Variations in the Leaf Alkaloid Content of Androgenic Diploid Plants of Datura innoxia

Anther culture of DATURA INNOXIA Mill, has permitted the obtention of spontaneous diploid androgenic plants which produced the tropane alkaloids. The source plants (zygotic diploid) showed no significant variations in the leaf alkaloid content. On the contrary, androgenic diploid plants obtained after the first cycle of androgenesis showed important quantitative and qualitative variations in the leaf alkaloid content. Thus, androgenesis was found to induce a large variation in the accumulation of these secondary metabolites in the leaves. It has also permitted the obtention of tropane alkaloid-overproductive plants, particularly rich in scopolamine. The analyses of zygotic plants obtained from seed germination of the first cycle androgenic plants have shown that this variability is transmissible by simple cross-pollination. The analyses of androgenic diploid plants obtained after the second cycle of androgenesis also showed variations in the leaf alkaloid content. IN VITRO androgenesis, therefore, clearly induced variability in the leaf alkaloid content of the androgenic plants. The role of IN VITRO androgenesis in inducing variability has been discussed.     

Investigation of the Alkaloid Pattern of Datura innoxia Plants by Capillary Gas-Liquid-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

The alkaloid composition of DATURA INNOXIA plants was analysed by quartz capillary GLC and GLC-MS. Significant differences were found in the alkaloid pattern of the respective plant organs even between different aerial parts. More than 30 alkaloids could be identified. Besides previously known substances, a further 18 tropine ester alkaloids as well as hygrine and tyramine were identified. Seventeen of these alkaloids have not been formerly found in the genus DATURA. Additionally, two hitherto unknown hygrine derivatives, presumably isomeric N-methylpyrrolidinyl-hygrines, were characterized.     

Alkaloid Production in Diploid and Autotetraploid Plants of Datura stramonium

A comparative investigation of alkaloid production and accumulation in the roots and leaves of diploid (2n = 24), and C 4 generation of induced autotetraploid (4n = 48) Datura stramonium L. plants was performed. Fifteen alkaloids have been determined in the roots and two in the leaves, at a level of 1% or more of the crude alkaloid fractions in both ploidy levels. Two 3-tigloyloxy-6-isovaleryloxy-7- hydroxytropane isomers were detected for the first time in genus Datura. In the conditions of the prolonged photoperiod, hyoscyamine was the main alkaloid in the roots whereas scopolamine was the main alkaloid in the leaves of both ploid forms. In comparison to diploids, the roots and leaves of tetraploids had a higher alkaloid content and scopolamine/hyoscyamine ratio.     

Variation in the Tropane Alkaloid Content of Hyoscyamus muticus Plants and Cell Culture Clones

Systematic studies were carried out on two different strains (Gatersleben and Cairo) of HYOSCYAMUS MUTICUS L. (Solananaceae) in order to analyse the variation in the contents of the two main tropa-alkaloids in individual plants and protoplast-derived cell culture clones. The hyoscyamine content was determined by radioimmunoassay, the scopolamine content by radio- and enzymeimmunoassay and the total tropane alkaloid content by quinuclidinyl benzilate assay. The development stage of the plant is important for alkaloid production. Clear maximal foliar scopolamine and hyoscyamine contents were reached at the onset of flowering and during the full blooming stage, respectively. In the roots the changes in the production of these alkaloids were not considerable. Hyoscyamine is a major alkaloid in the plants as well as in the cell culture clones. In a few exceptions the scopolamine content was greater than that of hyoscyamine, but this phenomenon was not inherited by the cultured clones derived from these plants. High and low tropane alkaloid production was inherited by the selfed F (1), generation plants. Great variability in these alkaloids was observed among individual plants or clones in the same plant or clone population. There was a significant difference between the Cairo strain and the Gatersleben strain as regards their ability to produce tropane alkaloids. Haploid plants of both strains contained more hyoscyamine and scopolamine than the diploid ones. Hyoscyamine and scopolamine were the main alkaloids in the clones and in the plants. Via QNB-assay an interesting clone was found which contains remarkable amounts of unknown tropane-group alkaloids.     

