血清胱抑素C判断移植肾功能的研究

目的:探讨血清胱抑素C(cystatin C)在监测移植肾功能中的价值.方法:23例肾移植患者采用颗粒强透免疫比浊法测定血清cystatin C,同时采用同位素锝[99mTc]-二乙烯三胺五乙酸(diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid,DTPA)肾动态显像测定移植肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR),测定血清肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)及用公式计算内生肌酐清除率(endogenous creatinine clearance,Ccr).测定34名正常健康者作为对照.采用SPSS11软件分析各指标相关性及特异度、灵敏度.结果:cystatin C、Scr、Ccr与GFR的相关性分别是r1 =-0.872(P＜0.001)、r2=-0.687(P＜0.001)、r3=0.634(P=0.002).在判断GFR是否受损时,cystatin C的特异度和灵敏度(100%,94.1%)明显高于Scr(75.0%,70.6%)和Ccr(75.0%,88.2%);在判断肾功能轻度受损时,cystatin C的特异度和灵敏度(100%,88.9%)也比Scr(83.3%,66.7%)和Ccr(83.3%,77.8%)高;尽管在判断肾功能重度受损时,cystatin C的灵敏度(75%)不如Scr(100%),但特异度(100%)仍高于Ccr(88.2%).结论:cystatin C能准确判断移植肾功能,优于Scr和Ccr,具有临床应用价值.     

Assessment of renal function in the patient receiving chemotherapy

With foresight, knowledge, and an awareness of the problem, nephrotoxicity associated with chemotherapy can be prevented or minimized, thereby avoiding irreversible renal failure or death. Careful assessment of those patients at risk for renal damage and the identification of early signs/symptoms of renal impairment are key steps in the prevention and early detection of renal dysfunction. The purpose of this article is to describe the clinical and laboratory manifestations of renal toxicity, as well as the nurse's role in the assessment of nephrotoxicity.     

Assessment of renal function with dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging

MR imaging is a promising noninvasive modality that can provide a comprehensive picture of renal anatomy and function in a single examination. The advantages of MR imaging are its high contrast and temporal resolution and lack of exposure to ionizing radiation. In the past few years, considerable progress has been made in development of methods of renal functional MR imaging and their applications in various diseases. This article reviews the key factors for acquisition and analysis of dynamic contrast-enhanced renal MR imaging (MR renography) and the most significant developments in this field over the past few years.     

64层螺旋CT增强扫描评价肾功能

目的 探讨利用64层螺旋CT增强扫描评价肾功能的可行性.方法 回顾性分析接受泌尿系统螺旋CT增强扫描的150例患者,将其分为女性≤50岁组、女性＞50岁组、男性≤50岁组、男性＞50岁组4组,测量动脉期双侧肾门水平肾脏外侧肾皮质CT值并求和(以下简称CT值),将所得结果与同期实验室方法测定的肌酐值进行相关性分析,同时分析肌酐正常者与升高者间CT值是否存在差异.结果 4组CT值与肌酐均呈负相关.女性≤50岁组:r=-0.43(P＜0.05),女性＞50岁组:r=-0.57(P＜0.05),女性肌酐正常者平均CT值为(339.5±72.6) HU,升高者平均CT值为(235.1±66.5) HU(P＜0.05).男性≤50岁组:r=-0.53(P＜0.05),男性＞50岁组:r=-0.43(P＜0.05),男性肌酐正常者平均CT值为(314.5±59.9)HU,升高者平均CT值为(255.1±63.7) HU(P＜0.05).结论 通过测量肾皮质动脉期CT值对肾功能进行评价是可行的;肾功能受损者肾皮质动脉期强化CT值降低.     

