Postoperative flexible choledochoscopy for residual primary intrahepatic stones.

Postoperative flexible choledochoscopy was carried out in 103 patients with residual biliary calculi. Forty-one patients had residual stones in the common duct, and 63 patients had residual stones in the intrahepatic ducts with or without stones in the common duct. The majority of the intrahepatic stones were primary stones. Postoperative choledochoscopy was very effective in removing residual common duct stones (95% removed, no morbidity). For intrahepatic stones, removal was more difficult and was associated with a higher morbidity (11.2%). Stone extraction through the stenotic intrahepatic ducts was made possible by the balloon dilatation of the ducts. Repeated endoscopic access to the biliary system was made easier by the construction of a hepatico-cutaneous-jejunostomy, which also provides a route to the biliary tree for future stone removal if stone reformation occurs. Complimented by these procedures, postoperative choledochoscopy was successful in removing the residual intrahepatic stones in 82.3% of the patients. At a median follow-up of 17 months, the majority of the patients who had all the stones removed as well as those who had stones left behind were symptom free.     

Choledochoscopy during biliary surgery for reducing the risk of overlooked stones

Summary Although cholangiography is routinely performed during biliary surgery to ensure the removal of all stones, it is not always successful. Some investigators have claimed that intraoperative choledochoscopy is more effective in detecting all stones, although reports on the efficacy of this method have been contradictory. Furthermore, no study has systematically examined either of these procedures in terms of the actual incidence of overlooked stones. Thus, to evaluate the merits of intraoperative cholangiography as opposed to choledochoscopy, we studied the incidence of overlooked bile duct stones after surgery. We investigated 126 patients who had undergone surgery during which choledocholithotomy was performed within the past 10 years; 117 of these cases involved common bile duct stones and 22, intrahepatic stones. After the exclusion of 13 subjects whose stones were deliberately left for postoperative treatment due to severe complications, 126 patients were finally analyzed. Overlooked stones were found postoperatively in 13 (10%) of these 126 subjects, including 11 (14%) of 63 patients who had been inspected by intraoperative cholangiography alone and 2 (3%) of 63 who had undergone both choledochoscopy and cholangiography during surgery. Therefore, the incidence of overlooked stones proved to be significantly lower in those who had undergone choledochoscopy combined with cholangiography (P <0.01). Our results suggest the value of combining choledochoscopy with cholangiography during surgery for reducing the risk of overlooked bile duct stones.     

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目的 探讨内镜治疗肝内外胆管残余结石的效果。方法 对1990年1月至2000年1月间的306例胆道残余结石的治疗效果进行回顾性分析,采用十二指肠镜127例,胆道镜116例,经皮经肝胆道镜（PTCS）63例。结果 306例中有286例成功（93.46%）。十二指肠镜治疗127例,成功125例;胆道镜经T管窦道治疗116例,成功109例;PTCS治疗肝内结石63例,成功52例。结论 内镜治疗肝内外胆道结石效果显著,可使绝大多数病人避免再次手术。     

The importance of postoperative choledochoscopy for management of retained biliarytract stones

From 1974-8, 808 postoperative choledochoscopy procedures, conducted by insertion of choledochofiberscope into the biliary tract through the sinus tract after the T-tube had been removed, were carried out in 292 patients at Teikyo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. In this series, 104 with retained biliary tract stones were encountered, and complete removal of stones was successfully carried out in 101, using postoperative choledochoscopy. Any failures of removal of retained biliary tract stones were attributed to improper insertion of the T-tube. The T-tube, of at least 18 French calibers should be inserted into the common bile duct at a right angle so as to obviate a tortuous sinus tract. The follow-up study in cases of complete extraction of the retained biliary tract stones showed that this approach is most effective. Recurrent stone with a silk nidus was found in one patient in whom postoperative choledochoscopy had been performed one year previously. Reoperation was carried out in this particular case. All other patients have remained asymptomatic. Finally, we advise routine use of postoperative choledochoscopy as an adjunct to the T-tube cholangiography, in order to prevent the possibility of retained biliary tract stones. Contents of this paper were read before the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Digestive Disease Week '79 on May 22nd, 1979 in New Orleans, U.S.A.     