Tropane Alkaloids in Transformed Roots of Datura quercifolia

Hairy root cultures of DATURA QUERCIFOLIA were established following infection with AGROBACTERIUM RHIZOGENES strain LBA 9402. Eight tropane alkaloids were identified in the hairy roots, hyoscyamine being the major constituent. The growth and the hyoscyamine content of transformed roots were investigated under various conditions. Gamborg B5, Murashige and Skoog, and Woody Plant media were tested. Gamborg B5 medium was the best for growth as well as for hyoscyamine accumulation. The influence of sucrose concentration was examined and a 5% concentration was found to be the most appropriate for growth and for alkaloid production. After 35 days of incubation in this medium, the hyoscyamine content of the roots was 1.24% based on dry weight. The influence of gibberellic acid and of Amberlite XAD-4 resin on hyoscyamine production was tested.     

曼陀罗和毛曼陀罗花的最佳采收期评价

目的探索评价曼陀罗和毛曼陀罗花的最佳采收期的方法。方法将两种曼陀罗花的生长发育过程进行量化,与Logistic生长曲线方程拟合,建立数学模型,运用有序聚类分析法将其生长过程划分不同采收期,以活性成分为指标,对两者最佳采收期进行界定。结果两种曼陀罗花的生长过程与Logisitic生长曲线方程拟合良好,有序聚类分析后将其花的生长发育过程划分为5个阶段,依此确定的最佳采收期与以往研究中药材最佳采收期方法不同。结论该研究中药材最佳采收期的方法值得进一步研究并推广。     

Inheritance of Biomass Yield and Tropane Alkaloid Content in Hyoscyamus muticus

The nature of gene action for biomass yield and tropane alkaloid content was ascertained through diallel analysis in Egyptian henbane, HYOSCYAMUS MUTICUS L. Dominance variation was preponderant over additive genetic variance, dominance being in the overdominance range for both traits. On an overall basis, recessive alleles had a positive (i.e. increasing) effect on both the characters. However, the positive or negative effects of recessive or dominant alleles were genotype-specific. Hence, transgressive breeding was suggested for isolating segregants with dominant alleles for herb yield and with recessives for alkaloid content so as to achieve overall high yields of tropane alkaloid per unit area.     

Permeabilization of Datura innoxia hairy roots for release of stored tropane alkaloids

The effects of tween 20 as permeabilizing agent on tropane alkaloids from Datura innoxia Mill, hairy roots have been studied. For various tween 20 concentrations both hyoscyamine and scopolamine accumulated in the culture medium. Plant material viability could be preserved after a 24 hours-2% tween 20 concentration treatment. The time-course study of alkaloid release showed that the maximum of excretion occurred after a 20 hour contact with tween 20. At that time, a concentration of hyoscyamine superior to 25 mg/l was detected in the medium.     

Plant Nutritional Elements and Tropane Alkaloid Production in the Roots of Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)

The effect of calcium on the morphology, growth, tropane alkaloid production (hyoscyamine and scopolamine) and plant nutritional element (calcium, magnesium and potassium) content of roots and root cultures of Hyoscyamus niger L. was examined in this study. It was observed that the tropane alkaloid productivity of root cultures was significantly higher than that of the corresponding field cultures. Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium was found to be optimal for the production of tropane alkaloids of the root cultures of H. niger. Variation in the calcium content of the medium had no substantial effect on the morphology, growth or content of magnesium, potassium and sodium of the root cultures of H. niger. However, increased calcium content in MS medium increased the production of the scopolamine and decreased the production of alkaloid hyoscyamine in the root cultures of H. niger. Collectively, our results are helpful in the optimization of medium composition for the production of highly valuable tropane alkaloid scopolamine using root cultures of H. niger.     

紫堇属植物中异喹啉类生物碱的综述

紫堇属植物在自然界中分布广泛,其所含成分多为异喹啉类生物碱,具有多种药理作用。这些异喹啉类生物碱的核磁共振化学位移具有一定特征。