老年颈动脉狭窄患者介入治疗的风险性分析

目的探讨老年颈动脉狭窄患者经皮血管内支架置入血管成形治疗术的方法及其风险。方法本组收集84例老年颈动脉狭窄患者经全脑数字减影血管造影检查诊断后,均采用经股动脉入路应用自膨式支架行经皮血管内支架置入术治疗。结果支架置入成功率98．8%(83/84),术后平均狭窄率由术前(77．0±15．3)%降至(8．2±8．7)%,临床脑缺血症状和体征明显改善。术后发生消化道出血1例,脑出血2例(1例治愈,1例死亡)。随访2个月～3年,无脑缺血再发,其中11例行数字减影血管造影复查,63例行多普勒超声复查,均无再狭窄发生。结论应用经皮血管内支架置入血管成形术治疗老年颈动脉狭窄具有简便、安全、有效的优点,老年患者围手术期须采取综合性措施以降低手术风险及防止手术并发症的发生。     

经皮血管内支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄

目的　探讨经皮血管内支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄的手术方法、适应证及操作技巧。方法　本组 2 2例颈动脉狭窄患者均采用经股动脉入路 ,对颈动脉颈段狭窄者应用自膨式支架进行血管成形 ,对位于颈动脉海绵窦段的狭窄则使用管状支架治疗。结果　 2 0例患者术后的颈动脉狭窄段直径较术前扩大 ,达到正常管径的 6 0 %以上 ,2例达到 30 %。 2 2例患者临床缺血体征术后明显改善 ,没有发生并发症。随访 2～ 2 4个月未见脑缺血发作。结论　经皮血管内支架成形术是治疗颈动脉狭窄的简便安全方式之一。但是缓慢及准确的操作仍是手术成功的关键。     

老年颅外段颈动脉狭窄患者的血管内介入治疗及相关问题的探讨

目的　探讨老年 (≥ 70岁 )颅外段颈动脉狭窄患者经皮血管内支架成形术 (PTAS)的适应证、手术方法及围手术期处理等相关问题。方法　本组收集 16例老年颅外段颈动脉狭窄患者经全脑数字减影血管造影 (DSA)检查诊断后 ,均采用经股动脉入路应用自膨式支架行PTAS治疗。结果　 16例颅外段颈动脉狭窄患者术后狭窄段的直径较术前扩大 ,12例达到正常管径的 6 0 %以上 ,4例达到 4 0 % ,有症状的 14例术后临床脑缺血症状和体征明显改善。全部患者无并发症发生。随访 2～ 2 4个月 ,全部患者均未再发生脑缺血 ,其中 2例行DSA复查、6例行多普勒超声复查 ,均无再狭窄发生。结论　PTAS是治疗老年颅外段颈动脉狭窄的简便安全有效方法之一。     

远端保护装置下CAS治疗颈动脉狭窄的疗效及并发症分析

目的探讨在远端保护装置（保护装置）下采用血管内支架成形术（CAS）治疗颈动脉狭窄的疗效,分析其并发症发生情况。方法对47例颈动脉狭窄患者行颈动脉CAS时应用保护装置,先将保护装置通过狭窄部位并在狭窄远端展开,然后行保护性颈动脉CAS;并对手术过程、疗效及围术期并发症进行分析。结果术后颈动脉造影证实,残余狭窄率〈30%,术后第10天死亡1例;术后1 a均未发生TIA、再卒中及死亡。结论在保护装置下采用CAS治疗颈动脉狭窄安全有效;掌握其适应证及操作规范,可减少并发症发生。     

脑保护装置下的血管成形和支架置入术治疗颈动脉狭窄

目的探讨颈动脉狭窄患者颈动脉血管成形和支架置入术(CAS)中应用脑保护装置的有效性和安全性。方法颈动脉狭窄患者CAS治疗时,12例应用脑保护装置(滤网型),16例未使用脑保护装置。结果28例颈动脉狭窄患者成功释放31枚自膨式支架。未使用脑保护装置组球囊预扩1次(6·2%),无一例后扩;使用脑保护装置组球囊预扩4次(33·3%),后扩6次(50%)。CAS治疗中,7例(25·0%)患者出现短暂性心率减慢和低血压。回收的脑保护装置中2例(16·7%)肉眼可见组织碎片。使用脑保护装置组在围手术期和随访期无神经并发症;未使用脑保护装置组围手术期发生1例(6·3%)脑梗死,随访期发生1例(6·3%)脑梗死。结论脑保护装置的使用有助于减少颈动脉狭窄患者CAS治疗的神经并发症。     

