恶性胸腔积液的处理

恶性胸腔积液是恶性肿瘤胸膜转移或原发于胸膜的恶性肿瘤所致,为恶性肿瘤常见并发症之一。据统计24%~50%的渗出性胸腔积液源于恶性病变,50%的癌症转移患者最终发生恶性胸腔积液[1-4]。恶性胸腔积液中占前3位的分别为肺癌(36.3%)、乳腺癌(25%)和淋巴瘤(8%~26%)。恶性胸腔积液增长迅速,常伴有胸闷、气急、心悸、不能平卧等症状,如不及时治疗可造成患者呼吸循环功能障碍、低蛋白血症、贫血,严重者甚至危及生命。因而,迅速、有效地治疗恶性胸腔积液是整个肿瘤多学科治疗中的重要环节[5]。最常见的导致恶性胸腔积液的肺癌在1997年的肺癌分期中为…     

胸腔穿刺针胸腔闭式引流治疗恶性胸腔积液

恶性胸腔积液(maliganent pleural effusions,MPE)是指恶性肿瘤的胸膜转移或胸膜本身恶性肿瘤所致的胸腔积液。这是恶性肿瘤尤其是肺瘤、乳瘤癌常见的晚期表现,在多数病人中为首发l临床表现。自2002年5月起我们应用胸腔穿针行胸腔闭式引流联合胞必佳胸腔内注射治疗恶性胸腔积液30例,现报告如下：     

恶性胸腔积液的实验诊断进展

恶性胸腔积液是由恶性肿瘤胸膜转移或原发于胸膜的恶性肿瘤所致,早期诊断困难,临床迫切需要实验室提供检查手段,以诊断恶性胸腔积液.本文就恶性胸腔积液的实验诊断进行综述.     

假单胞菌注射液治疗恶性胸腔积液116例分析

恶性胸腔积液是由恶性肿瘤胸膜转移或胸膜原发恶性肿瘤引起的 ,约占所有胸腔积液的 18.7%～ 3 3 .3 % [1] ,是癌症晚期的常见并发症之一 ,肺癌和乳腺癌是最主要原因 ,其自然病程平均 <3个月。如何提高恶性胸腔积液的疗效 ,并延长生存期是一个非常重要的课题。自 1991年 1月 1日～ 2 0 0 0年 12月 3 1日 ,我们利用假单胞菌注射液 (PVI)治疗了肺癌与乳腺癌引起的恶性胸胸腔积液患者 116例 ,取得了良好的临床疗效。对象与方法1.对象 :选择经病理学、细胞学证实的原发性支气管肺癌或乳腺癌 ,经X线、CT、B超证实有胸腔积液存在 ,胸腔穿刺抽取…     

调节性T细胞及其在结核性及恶性胸腔积液中的研究进展

胸腔积液是常见的内科疾病,肺、胸膜和肺外疾病均可引起,其病因以渗出性胸膜炎最为常见,渗出性胸腔积液最常见的病因是结核性胸膜炎和恶性胸腔积液。结核性胸膜炎是由于胸膜下结核杆菌感染诱发严重的迟发型超敏反应而引起,恶性胸腔积液由恶性肿瘤胸膜转移或恶性胸膜间皮瘤引起,     

闭式胸膜刷检术对恶性胸腔积液的诊断价值

目的评价闭式胸膜刷检术对恶性胸腔积液的诊断价值。方法临床疑诊的48例恶性胸腔积液行胸膜刷检、胸膜活检和胸水细胞学检查,比较各种方法和组合对肿瘤细胞的阳性率。结果43例确诊为恶性胸腔积液,胸膜刷检阳性率为62.8%,胸水细胞学检查阳性率为55.8%,胸膜活检阳性率为37.2%,以胸膜刷检最高,明显高于胸膜活检(P<0.05),但与胸水细胞学检查比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。联合胸膜活检和胸膜刷检,阳性率提高为76.7%,3种方法联合应用阳性率为83.7%。结论胸膜刷检是一种简单、安全、有效的检查手段,对诊断恶性胸腔积液有较大的应用价值。     

胸腔内置引流管治疗胸腔恶性积液33例疗效观察

胸胸腔恶性积液占整个胸腔积液的2 5 % ,为晚期肺癌和其他恶性肿瘤胸膜内转移的常见表现 ,严重影响到病人呼吸功能及生活质量 ,甚至威胁到生命。我院自 1996年 1月～ 1998年 12月通过胸腔内置引流管并注入博莱霉素治疗 33例胸腔恶性积液取得满意的疗效。1　资料与方法1 1　一般资料　 6 2例胸腔恶性大、中量积液病人 ,均经细胞学和组织学证实。随机分为胸腔内置引流管 (治疗组 ) 33例和间断胸腔穿刺抽液 (对照组 ) 2 9例。治疗组中男 2 1例 ,女 12例 ,年龄 6 0～ 74岁 ;对照组中男 18例 ,女 11例 ,年龄 6 1～ 72岁 ,2组的组织细胞分型分别为…     