Experience with percutaneous transhepatic fiberoptic choledochoscopy for retained stones in the biliary tract

Summary Residual choledochal stones in 11 patients and stones in the intrahepatic bile ducts in 5 patients were successfully removed by the use of the fiberoptic choledochoscope (FCH-6T), introduced percutaneously into the intrahepatic biliary tract. The reasons for the use of percutaneous transhepatic extraction were: (1) unsuccessful endoscopic papillotomy; (2) unsuccessful choledochoscopic removal via the T-tube tract; (3) high surgical risk; (4) the presence of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage for acute cholangitis and acute pancreatitis. All stones were extracted through the liver or the papilla of Vater after crushing them. All minor complications such as pain, vomiting, or fever resolved without further therapy. Percutaneous transhepatic choledochoscopy proved safe and effective for the removal of retained choledochal stones and was essential for the treatment of stones in the intrahepatic bile ducts.     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆管再次手术治疗肝内外胆管结石的安全性和临床疗效

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆管再次手术治疗肝内外胆管结石的安全性和临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2017年2月间临床资料完整的80例肝内外胆管结石患者资料,分为开腹组(n＝36)和腹腔镜联合胆道镜手术组(研究组,n＝44)。采用SPSS19.0软件包对数据进行分析,术中术后指标等计量资料采用( ±s)描述,独立t检验。术后结石残留、术后结石复发等并发症资料组间比较采用χ²检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果研究组的手术时间、术中出血量、术后镇痛时间、肛门排气时间、腹腔管拔除时间、T管夹闭时间、住院时间显著低于开腹组(P<0.05);研究组术后结石残留、结石复发的比例显著低于开腹组(P<0.05);两组术后并发症的情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆管再次手术治疗肝内外胆管结石是安全可行的微创手术方式,相较于传统开腹手术其临床效果更显著,具有手术时间短、术中出血量少、术后恢复快、结石残留率和复发率低的优势,具有临床应用和推广价值。     

纤维胆道镜在肝胆管结石治疗中的价值

目的 探讨手术和纤胆镜联合治疗肝胆管结石的应用价值。方法 回顾分析1998年9月～2003年6月共380例手术和纤胆镜联合治疗肝胆管结石病人的临床资料。结果 380例肝胆管结石病人术中应用纤胆镜技术后。残留结石率由38％降到12．9％,132例术中纤胆镜发现合并肝内胆管狭窄，其中30例为假性狭窄，经纤胆镜扩张后治愈，其余采用了相应的手术方式。49例残留结石的病人术后均采用纤胆镜取石，残留结石率为1．9％，4例因多次取石费用高而放弃，3例因胆道出血而放弃。结论 肝胆管结石的手术中联合应用纤胆镜可使肝内结石的诊断更明确、取石更有效，并对手术方式的选择有指导意义，术后经T管窦道纤胆镜取石是治疗肝H日管残留结石的的主要手段.     

经皮胆肠吻合口胆道镜治疗肝内胆管复发结石

目的探讨经皮胆肠吻合口胆道镜治疗胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后肝内胆管复发结石的方法及疗效。方法20．0．0年1月～2005年2月，对8例胆肠吻合术后肝内胆管再发结石，采用经皮经空肠输胆襻造口术建立通道，胆道镜经胆肠吻合口进入肝内胆管取石，纠正吻合口和肝内胆管狭窄。结果8例肝内胆管结石均取净，4例胆管狭窄和2例吻合口狭窄解除。8例随访1～3年，肝内胆管无复发结石和再狭窄。结论经皮胆肠吻合口胆道镜治疗肝内胆管复发结石创伤小、安全、可行，效果满意。     

胆道镜治疗术后肝内胆管结石并狭窄13年经验总结：附697例报告

目的:总结胆道镜治疗术后肝内胆管结石并狭窄的经验,提高肝内胆管结石并狭窄的治疗效果。方法:回顾2000年1月—2012年12月应用胆道镜经T管窦道治疗术后肝内胆管结石并狭窄的697例患者临床资料,分析技术要点,评价疗效。结果:672例患者取净结石,结石取净率96.4%。胆道镜共发现1 306支肝内胆管狭窄,其中1 297支狭窄得到解除,狭窄解除率99.3%。狭窄解除、结石取净后患者胆管壁恢复光滑。9例患者出现严重并发症,均经治疗后痊愈。结论:规范的胆道镜治疗能有效解除术后肝内胆管狭窄,取净结石;肝内胆管狭窄的发现及处理是胆道镜治疗的优势,应根据不同狭窄类型分别对待;萎缩肝段切除和术中取石在肝内胆管结石治疗中仍具有重要作用。     

胆道镜治疗胆管残余结石的临床研究

目的:探讨纤维胆道镜治疗术后胆管残余结石的临床价值。方法:回顾分析应用纤维胆道镜治疗264例肝内外胆管术后残余结石患者的临床资料。结果:264例中96例(36.36%)1次取石成功,165例(62.50%)2~5次取净结石,共261例取净结石,取石成功率98.86%;10例胆道镜取石后发热,6例少量胆道出血,5例腹泻,均经保守治疗痊愈。无窦道断裂、胆管十二指肠穿孔等严重并发症发生及死亡病例。结论:肝内外胆管结石术后常规应用纤维胆道镜检查能有效清除胆管残余结石,降低残石率和再手术率。     

