成都市学龄前儿童感觉统合失调及影响因素研究

目的 分析成都市学龄前儿童感觉统合失调现状及其影响因素,为有效干预提供科学依据。方法 以成都市两所幼儿园的781名儿童作为研究对象,采用儿童感觉统合能力评定量表及儿童基本情况调查表进行问卷调查。结果 学龄前儿童感觉统合失调率为38.28% ,轻、重度感觉统合失调检出率分别为29.96%和 8.32%;男童失调率(23.05%)高于女童(15.24%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=15.41,P<0.05)。学龄前儿童感觉统合失调的影响因素包括性别、年龄、居住面积、分娩时孕周、孕期阴道出血史、父母教育态度、父母文化水平。结论 成都市学龄前儿童感觉统合失调发生率较高。儿童感觉统合失调受生物和社会因素共同影响,应引起家长、学校和社会的广泛重视,早期开展筛查积极治疗。     

学龄前儿童感觉统合失调家庭影响因素研究

目的 了解学龄前儿童感觉统合失调发生现况及家庭相关影响因素,为早期干预提供依据.方法 采用标准化儿童感觉统合失调量表和自行设计的问卷,对整群抽取的北京市海淀区7所幼儿园1 816名学龄前儿童进行调查.结果 被调查的1816名儿童感觉统合失调率为26.4％,轻、重度分别为19.3％,7.0％.不同年龄、不同性别儿童的感觉统合失调率差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).非条件Logistic回归分析发现,父母感情差(OR=1.553)、主要照顾人文化程度低(OR=1.366)、家庭人均月收入低(OR=1.119)、人工喂养(OR=1.836)、没有经过爬行阶段(OR=1.470)、有过伤害(OR=1.660)的儿童发生感觉统合失调的风险增加.结论 学龄前儿童感觉统合失调率较高,一些家庭相关因素可能与感觉统合失调的发生有关.     

日照市565名学龄前儿童感觉统合失调及其危险因素研究

目的了解日照市学龄前儿童感觉统合失调的发生情况及特点，探讨感觉统合失调形成的各种危险因素。方法以日照市城区565名3～6岁儿童为研究对象，采用儿童感觉统合能力评定量表及家长问卷进行评估和调查。结果日照市学龄前儿童感觉统合失调检出率为20．70％；男女儿童感觉统合失调的检出率无显著性差异。结论感觉统合失调受多种因素影响；必须采取综合干预措施，以减少儿童感觉统合失调的发生。     

分娩方式与儿童感觉统合失调的回顾性队列分析

目的 采用回顾性队列研究设计,评价分娩方式与儿童感觉统合失调的关联. 方法 依托北京大学生育健康研究所围生保健监测系统,随机抽取1993-1994年出生儿童2 402名,于2000年12月-2001年7月采用“感觉统合能力发展量表”,从前庭平衡、触觉防御、本体感平衡和学习能力四个维度评价儿童感觉统合功能.分娩方式源自围生监测系统,以阴道助产和剖宫产为暴露组,以阴道自然分娩为非暴露组.采用多因素Logistic回归分析估计阴道助产和剖宫产与感觉统合各维度失调关联程度. 结果 前庭平衡、触觉防御、本体感平衡和学习能力四个维度感觉统合失调率依次为14.8％、11.9％、9.1％和14.1％.调整母亲年龄、文化程度等混杂因素后,与阴道自然分娩儿童相比,阴道助产儿童四个维度失调OR范围1.21～1.44,剖宫产儿童四个维度OR范围1.01～1.27,可信区间均包含1.00.按性别分层分析发现,阴道助产和剖宫产男童四个维度失调OR范围分别1.00～1.42和0.98～1.00,且部分OR可信区间下限均包含1.00;阴道助产和剖宫产女童四个维度失调OR范围分别1.20～2.32和1.04～1.71,且部分OR可信区间下限大于1.00. 结论 阴道助产和剖宫产对男童感觉统合失调发生风险无影响,但有增加女童感觉统合失调发生风险的可能.     