恶性胸腔积液治疗指南摘要

发病率、病因与发病机制恶性胸腔积液 (MPE)在肿瘤患者中较为常见。因恶性肿瘤而死亡的患者中 ,15 %发生 MPE。MPE在渗出性积液中 4 2 %至 77%是由恶性疾病引起。几乎所有肿瘤均可侵犯胸膜腔 ,肺癌最常见 ,约占 MPE的1/ 3。乳癌居第二位。淋巴瘤 ,包括何杰金氏病和非何杰金氏淋巴瘤 ,卵巢和胃肠道的肿瘤较少引起 MPE。约 5 %～ 10 %的MPE找不到原发肿瘤。胸膜间皮瘤的发病与地域有关。尸检显示 ,多数胸膜腔转移来源于肿瘤栓子种植于脏层胸膜 ,其次种植于壁层胸膜。其他可能的转移机制包括肿瘤直接侵犯 (肺癌、乳癌、胸壁恶性肿瘤 )…     

恶性胸腔积液的诊断进展

恶性胸腔积液是指原发于胸膜肿瘤或肿瘤转移到胸膜引起的胸液.约50%的肿瘤转移患者有恶性胸腔积液,其中,肺癌和乳腺癌转移患者约占75%,女性患者占67%.胸腔积液可以出现在病程进展的任一阶段,也有10%的患者以胸腔积液为首发症状.由于恶性胸腔积液患者的平均生存期只有6个月,故早期诊断、及时治疗十分重要.在选择胸腔积液诊断方法时,宜遵循先易后繁的原则,如诊断率相近,要选择对患者创伤小的方法,本文分别就影像学、肿瘤标志物、细胞因子、胸腔有创性检查等4个方面的进展加以阐述。     

电子支气管镜替代胸腔镜在恶性胸腔积液诊断中的应用

目的探讨电子支气管镜替代胸腔镜检查对恶性胸腔积液的诊断价值及恶性胸腔积液在支气管镜直视下的胸膜改变。方法对我院2008年10月～2010年10月间,应用电子支气管镜（Olympus BF-260）替代胸腔镜检查并确诊的33例恶性胸腔积液患者进行回顾性分析,所有患者经胸腔积液细胞学、痰细胞学、支气管镜检查等仍不能确诊胸腔积液性质,行电子支气管镜替代胸腔镜检查,直视下观察胸膜变化,并对可疑组织行活检进行病理检查。结果 33例患者最终诊断：胸膜转移癌25例,其中肺鳞癌2例,肺腺癌19例,小细胞癌1例,消化道肿瘤转移1例,其他部位转移癌2例;恶性胸膜间皮瘤5例;不能明确的恶性肿瘤3例。结论恶性胸腔积液胸膜上有不同程度的病损;电子支气管镜替代胸腔镜检查是一项安全、有效、易操作的检查方法。     

闭式胸膜活检加胸膜刷检在胸腔积液中的诊断价值

目的探讨闭式胸腔穿刺胸膜活检同时胸膜刷检在渗出性胸腔积液中的诊断价值。方法对87例渗出性胸腔积液患者,同时行闭式胸膜活检术与胸膜刷检术。结果 87例患者,胸膜活检113次,成功率92.9%(105/113),病因诊断阳性率为70.1%(61/87)。胸膜刷检112次,成功率73.2%(82/112),病因诊断阳性率为60.0%(52/87)。胸膜活检病因诊断阳性率虽高于胸膜刷检,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。有11例患者胸膜活检病因诊断阴性,胸膜刷检阳性;有20例患者胸膜刷检病因诊断阴性,但胸膜活检阳性。胸膜活检同时胸膜刷检,病因诊断阳性率提高至82.8%(72/87),高于单独胸膜活检及单独胸膜刷检(均P0.05)。87例患者胸膜检查时发生胸膜反应3例(2.7%),气胸4例(3.5%)。结论经皮胸膜活检与胸膜刷检均是渗出性胸腔积液病因诊断的重要手段,相对安全。胸膜活检同时胸膜刷检有更高的病因诊断阳性率,在渗出性胸腔积液的临床诊断中具有重要价值。     

Radiographic visualization of pleural space under negative pleural pressure

Although many imaging modalities have developed in the area of pulmonary medicine, information about the condition of pleural surface is limited. In this study, we carried out contrast pleurography under negative pleural pressure in dogs and humans to evaluate the condition of the pleural space including adhesion between the two pleural layers, incomplete fissure and features of the pleural surface. After insertion of a flower-type catheter into the pleural space under ultrasonic guidance, contrast material (60% Meglumine iotalamate, Conray 60, 0.5-1.0 ml/kg) was injected into the pleural space through the catheter. In dogs with intact pleura, contrast material distributed to the pulmonary surface, including interlobar spaces, rapidly. In dogs with pleural adhesion which was induced artificially with talc, affected areas were visualized as defects of contrast material. In humans, this contrast pleurography provided information about pleural adhesion, pulmonary lobulation, extent of cancer to neighbouring lobes, irregular pleural surface due to bullae formation and pleural indentation by cancerous lesion. There was no serious complication in dogs and human studies. This contrast pleurography is unique because it is possible to evaluate the pleural space physiologically under negative pressure condition. It may be concluded that this method of pleurography is useful for the clinical evaluation of the condition of the pleura in various lung diseases.     