肝尾叶结石的诊断与治疗

本文报告３９例尾叶结石的诊断和治疗，尾叶胆管是肝内结石高发区之一。本质占肝内结石病人的２５．１６％（３９／１５５）。术前Ｂ超检查仅２例做出诊断（２／３９），ＰＴＣ仅２例确诊（２／１２），３８例是在手术时取净妥外胆管，左，右肝内结石后再行术中Ｂ超检查时确诊定位，因此常规的术中Ｂ超检查和监督对尾叶结石的和定位是非常必要的，本文对尾叶结石的诊断和手术方式进行了讨论。     

胆管空肠吻合联合空肠盲袢固定标记在复发肝胆管结石治疗中应用研究

目的 探讨胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合联合腹膜下空肠盲袢固定标记法在肝胆管结石病术后及其伴随的胆管狭窄治疗中的价值。方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2017年12月在北京大学第一医院接受胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合联合腹膜下空肠盲袢固定标记术的113例肝胆管结石病病人的临床资料。并对术后经肠袢胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石和狭窄的情况进行总结。结果 113例病人全部完成胆肠吻合及盲袢固定标记术并在术后行胆道镜检查，其中79例行胆道镜取石治疗；49例行胆道镜下球囊扩张肝内胆管狭窄，7例发现有术后近期吻合口狭窄而行球囊扩张，71例证实结石取净或狭窄缓解后结束治疗。16例在治疗结束后因肝内胆管结石复发而在局麻下打开空肠盲袢，其中15例顺利完成再次治疗。结论 空肠盲袢固定标记法便于在胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合后进一步治疗肝内胆管结石及狭窄，并使多数复发病例避免了再次开放手术，对于易复发的肝胆管结石病是一种可供选择的治疗方法。     

肝切除联合术中纤维胆镜治疗肝胆管结石

目的 总结肝切除联合术中纤维胆道镜治疗肝胆管结石的疗效。方法 回顾分析我院经肝切除联合术中纤维胆镜治疗的54例肝胆管结石患者的临床资料。结果 手术死亡1例，术后重要并发症9例，包括胆瘘，膈下感染，肝功不全，胆道出血；残留结石4例，残留胆管狭窄3例，胆管细胞癌3例，随访8-78个月，结石复发5例，死亡5例（2例肝衰，3例胆管细胞癌），结论 肝切除联合术中纤维胆镜治疗肝胆管结石安全有效。且能消除胆管细胞癌发生的危险，优于传统手术，对肝硬化患者，是否行右肝切除应据患者情况而定。     

腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管治疗胆总管巨大结石的临床分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管治疗胆道巨大结石的疗效。方法:回顾分析2005年1月至2013年11月84例因梗阻性黄疸、胆总管巨大结石行腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管取石患者的临床资料。结果:80例成功完成手术。1例因胆道出血中转开腹行胆总管切开止血、取石+T管引流术;1例患者怀疑胆道下段肿瘤中转开腹探查并行胰十二指肠切除术,术中冰冻病理证实为胆管癌;1例患者经胆囊管取石毕发现乳头下端狭窄,术中行内镜逆行胰胆管造影及乳头肌切开后胆汁流出通畅;1例患者因Mirizzi综合征导致胆囊三角区粘连紧密从而中转开腹行胆总管切开取石、T管引流术。术后均无出血、胆漏、胆总管损伤等并发症发生,术后住院7~11 d。结论:腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管取石术治疗胆总管巨大结石安全、可靠,手术微创,结石清除率高,并发症少;对于胆囊管粗短直、入口较大的患者,可直接置入胆道镜探查取石,损伤小,优点突出,值得临床应用。     

胆道镜联合钬激光碎石治疗肝内胆管结石的临床体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜下胆道镜联合钬激光治疗肝内胆管结石的效果及临床价值。方法:回顾分析2008年6月至2012年6月124例胆道结石患者的临床资料,其中60例行腹腔镜下胆道镜联合钬激光碎石术(观察组),64例行传统开腹手术,术中配合胆道镜取石,未使用钬激光(对照组)。结果:观察组中58例(96.7%)结石完全取净,手术时间平均(98.93±10.66)min,平均住院(8.3±1.7)d,术后残余结石2例,经T管窦道胆道镜再次取石成功。对照组中38例(59.4%)取净结石,手术时间平均(122.8±13.43)min,平均住院(13.98±1.49)d;残余结石26例,术后经T管窦道胆道镜再次取石,其中6例经2次取石,3次、4次取石及再次开腹手术各2例。两组患者手术时间及住院时间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),术后胆道出血、肝功能异常、腹水等并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:腹腔镜下胆道镜联合钬激光治疗肝内胆管结石具有患者创伤小、康复快、碎石确切、安全有效等优点,为治疗肝内胆管结石开辟了新的治疗途径。     