99mTc—DTPA肾动态显像评估早期狼疮性肾炎患者肾小球功能

目的通过99mTc-DTPA肾动态显像评估早期狼疮性。肾炎患者肾小球功能损害情况。方法对55例肌酐正常的狼疮性肾炎患者进行99mTc-DTPA肾动态显像测定GFR,同时行血清肌酐、血尿素氮、血清补体C3、C4、ds—DNA测定和24h尿蛋白定量等常规检查。结果55例患者中,GFR在正常范围的仅有15例,占27．3％;GFR下降患者40例,占72．7％。40例肾小球损害的患者中,23例为轻度肾小球损害,17例为中度肾小球损害。肾小球损害组血清肌酐和尿素氮水平均高于正常组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;同时肾小球损害组24h尿蛋白定量明显高于正常组（P=0．006）,补体C3、C4水平低于正常组（P〈0．05）。患者年龄、血清肌酐和24h尿蛋白定量均与GFR值负相关（P〈0．01）。结论99mTc-DTPA肾动态显像测定GFR,可判断SLE早期肾小球功能损害,为早期发现、早期治疗LN患者及对其进行随访提供依据。     

Ultrasonic characterization of selected renal tissues

Velocity, attenuation, and backscatter of ultrasound were measured in human renal tissues over a frequency range relevant to clinical imaging (3.5-7 MHz). Normal renal tissues, as well as three types of mass (angiomyolipoma, renal cell carcinoma, and oncocytoma) were studied, and comparisons made of the appearance of the tissues in clinical images to their ultrasonic and pathological properties. The results showed angiomyolipoma had high attenuation and backscatter coefficients due to acoustic impedance differences between fat and smooth muscle components of the tumour. The renal cell carcinomas were indistinguishable from normal kidney tissue, except in one case where infiltration by fatlike macrophages led to high attenuation and backscatter coefficients. This finding also supports the conclusion that fat/nonfat interfaces are a dominant scatter mechanism in renal tissues.     

Recent developments in renal cell cancer immunotherapy

Various immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have been developed for > 90 years. Existing immunotherapeutic strategies against RCC include: systemic administration of cytokines; therapeutic vaccines based on tumor cells or dendritic cells; monoclonal antibodies; and adoptive immunotherapy (T cell transfer or allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation). However, the overall efficacy of immunotherapy for advanced RCC remains moderate. With the advent of molecularly targeted biological therapies that turned out to be significantly effective in the treatment of metastatic RCC, to many oncologists immunotherapy may seem to be moving into the periphery of RCC treatment strategies. However, for the last 2 years there has been significant progress made in immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of RCC. Immunotherapy still remains the only systemic therapeutic strategy that is believed to potentially cure RCC patients. The development of active and passive specific immunotherapeutic approaches, along with the possibility to ‘switch off’ particular immunosuppressive mechanisms (e.g., elimination of regulatory T cells, blockage of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 signaling), have paved the way for future trials of new immunotherapies of RCC. However, the new studies will have to enroll optimally selected patients (nephrectomized, with non-massive metastases and good performance status) and will use tumor response criteria that are specifically optimized for clinical trials of immunotherapy.     

Recent developments in renal cell cancer immunotherapy

Various immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have been developed for > 90 years. Existing immunotherapeutic strategies against RCC include: systemic administration of cytokines; therapeutic vaccines based on tumor cells or dendritic cells; monoclonal antibodies; and adoptive immunotherapy (T cell transfer or allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation). However, the overall efficacy of immunotherapy for advanced RCC remains moderate. With the advent of molecularly targeted biological therapies that turned out to be significantly effective in the treatment of metastatic RCC, to many oncologists immunotherapy may seem to be moving into the periphery of RCC treatment strategies. However, for the last 2 years there has been significant progress made in immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of RCC. Immunotherapy still remains the only systemic therapeutic strategy that is believed to potentially cure RCC patients. The development of active and passive specific immunotherapeutic approaches, along with the possibility to 'switch off' particular immunosuppressive mechanisms (e.g., elimination of regulatory T cells, blockage of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 signaling), have paved the way for future trials of new immunotherapies of RCC. However, the new studies will have to enroll optimally selected patients (nephrectomized, with non-massive metastases and good performance status) and will use tumor response criteria that are specifically optimized for clinical trials of immunotherapy.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of renal disease: recent developments and future applications

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the ability to non-invasively assess parenchymal and vascular renal disease. Indications for renal MRI include the evaluation of renal masses, urinary obstruction and infection, renal vasculature, and the health of transplant kidneys. The potential of MR angiography to replace invasive conventional x-ray angiography has been recognized for many years. Recent developments in MRI resulting from fast MR systems with faster gradients, new surface coil designs and the latest sequence developments coupled with innovative contrast agent administration strategies have prompted substantial progress of MRI in the diagnosis of renal disease. The goal of this article is to present the current state of MRI in diagnosing renal disease, with an emphasis on the latest developments in the evaluation of renal vascular disease.     