A case of multiple pleural cryptococcosis without pleural effusion

Pulmonary cryptococcosis is most likely to occur in immunocompromised patients. The radiological manifestations generally include pulmonary parenchymal lesions, namely, pulmonary nodules, cavitary lesions, and consolidation; thus, multiple pleural nodules are unusual presentation. Here, we report a woman who presented with multiple pleural cryptococcosis without pleural effusion. The patient had previously undergone surgery for stage II rectal cancer. In addition, she received 6 cycles of chemotherapy for follicular lymphoma. Computed tomography (CT) revealed multiple small nodules involving the pleura without pleural effusion, which suggested possible recurrence of rectal cancer or malignant lymphoma as pleural dissemination. Thoracoscopic examination was performed, and pleural cryptococcosis was diagnosed. Although pleural cryptococcosis without pleural effusion is extremely rare presentation, clinicians should consider it when an immunocompromised patient presents with multiple pleural nodules. Thoracoscopic exploration should be the best procedure for the definitive diagnosis of multiple pleural nodules.     

Use of indwelling pleural catheters for chronic pleural infection

Recurrent, chronic pleural infection creates difficult management issues. Surgical drainage is currently recommended for patients who have failed initial "medical treatment" (ie, tube thoracostomy and antibiotic therapy), but the options for patients not fit for surgery are limited. Prolonged closed tube drainage may be an option in this group, although concerns exist regarding the efficacy and risk of catheter blockage. Long-term indwelling pleural catheters are increasingly used for the treatment of recurrent malignant pleural effusion. Pleural infection is recognized as a complication and is cited as a contraindication to insertion of an indwelling pleural drain within the product literature. We report two patients with empyema in a fixed pleural space in whom the insertion of an ambulatory catheter produced successful drainage. Long-term indwelling pleural catheters may have a role in maintaining the drainage of a chronically infected pleural space that is not readily treated in other ways.     

胸腔穿刺联合胸腔闭锁引流治疗反复发作的胸腔积液35例疗效观察

目的观察胸腔穿刺联合胸腔闭锁引流治疗反复发作的胸腔积液的效果。方法对35例病人进行胸腔穿刺结合胸腔粘连术及对病因的治疗,B超检查观察疗效。结果控制胸腔积液CR（完全治愈）：30例;PR（部分治愈）：3例。有效率达到94．3％。主要的副作用是发热和胸痛。结论胸腔穿刺联合胸腔闭锁术是对反复发作的胸腔积液治疗的有效手段之一。     

Volume of pleural fluid required for diagnosis of pleural malignancy

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine if the diagnosis of pleural malignancy is dependent on the volume of pleural fluid sampled. DESIGN AND SETTING: Single-center retrospective chart review. PATIENTS: Two hundred eighty-two patients who underwent diagnostic thoracentesis between October 1, 1998, and June 30, 1999. INTERVENTIONS: Charts were analyzed for volume of fluid, pathologic and clinical diagnoses, and demographics. Patients were classified into quartiles based on the volume of pleural fluid collected. Sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for each quartile for diagnosis of pleural malignancy by cytology of pleural fluid. Further analyses were done regarding the effect of sex, race, age, smoking history, and personal history of malignancy on diagnosis. RESULTS: In total, 374 samples from 282 patients were identified (140 men and 142 women). Pleural malignancy within 6 months of initial thoracentesis was diagnosed in 99 patients (35.1%). No differences were detected for sensitivity and NPV for diagnosis of pleural malignancy between any two quartiles (p > 0.05). Samples collected from women had a higher sensitivity for predicting pleural malignancy (p = 0.0011), and those collected from nonsmokers had a slightly higher but not statistically significant sensitivity for predicting pleural malignancy (p = 0.057). Samples collected from subjects with no history of malignancy had a significantly higher NPV than samples collected from subjects with a history of malignancy (p < 0.001). After adjusting for these demographic and medical history factors, the associations of the pleural fluid volume quartiles with sensitivity and NPV did not change. CONCLUSION: The sensitivity for diagnosis of pleural malignancy is not dependent on the volume of pleural fluid extracted during thoracentesis.