新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病白细胞介素-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α水平变化及与脑损伤关系的研究

目的研究缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）新生儿血清白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平的动态变化，并探讨其在HIE发病和病程监测中的意义。方法用ELISA双抗体夹心法检测轻、中、重度HIE患儿出生后第1、3、7天血清IL-6和TNF-α的动态水平，以同期正常足月新生儿为对照。结果HIE新生儿血清IL-6和TNF-α水平均显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．01），并与HIE严重程度有关。随着疗程进展，IL-6和TNF-α水平均有明显下降（P〈0．01），但仍高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）。结论发生HIE时，患儿血清IL-6和TNF-α升高，并与病症严重程度和治疗进程相关；IL-6和TNF-α可能参与了HIE的病理生理过程，并可用于监测临床病程进展。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病与SAA、CRP、IL-6水平的相关性研究

目的探讨新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)时白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平变化及意义.方法用ELISA法检测40例HIE患儿急性期和恢复期血清IL-6、SAA、CRP水平,并与20例无窒息及感染的新生儿比较.结果HIE轻、中、重三组IL-6、SAA、CRP水平均明显高于对照组,其中重度HIE存活者多数高于其它各组而死亡组均明显低于各治疗组,恢复期三指标均显著下降.SAA恢复较IL-6、CRP缓慢并与HIE预后有关.结论同时检测血清IL-6、SAA、CRP水平及变化,对新生儿HIE的早期诊断及对病程、预后的评价具有重要的临床意义.     

窒息新生儿血清及脑脊液细胞因子变化及其与预后的关系

目的探讨窒息新生儿血清及脑脊液中炎性细胞因子动态变化及其与脑损伤程度、神经系统远期预后的关系。方法采用放射免疫法对63例足月窒息儿生后d 1,3,5血清及脑脊液中TNF-αI、L-6I、L-8进行检测,并在生后12个月时用中国儿童发展中心(CDCC)制定的婴幼儿发育量表进行神经发育随访。结果血清及脑脊液TNF-αI、L-6I、L-8在新生儿窒息后增高,且与脑病出现与否及其程度相关;血清TNF-α于生后24 h达峰值(P<0.05),IL-6于生后3 d达峰值(P<0.05),生后5 d内IL-8变化不明显;脑脊液TNF-αI、L-8于生后1~3 d水平较高,IL-6变化趋势与血清类似;血清与脑脊液中IL-6呈正相关;重度脑损伤组血清IL-6浓度显著高于正常组和轻度脑损伤组(P<0.01),其脑脊液IL-6浓度显著高于正常组(P<0.05),其脑脊液IL-8浓度显著高于正常组和轻度脑损伤组(P<0.01)。结论窒息后以TNF-αI、L-6I、L-8等细胞因子为主的炎症反应参与脑损伤形成的病理生理过程;窒息新生儿血清IL-6水平、脑脊液IL-6I、L-8水平与神经系统远期预后有关。     

新生儿HIE血清IL-6、IL-8与TNF-α动态变化及临床意义探讨

为探讨新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)外周血IL-6、IL-8与TNF-α变化的临床意义,采用放射免疫法,对生后1天(24小时内)、3天及7天检测了40例HIE患儿及40例正常新生儿外因血IL-6、IL-8与TNF-α水平.结果显示,与正常新生儿比较,HIE患儿生后1天血清IL-6水平分别为(52.6±24.5)对(80.2±29.4)ng/L(P＜0.01),IL-8分别为(0.47±0.13)对(0.68±0.16)μg/L(P＜0.01),TNF-α分别为(1.18±0.31)对(0.91±0.30)μg/L(P＜0.01),而且病情越重改变越明显;至生后1周IL-6、TNF-α恢复至正常,与对照组水平相比P＞0.05,而IL-8则仍显著低于正常新生儿(P＜0.01).因此,认为围产期窒息与HIE患儿外周血IL-6与IL-8水平减低,TNF-α水平升高;它们可能参与了新生儿缺氧缺血性脑损伤的某些发病过程.     

选择性头部亚低温治疗对缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿血清细胞因子的影响

目的 探讨选择性头部亚低温治疗对缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)新生儿血清IL-1β、IL-2及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的影响.方法 将50例中重度HIE患儿随机分为选择性头部亚低温治疗和常规治疗对照组各25例.二组均采用常规治疗,治疗组出生6 h内采用选择性头部降温方法,维持鼻咽部温度(34.0±0.5)℃,肛温(35.5±0.5)℃,持续72 h.采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测二组血清IL-1β、IL-2及TNF-α在生后6、24 h及72 h的动态变化.采用独立样本t检验进行统计学分析.结果 中度HIE治疗组血清IL-1β、IL-2和TNF-α在24和72 h均低于对照组(Pa<0.05),重度HIE患儿血清IL-1β和TNF-α在72 h与对照组比较有显著差异(Pa<0.05),重度组血清IL-2在24 h与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论 选择性头部亚低温可通过抑制急性期损伤性细胞因子的释放、减轻HIE患儿的炎性级联反应而起到脑保护性作用.     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病与SAA、CRP、IL-6水平的相关性研究