Assessment of renal function by inulin clearance: comparison with creatinine clearance as determined by enzymatic methods

We compared creatinine clearances determined by enzymatic (Kodak Ektachem 700 single-slide, Boehringer Mannheim creatinine PAP) and nonenzymatic (Jaffé, HPLC) methods with glomerular filtration rate measured by inulin clearance in patients with varying degrees of renal function. The Kodak enzymatic assay gave values for creatinine 2 to 3 mg/L higher than the other methods. This resulted in significantly lower creatinine clearances than inulin clearances and creatinine clearances determined by the other methods. However, correlations between all methods for serum and urinary creatinine values and clearances were good. To avoid between assay (enzymatic vs nonenzymatic) discrepancies, manufacturers should agree to an acceptable standard of calibration under the usual conditions used with patients.     

~(99m)Tc-DTPA肾动态显像评估早期狼疮性肾炎患者肾小球功能

目的通过99mTc-DTPA肾动态显像评估早期狼疮性肾炎患者肾小球功能损害情况。方法对55例肌酐正常的狼疮性肾炎患者进行99mTc-DTPA肾动态显像测定GFR,同时行血清肌酐、血尿素氮、血清补体C3、C4、ds-DNA测定和24h尿蛋白定量等常规检查。结果55例患者中,GFR在正常范围的仅有15例,占27.3%;GFR下降患者40例,占72.7%。40例肾小球损害的患者中,23例为轻度肾小球损害,17例为中度肾小球损害。肾小球损害组血清肌酐和尿素氮水平均高于正常组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);同时肾小球损害组24 h尿蛋白定量明显高于正常组(P=0.006),补体C3、C4水平低于正常组(P0.05)。患者年龄、血清肌酐和24h尿蛋白定量均与GFR值负相关(P0.01)。结论99mTc-DTPA肾动态显像测定GFR,可判断SLE早期肾小球功能损害,为早期发现、早期治疗LN患者及对其进行随访提供依据。     

New developments in immunosuppressive therapy in renal transplantation

The introduction of new immunosuppressive agents and protocols has improved outcomes for renal transplant recipients by decreasing the risk of rejection and by increasing the function and lifespan of the allograft. This article reviews the major changes in the combinations of therapies used: calcineurin inhibitors, target of rapamycin inhibitors, mycophenolate mofetil, non-depleting monoclonal versus depleting monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for induction and increasing emphasis on protocols for reduction or avoidance of steroids and calcineurin inhibitors. The new agents with novel immunological targets such as anti-CD40 ligand, LEA29Y, FTY720, anti-CD20 (rituximab, Rituxan?, Mabthera?) and anti-CH52 (alemtuzumab, Campath?), which are under development but have yet to survive the rigors of clinical trials are also discussed. In the presence of low early rejection rates, immunosuppressive therapy is setting new goals such as better graft function (glomerular filtration rates), reduction in adverse effects such as hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and drug toxicity and, above all, the prevention of late graft deterioration.     

New developments in immunosuppressive therapy in renal transplantation

The introduction of new immunosuppressive agents and protocols has improved outcomes for renal transplant recipients by decreasing the risk of rejection and by increasing the function and lifespan of the allograft. This article reviews the major changes in the combinations of therapies used: calcineurin inhibitors, target of rapamycin inhibitors, mycophenolate mofetil, non-depleting monoclonal versus depleting monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for induction and increasing emphasis on protocols for reduction or avoidance of steroids and calcineurin inhibitors. The new agents with novel immunological targets such as anti-CD40 ligand, LEA29Y, FTY720, anti-CD20 (rituximab, Rituxan, Mabthera) and anti-CH52 (alemtuzumab, Campath), which are under development but have yet to survive the rigors of clinical trials are also discussed. In the presence of low early rejection rates, immunosuppressive therapy is setting new goals such as better graft function (glomerular filtration rates), reduction in adverse effects such as hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and drug toxicity and, above all, the prevention of late graft deterioration.     