A new biliary access technique for the long-term endoscopic management of intrahepatic stones

Intrahepatic stone disease poses a difficult postoperative management problem due to frequent stone recurrence. Most of the methods proposed for long-term access to the intrahepatic biliary tree require multiple sessions of additional, usually invasive, procedures. An alternative method for endoscopic long-term access to the intrahepatic ducts, represented by a side-to-side anastomosis between the isolated Roux-en-Y jejunal limb of the bilioenteric bypass and the duodenum (duodenojejunostomy), was used in eight patients with retained and/or recurrent stones after surgical treatment of intrahepatic stone disease. There were no short- or long-term complications or mortality associated with the duodenojejunostomy. Postoperative endoscopic access to the intrahepatic ducts was successfully achieved in five of six patients: one with stone recurrence, one with a left hepatic duct stricture and stone recurrence and one with known retained postoperative stones. In two patients, no stones were found at endoscopy. Side-to-side duodenojejunostomy may be useful in the long-term endoscopic management of recurrent intrahepatic biliary stone disease and should be indicated whenever a bilioenteric anastomosis is performed for the treatment of bilateral intrahepatic stone disease. Introduction Received: August 16, 2001 / Accepted: February 8, 2002     

胆道镜联合钬激光碎石治疗术后难取性肝内胆管结石

目的探讨胆道镜联合钬激光碎石治疗术后肝内胆管难取性结石的价值。方法2010年7月～2012年7月,采用纤维胆道镜下用钬激光碎石治疗术后肝内胆管难取性结石（嵌顿结石或结石〉1em）37例,功率0．8—1．2J／5～10Hz。结果37例行钬激光碎石1～12次,平均2．6次。1例因结石位于四级胆管,胆道镜无法进入,未完全取净,36例结石全部取净,成功率为97．3％（36／37）,碎石过程中无胆管壁灼伤、胆道穿孔。36例结石取净者术后随访3～25个月,平均12．3月,B超复查未发现结石复发。结论对于术后肝内胆管难取性结石,胆道镜下钬激光碎石是一种安全、有效的方法。     

How can cholangioscopy improve the management of intrahepatic stones?

Summary Experience with endoscopic treatment of intrahepatic stones in 93 cases encountered over 13 years starting in 1974 was analyzed and the usefulness of the procedure is discussed in this paper. Postoperative cholangioscopy are percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy are easy, safe and reliable procedures because they can be carried out under both fluoroscopic and direct visual control. They can be safely and repeatedly carried out if the sinus tract is kept open. Preoperative percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy is an important tool in the diagnosis and treatment of intrahepatic stones, because it provides the important information necessary for selection of an appropriate therapeutic procedure. Different stone extraction techniques can be accurately carried out with endoscopic guidance, and stones that are visible are readily removable. A good prognosis can be expected when stones are completely extracted. With this approach, the author believes that the results of treatment for intrahepatic stones will be significantly improved. Presented at the International Congress on Surgical Endoscopy, Ultrasound, and Interventional Techniques, Berlin 1988     

研发胆道取石硬镜经T管瘘道治疗胆道术后残留结石

目的探讨胆道结石术后用研发胆道取石硬镜（或输尿管镜）经T管瘘道探查和治疗残余结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析在利多卡因凝胶5~10ml注入瘘道局部麻醉后采用研发的胆道取石镜（或输尿管镜）经T管瘘道探查和治疗42例胆道结石术后病例的资料。结果全组42例患者中前期（2010年3月以前）20例中有10例顺利完成探查或取石术,另10例在探查胆总管下段时,腹痛明显而中止改用纤维胆道镜探查,后期（2010年3月以后）的22例有19例完成胆道探查或取石,有3例在探查胆总管下段时腹痛难忍中转纤维胆道镜探查。1例腹腔镜胆总管切开术后52d拔T管,经瘘道胆道取石镜探查发现瘘道未形成,出现胆汁性腹膜炎,后开腹手术治愈,其余病例无并发症出现。结论胆道结石术后经T管瘘道常规使用研发胆道取石硬镜（或输尿管镜）探查和治疗胆道残余结石,安全有效,操作简便,为临床提供一种治疗胆道术后残留结石的新方法,有临床推广价值。     

纤维胆道镜观察胆管异位开口与残石

８５０例胆管结石术后患者．在因疑有残石或胆总管远端不明原因的梗阻而经Ｔ管窦道行纤胆镜检查与治疗过程中，发现５２例胆管异位开口．其中存有残石者５０例。异位开口和残石以右肝尤其是右后叶肝胆管为多见．右后叶肝胆管开口于左肝胆管，左尾叶肝胆管开口于右前叶肝胆管，这些异位开口给纤胆镜检查取石带来很大的难度和盲目性．