日照市565名学龄前儿童感觉统合失调及其危险因素研究

目的了解日照市学龄前儿童感觉统合失调的发生情况及特点,探讨感觉统合失调形成的各种危险因素。方法以日照市城区565名3~6岁儿童为研究对象,采用儿童感觉统合能力评定量表及家长问卷进行评估和调查。结果日照市学龄前儿童感觉统合失调检出率为20.70%;男女儿童感觉统合失调的检出率无显著性差异。结论感觉统合失调受多种因素影响;必须采取综合干预措施,以减少儿童感觉统合失调的发生。     

儿童感觉统合失调与家庭环境影响因素调查分析

[目的]研究感觉统合失调与家庭环境因素的关系.[方法]采用感觉统合评定量表和家庭环境量表(FES),分别对1 131名学龄前儿童进行检测、分析.[结果]感觉统合失调率32.54%;通过分析不同父母亲文化程度、是否为独生子女等儿童之间感觉统合失调情况差异有显著性(P＜0.05).而不同性别、孕期有无高危、喂养方式等因素之间感觉统合情况差异无显著性(P＞0.05).家庭环境因素中亲密、情感、矛盾、知识、娱乐、组织在感统失调与未失调组之间差异存在显著性(P＜0.05).[结论]儿童感觉统合失调与家庭环境因素有一定关系.     

3～7岁学龄前儿童行为问题研究

目的 了解学龄前儿童行为问题的发生特点及相关因素.方法 采用Rutter儿童行为评定量表(父母问卷)及自编儿童行为发病相关因素调查表对镇江市城乡724名学龄前儿童进行家长问卷调查.结果 学龄前儿童行为问题检出率为24.2％,男女儿童检出率分别为28.4％和19.8％,两者差异有统计学意义(x2=11.61,P＜ 0.01),男童A行为(违纪行为)明显多于女童(x2=9.45,P＜ 0.01),N行为(神经症性行为)及M行为(混合行为)未发现性别差异,农村儿童问题行为检出率高于城市(x2=10.87,P＜0.05).单因素分析发现,影响儿童行为障碍的相关因素为母孕期情绪、分娩方式、分娩时异常情况、儿童性别、儿童年龄及城乡区别6个因素.Logistic回归分析显示,母孕期焦虑或抑郁、分娩时异常情况、男童、农村与儿童行为发生显著相关.结论 学龄前儿童行为问题发生率高,农村儿童行为问题多于城市儿童.儿童行为问题与母孕期不良情绪及孕产期异常情况关系密切.     

杭州市余杭区家庭环境因素对儿童感觉统合情况影响分析

目的:研究感觉统合失调与家庭环境相关因素的关系。方法:采用感觉统合评定量表和自制家庭环境一般情况调查表分别对1 131例学龄前儿童进行检测、分析。结果:被调查的儿童感觉统合失调率为32.5%;父母亲文化程度与经济条件不同、家庭结构不同、婚姻关系状况、教养方式差异、是否寄养、是否为独生子女等儿童之间感觉统合失调情况差异有统计学意义(P0.05);并且母亲怀孕期间用药、妊娠严重呕吐、儿童在出生后发生过重大疾病与感觉统合失调发生情况也存在统计学差异。结论:儿童感觉统合失调与家庭环境因素有一定关系,改善家庭环境有利于降低儿童感觉统合失调发生率。     

学龄儿童感觉统合失调影响因素的分析

探讨学龄儿童感觉统合失调的影响因素,采用“儿童感觉统合能力发展评定量表”及“儿童生长发育史问卷”对广州市1 622名智力正常的学龄儿童进行调查。感觉统合的严重失调率为12.94％,各年龄组间无明显差异。儿童感觉统合失调与孕期家庭内部压力大、经济状况差、母亲饮酒和咖啡及孕早期情绪不良;胎位不正、脐带绕颈和新生儿黄疸;婴儿期营养不良、行为退缩及未经过爬行、家长对子女溺爱等因素有关。提示:学龄儿童感觉统合失调与孕期、围产期、婴儿期不良因素及家长育儿态度和方式不良有密切关系。     

学龄前儿童感觉统合与家庭环境影响因素相关研究

目的：研究感觉统合失调与家庭环境相关因素的关系。方法：采用感觉统合评定量表和自制家庭环境一般情况调查表量表分别对1131名学龄前儿童进行检测、分析。结果：感觉统合失调率32.54%;通过分析不同父母亲文化程度、经济条件、教养方式、是否为独生子女等儿童之间感觉统合失调情况有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论：儿童感觉统合失调与家庭环境因素有一定关系,改善家庭环境有利于降低儿童感统失调发生率。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.