目的探讨新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE）白细胞介素-6(IL-6）、血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平变化及意义。方法用ELISA法检测40例HIE患儿急性期和恢复期血清IL-6、SAA、CRP水平，并与20例无窒息及感染的新生儿比较。结果HIE轻、中、重三组IL-6、SAA、CRP水平均明显高于对照组，其中重度HIE存活者多数高于其它各组而死亡组均明显低于各治疗组，恢复期三指标均显著下降。SAA恢复较IL-6、CRP缓慢并与HIE预后有关。结论同时检测血清IL-6、SAA、CRP水平及变化，对新生儿HIE的早期诊断及对病程、预后的评价具有重要的临床意义。     

肺炎支原体肺炎患儿血清巨噬细胞移动抑制因子、肿瘤坏死因子-α、白细胞介素-6表达的意义

目的 探讨巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF) 、TNF-α及IL-6在肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)患儿血清中的表达水平及意义.方法 采用ELISA法测定42例急性期和26例恢复期MPP患儿、25例细菌性肺炎患儿(细菌性肺炎组)及30例健康儿童(健康对照组)血清MIF、TNF-α及IL-1β水平,并对急性期和恢复期MPP患儿血清MIF水平与血清TNF-α 、IL-6水平进行相关性分析.结果 MPP急性期患儿血清MIF、TNF-α、IL-6水平明显高于MPP恢复期、细菌性肺炎组及健康对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.01,0.05);MPP恢复期与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);细菌性肺炎组MIF、TNF-α及IL-6水平亦高于健康对照组(P均＜0.05);MPP急性期MIF与TNF-α、IL-6呈正相关(r=0.76、0.82,P均＜0.05);恢复期MIF与TNF-α、IL-6无相关性(r=0.26、0.31,P均＞0.05).结论 MIF 、TNF-α及IL-6可能参与MPP发病过程,联合检测对MPP病情判断及预后评估具有重要的参考价值.     

缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿血清细胞因子及T细胞亚群的变化

目的探讨缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)新生儿血清白介素(IL)-1β、IL-10、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平及外周血T细胞亚群的变化。方法选择2006年5月至2009年10月本院新生儿病房收住院的30例HIE患儿为病例组,同期无窒息的足月新生儿30例为对照组,应用ELISA法检测两组新生儿血清IL-1β、IL-10、TNF-α水平,分离外周血单个核细胞,用免疫组化法检测CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+细胞百分率。结果病例组血清IL-1β、IL-10、TNF-α水平(pg/ml)均高于对照组[(16.2±4.6)比(13.0±4.1),(21.6±5.1)比(16.4±4.2),(19.5±0.3)比(12.1±0.3),P均<0.05],CD3+、CD4+、CD8+细胞数量(%)低于对照组[(41.3±7.1)比(45.2±7.3),(36.1±6.6)比(40.0±5.8),(22.9±4.2)比(25.8±4.4),P均<0.05]。结论 HIE患儿存在一定程度的免疫功能紊乱,IL-1β、IL-10、TNF-α和T细胞亚群可能参与了HIE的发病过程。     

缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿脂联素、胰岛素样生长因子-1的变化

目的探讨缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)新生儿血清胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、脂联素(APN)水平的变化。方法选择足月HIE新生儿52例(重度HIE组15例,中度HIE组20例,轻度HIE组17例),测定脐血及生后3~5 d(HIE急性期)、10~14 d(HIE恢复期)的血清IGF-1、APN水平;另选同期出生的20例足月健康新生儿作为对照组。结果轻、中、重度HIE组及对照组四组间脐血及生后3~5 d时APN、IGF-1水平的差异有统计学意义(P均0.01),均随HIE程度加重而下降,两两比较差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);HIE恢复期新生儿APN、IGF-1水平显著增加,但APN水平中度HIE组和重度HIE组仍低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);重度HIE组IGF-1仍低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);HIE患儿脐血、急性期血清IGF-1、APN水平呈显著正相关(r=0.53、0.61,P均0.01)。结论 HIE患儿血清IGF-1、APN水平降低与HIE的病理生理过程密切相关,可作为病情程度的判断指标之一,对临床诊断及预后的判断具有指导意义。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血清IL-6水平变化及与脑实质CT值的相互关系

目的：探讨新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)患儿血清IL-6水平 与脑实质CT值的变化规律及其相关性。方法：采用ELISA法对37例HIE患儿 和12例对照组新生儿血清IL-6水平进行动态测定。同时采用西门子Smatom CR型全身CT扫 描机单纯头颅平扫，在CT诊断分度的同时测定脑实质CT值。结果：轻、中 、重度HIE患儿急性期血清IL-6水平均较恢复期明显增高(均P<0.01)，并明显高于 同期对照组水平(均P<0.01)，3组患儿中尤以重度组增高显著；恢复期重度HIE组血 清IL-6水平仍高于对照组(P<0.01)，而轻、中度HIE组与对照组无显著性差异。轻 、中、重度HIE患儿脑实质CT值均明显低于对照组(均P<0.01)；相关分析发现，急 性期患儿血清IL-6水平与脑实质CT值呈显著负相关(r=-0.893，P<0.01) ，而恢复期患儿血清IL-6水平与脑实质CT值无相关关系。结论：IL-6在 新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的发病中起重要作用。血清IL-6水平测定可作为HIE诊断及评价脑损 伤程度的重要参考指标。     

July 14, 2016, Terror Attack in Nice,France

On July 14, 2016, a terrorist attack by truck occurred in Nice, France, during the traditional fireworks for Bastille Day. The authors present the point of view of the doctors from Lenval University Children's Hospital, which is located near the attack place and which had to manage 47 casualties, including 12 adults.     