新疆地区缺血性脑卒中患者颅外段脑血管支架治疗长期随访分析

目的评价新疆地区颅外段脑动脉狭窄患者颈动脉血管支架置入术(CAS)和椎动脉起始端支架置入术(VAOS)治疗的安全性和有效性。方法颅外段颈动脉狭窄或椎动脉起始部狭窄患者323例,回顾性分析其CAS和VAOS术前和术后随访记录,分析支架置入成功率、围术期并发症,及随访期间支架置入后再狭窄率和临床终点事件的发生率。结果 CAS和VAOS组手术成功率为100%,围手术期并发症发生率分别为14.4%和1.2%,随访期间临床终点事件的发生率分别为15.1%和12.8%,再狭窄的发生率为8.8%和13.4%,Cox回归分析发现在CAS组中,男性和多支血管病变为发生再狭窄的危险因素(HR=19.249,P=0.02;HR=0.069,P=0.034);VAOS组中,对侧椎动脉狭窄为发生再狭窄的危险因素(HR=0.075,P=0.001)。结论 CAS和VAOS治疗颅外段动脉狭窄相对安全,但应重视术中及术后并发症的预防及处理。     

脑保护装置下高龄重度颈动脉狭窄患者颈动脉支架成形术的有效性和安全性评价

目的评价脑保护装置下高龄重度颈动脉狭窄患者颈动脉支架成形术(CAS)的有效性及安全性。方法选择2009年1月—2012年1月在青岛大学医学院附属医院行CAS的高龄重度颈动脉狭窄患者37例,术中均应用脑保护装置,观察患者狭窄改善情况、围术期并发症发生情况、回收脑保护装置内脱落栓子情况,随访1年观察患者缺血性脑血管事件发生情况。结果 36例患者脑保护伞均一次性顺利通过狭窄段放置到位成功释放;术后残余狭窄率均30%,平均狭窄程度从(83.0±6.7)%降至(13.0±6.1)%;回收的脑保护装置中有26个发现脱落的组织碎片;围术期均未出现脑出血、症状性脑梗死、支架内血栓形成等严重并发症;37例患者随访1年,无短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)、卒中、死亡发生。结论脑保护装置下对高龄重度颈动脉狭窄患者行CAS成功率和安全性较高。     

经皮血管内支架成形术治疗高龄颈动脉狭窄患者的临床研究

目的　对平均80岁以上的高龄颈动脉狭窄患者进行经皮血管内支架成形术治疗的可行性,安全性和效果进行探讨。方法　对18例(年龄76～92岁)单侧颈动脉狭窄和其中1例合并椎动脉狭窄患者经磁共振和数字减影血管造影(DSA)确诊,后行经皮颈动脉支架和椎动脉支架血管内成形手术。结果　19例次支架置放均获成功。DSA显示狭窄段的颈动脉直径明显扩大,同侧颅内脑血管循环时间和染色趋于正常。仅1例出现部分运动性失语。随访3～18个月,无1例再发生脑缺血事件;B超复查未见明显支架内再狭窄。结论　对高龄颈动脉狭窄行经皮血管内成形治疗的安全性高,效果可靠。但需重视预防和及时处理围手术期出现的并发症。     

