苗...     

2003-2005年惠州市麻疹监测

目的 了解惠州市2003-2005年麻疹流行病学特征,探讨该市加速控制麻疹策略.方法 利用麻疹疫情监测和人群免疫状况资料,对惠州市2003-2005年麻疹发病情况及相关因素进行流行病学分析.结果 2003-2005年惠州市麻疹监测系统共报告麻疹疑似病例1 143例,年平均报告发病率10.9/10万.发病季节高峰在3～6月,发病年龄主要是≤14岁儿童(75.6%);麻疹病例22.4%未接种麻疹疫苗,58.4%免疫史不详;病例中流动人口占29.0%.人群麻疹抗体阳性率94.6%,保护率为58.5%.结论 惠州市近3年麻疹发病呈上升趋势,人群麻疹免疫保护水平较低,应在1～14岁儿童中开展麻疹疫苗初始强化免疫和入托、入学儿童预防接种证查验工作,同时要求外来青工新招入厂时接种麻疹疫苗.     

130例成人麻疹临床特征分析

麻疹是由麻疹病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病.我国发病年龄以6个月至5岁的儿童发病率最高,但是,随着麻疹疫苗的广泛应用,平均发病年龄后移,儿童麻疹的发病率显著下降,而成人麻疹的发病率则逐渐增加.2011年6月-2008年8月我院共收治成人麻疹120例,现对其临床特点报告如下.     

2005年福鼎市麻疹流行病学分析

目的 掌握福鼎市麻疹流行病学特征,为今后控制工作提供科学依据.方法 用描述流行病学方法,对2005年麻疹资料进行分析.结果 2005年福鼎市共报告疑似麻疹94例,确诊69例,报告发病率12.93/10万.城区发病37例,农村发病32例,城区发病明显高于农村;发病年龄最小4个月,最大49岁,发病以7～14岁儿童为主;发病高峰季节在6月.结论 2005年福鼎市麻疹发病率升高,儿童整体免疫水平下降,易感人群的大量积累,流动人口计免工作不落实是其主要原因.     

2000-2006年洛阳市麻疹流行病学分析

目的 了解麻疹流行特征,探讨消除麻疹的策略和措施.方法 对2000-2006年麻疹发病情况进行描述流行病学分析.结果 2000-2006年共报告麻疹病例3 344例,年平均发病率为7.52/10万.3～6月为发病高峰,发病占总病例数的69.80%.以8月龄～14岁为主,占总病例数的84.24%,病例中有免疫史占27.56%,无免疫史和免疫史不详占72.64%.结论 免疫空白和免疫失败人群积累是麻疹发病的主要原因,高免疫覆盖率和高质量的监测是控制麻疹的关键.     

安徽省1998～2001年麻疹流行病学特征和控制策略分析

为了解安徽省加速控制麻疹进展,对1998～2001年麻疹流行病学特征和控制策略进行了分析.自采取加速控制麻疹措施后,麻疹发病率下降显著,1996～2000年年平均发病率比1991～1995年下降了67.72%;麻疹仍每隔2年流行1次,持续2年;每年3～6月是发病高峰季节;平均发病年龄逐年增大,2001年为11.06岁,但仍属小年龄发病模式;爆发病例占总病例数的60%以上,主要集中在中小学生.建议继续采取以下控制麻疹的策略①提高和维持高水平2剂麻疹疫苗接种率;②有必要在中小学生中开展麻疹疫苗强化免疫活动;③进一步加强麻疹及其它出疹性疾病监测.     

1998-2007年广元市麻疹流行病学分析

目的 了解广元市麻疹流行病学特征,为控制与消除麻疹提供科学依据.方法 用描述性流行病学对数据进行分析.结果 广元市1998-2007年麻疹累计发病3 174例,年均发病率10.38/10万,2007年最高,为25.20/10万;常年均有发病,高峰在春末夏初.麻疹发病以14岁以下为多,共2 809例,占总病例数的88.50%,是麻疹发病的高危人群;10年共发生43起暴发疫情,3～6月是暴发集中期,学龄前和小中学生为主要人群;麻疹病例中无免疫史和免疫史不详者共2 317例,占总病例数的73.00%.结论 广元市目前正处于麻疹发病高峰,为有效遏制麻疹,控制暴发,须采取对适龄儿童开展MV强化免疫、加强常规免疫、加强麻疹监测等措施.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.