Risk perception, road behavior, and pedestrian injury among adolescent students in Kathmandu, Nepal.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between the perceived safety of specified road behaviors, self-described road behaviors, and pedestrian injury among adolescent students in Kathmandu, Nepal. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1557 adolescents in grades 6-8 across 14 schools in Kathmandu using a self-administered questionnaire in 2003. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Adolescents were more likely to suffer from pedestrian injury when they did not always "wait for green signals to cross the road". There were no significant associations between road behaviors such as "looking both ways along the road before crossing" or "playing in the road or sidewalks" and pedestrian injury. Adolescents who "perceived it safe to cross the road from any point" or "did not perceive it to be safer to cross the road at a zebra crossing" were less likely to "look both ways" or "wait for green signals" before crossing the road. Adolescents who "perceived it to be safe to play in the road" were more likely to play in the road or sidewalk. Similarly, this study showed a positive association between road safety education and adolescents' road crossing behaviors. CONCLUSION: Adolescents' road behaviors, except for compliance with green signals, were not significantly associated with pedestrian injury. This suggests that a behavioral approach without modification of the traffic environment (such as provision of crossing signals) might not effectively prevent the occurrence of pedestrian injury in developing countries with poor traffic conditions.     

Obesogenic home food availability,diet, and BMI in Pakistani and White toddlers

Individuals of South Asian ethnicity have an increased risk for obesity and related diseases. Foods available in the home during the first 1000 days (conception to 24 months old) are an important determinant of diet, yet no study has examined the association of early‐life home food availability (HFA) with later diet and obesity risk in South Asian households. We examined whether obesogenic HFA at 18 months of age is associated with dietary intake and body mass index (BMI) at 36 months of age in low‐income Pakistani and White households in the United Kingdom. In this prospective birth cohort study (Born in Bradford 1000), follow‐up assessments occurred at 18 (n = 1032) and 36 (n = 986) months of age. Variety and quantity of snack foods and sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) in the home and consumed were measured using the HFA Inventory Checklist and food frequency questionnaires, respectively. BMI was calculated using measured length/height and weight. Multinomial logistic regression models examined associations between HFA and tertiles of dietary intake, and multivariable linear regression models assessed associations between HFA and BMI. Pakistani households had a greater variety and quantity of snack foods and SSBs available compared with White households. Variety and quantity of snack foods and SSBs in the home at 18 months were positively associated with children''s intake of these items at 36 months, but associations between HFA and BMI were null. Reducing obesogenic HFA during the first 1000 days may promote the development of more healthful diets, though this may not be associated with lower obesity risk during toddlerhood.     

Metabolic, hormonal, oxidative, and inflammatory factors in pediatric obesity-related liver disease

OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of metabolic, hormonal, oxidative, and inflammatory factors in pediatric obesity-related liver disease. STUDY DESIGN: In 50 obese children (age 7 to 14 years) with (n = 20, group 1) or without (n = 30, group 2) hypertransaminasemia and ultrasonographic liver brightness, we studied insulin resistance (fasting glucose/insulin ratio [FGIR]) and serum levels of leptin, iron, transferrin, ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell (WBC) count, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, C282Y and H63D mutations, and erythrocytic glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity. RESULTS: FGIR (6.7 +/- 4.1 vs 9.2 +/- 5.2; P = .02), serum ferritin (88.8 +/- 36.0 vs 39.9 +/- 24.0 ng/mL; P = .0001), serum CRP (5.4 +/- 6.0 vs 1.1 +/- 1.6 mg/dL; P = 0.004), and GPX (8.4 +/- 0.9 vs 5.0 +/- 0.5 U/g Hb; P = .05) were significantly higher and more frequently deranged in group 1 than in group 2. FGIR, ferritin, and CRP values were simultaneously deranged in 41% of the group 1 patients and in none of the group 2 patients ( P = .098). Serum leptin, iron, and transferrin, WBC, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and C282Y and H63D mutations were similar in the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and low-grade systemic inflammatory status are implicated in pediatric obesity-related liver disease. These findings may be useful in planning pathophysiologically based therapeutic trials for hepatopathic obese children who are unable to follow hypocaloric diets.     

Successful use of the new immune-suppressor sirolimus in IPEX (immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome)

IPEX (immune-dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked) syndrome is an autoimmune disorder with an often lethal outcome in spite of immunosuppressive therapy. We report the successful use of sirolimus in 3 patients with IPEX. The efficacy of sirolimus is probably due to its different mode of action compared to calcineurin-dependent agents.