Assessment of neutrophil function: an introduction

Normal neutrophil function depends on the integration of chemotaxis, phagocytosis, degranulation and oxidative metabolism. As congenital and acquired neutrophil abnormalities increase the risk of infection, frequently with no other diagnostic features, diagnosis depends upon specialist laboratory investigations. Techniques for quantitative evaluation of the principal neutrophil functions are discussed, and a preliminary screening programme for neutrophil abnormalities proposed.     

Assessment of renal function by serum creatinine and creatinine clearance: glomerular filtration rate estimated by four procedures

We compared creatinine concentrations in serum and urine and creatinine clearances determined by two Jaffé (Beckman's "Astra," Boehringer Mannheim Diagnostics) and two enzymatic (Kodak, Boehringer Mannheim Diagnostics) methods. Serum creatinine and creatinine clearances determined by each method were also compared with the glomerular filtration rate as measured with use of sodium [125I]iothalamate in patients with a wide range of renal function. Results between methods correlated excellently, but we saw clear method-dependent biases of up to 2.9 mg/L for serum. The highest serum creatinine values and the lowest creatinine clearances were obtained with Boehringer Mannheim Diagnostics' Jaffé method. The reciprocal of the serum creatinine and the creatinine clearance also correlated well with the glomerular filtration rate, but all methods over-estimated the glomerular filtration rates to varying degrees. Appropriate standardization of methods appears to be as important as method principle for establishing an accurate relationship between creatinine determinations and glomerular filtration rate.     

Renal MR angiography: Current debates and developments in imaging of renal artery stenosis

Because of its safety and robustness with reproducible image quality, three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (3D-Gd-MRA) has been widely established as a diagnostic tool for screening and grading of renal artery stenosis. Accuracy and superiority over other noninvasive imaging procedures was again demonstrated in two recent meta-analyses. However, ambiguous results on the accuracy of this technique have been reported recently, again questioning the sole role of this modality for diagnostic assessment of the renal arteries. The main deficiencies of the technique are limited spatial resolution, high interobserver variability, limited anatomic coverage, as well as inability to assess the stenosis site after stent placement. In addition, a high level of competition has been introduced by techniques such as 16 detector multislice computed tomography, which generates superb image quality, with broad anatomic coverage and high spatial resolution, with minimal technical complexity. Lastly, aggressive search for renal artery stenosis by angiographic techniques in patients with hypertension is of debate, since only a limited percentage of these patients benefit from interventions. In this article, a comprehensive approach to high-resolution 3D-Gd-MRA, using parallel imaging in combination with cardiac-gated, phase-contrast flow measurements, is reviewed. This review is based on various studies and articles that address many of the problems of 3D-Gd-MRA. By making use of maximum spatial resolution and additional functional data, MRI permits accurate detection and grading of renal artery stenosis in most cases, with acceptable interobserver variability.     

Growth factors: a regulator of renal function]

We selectively focus on two growth factors, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and discuss their roles on regulation of renal function and associated diseases conditions, as well. EGF, 6 kD polypeptide, is derived by proteolysis from a large precursor (prepro EGF, 133 kD). Prepro EGF is a membrane-anchored protein and its mRNA is predominantly localized to distal tubules of mouse and rat kidneys. We immunohistochemically demonstrated the glomerular distribution of EGF and EGF-receptor in normal and nephritic human kidneys. The physiologic roles of EGF produced in the kidney are various; it is mitogenic for tubular epithelial cell, inhibits gluconeogenesis and salt and water reabsorption in the tubules, and effects on glomerular hemodynamics. Alteration of renal EGF expression is suggested in renal ischemic injury, renal hypertrophy and cystic renal disease. IGF-I, somatomedin-C, is produced in collecting duct, and glomerular cells, and exerts a variety of actions on kidney. IGF-I stimulates gluconeogenesis in renal tubules, and is mitogenic for mesangial cells. The administration of this growth factor increases glomerular filtration rate. Enhanced expression of renal IGF-I was observed in the uninephrectomized animals.