颅外颈动脉支架成形术后颈动脉狭窄的危险因素分析

目的探讨颈动脉支架形成术(CAS)治疗颈动脉狭窄的危险因素,并分析其有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析采用CAS治疗颈动脉狭窄的110例病人资料,根据术后30 d内有无不良事件发生分为有不良事件组(24例)和无不良事件组(86例),比较两组病人临床资料、危险因素、术前美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、术前血管狭窄程度、狭窄部位等,预后结果采取多因素Logistic回归分析,全部CAS病例应用脑保护装置防止血栓脱落。结果 110例病人共植入支架115枚,脑保护装置全部回收,支架植入术成功率为100%。狭窄程度由术前中度、重度变为术后轻度、中度;围术期术后总体并发症24例(21.8%),30 d内不良事件7例(6.36%);随访3个月后,2例支架内再狭窄。两组年龄、高血压比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示高血压是CAS治疗颈动脉狭窄的危险因素。结论 CAS治疗颈动脉狭窄30 d内出现不良事件与高血压显著相关,颅外CAS可有效减轻病人颈动脉狭窄程度,且围术期是相对安全的。     

64排128层螺旋CT血管呈像在椎动脉血管内支架成形术术前评估中的临床研究

目的分析64排128层螺旋CT脑血管呈像(CTA)在椎动脉血管内支架成形术术前评估中的临床意义。方法对2011年5月—2016年7月广西百色市人民医院255例症状性椎动脉开口狭窄患者行椎动脉开口支架术,所以患者术前均行64排128层螺旋CT脑血管呈像(CTA),经评估后分别行经股动脉或经桡动脉入路椎动脉血管内支架成型术,观察手术成功率、围手术期并发症发生率及临床疗效。结果 255例患者技术成功率达100%(255/255)。围手术期未发生动脉夹层、支架内血栓形成、颅内出血等并发症。术后临床症状体征明显好转,总有效率达94.5%。结论 CTA诊断椎动脉狭窄准确率高,对于介入手术的入路选择有较好的指导意义。     

颈动脉支架置入术围手术期血压调控的探讨

目的探讨粥样硬化性颈动脉狭窄患者,经皮血管内支架置入血管成形术(PTAS)围手术期血压调控的必要性及初步经验。方法回顾性分析293例粥样硬化性颈动脉狭窄患者经全脑数字减影血管造影术诊断后,采用自膨式支架经股动脉入路行PTAS,围手术期对血压严密监控,并根据血压的高低采取综合措施及时进行调整,以避免发生高灌注性脑病或心、脑缺血。结果 293例患者中支架置入成功292例(99.7%)。术前狭窄率70%～95%平均(82.0±13.1)%,术后残余狭窄率为0～20%,平均(9.2±6.8)%,术后患者脑缺血症状及体征均有明显改善。有1例患者在术中及术后血压控制不理想,发生了高灌注性脑出血而死亡。通过采取综合措施调节血压后未再发生高灌注性脑病,血压降至90～120/60～90 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)后,所有患者均未发生心、肾、脑等脏器缺血。结论 PTAS微创安全有效,但术中及术后调整血压非常必要,围手术期有效地调控血压是减少术后高灌注性综合征发生的重要手段之一。     

Carotid artery stenting with filter protection in high-risk patients showing severe electroencephalographic alterations during carotid endarterectomy.

PURPOSE: To describe the results and efficacy of stent treatment in patients with carotid stenosis who had aborted carotid endarterectomy procedures due to the appearance of severe electroencephalographic (EEG) alterations. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of 18 patients (11 men; mean age 72 years, range 62-84) with symptomatic high-grade carotid artery stenoses (> or = 70%) who experienced severe EEG alterations during carotid endarterectomy, causing the procedure to be aborted. Twelve patients had shown no hemodynamic alterations during preoperative transcranial Doppler evaluation after external compression of the common carotid artery; the remaining 6 could not be evaluated. The patients were referred for carotid artery stenting (CAS); 7 had contralateral internal carotid artery stenosis and 5 had contralateral occlusion. Endovascular intervention was carried out using standard techniques under filter protection. Follow-up was scheduled at 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: All patients were successfully treated without immediate complications. The EEG did not display any significant alterations during the endovascular procedure. Mean follow-up was 43 months. Magnetic resonance imaging at 6 months showed no signs of cerebral ischemia. Color Doppler ultrasound imaging documented normal stent patency in all patients. CONCLUSION: Patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis (> or = 70%) who are considered at risk due to the appearance of severe EEG alterations during surgical treatment may benefit from CAS with respect to both major and minor complications. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.     

球囊扩张支架多梯次压力释放在症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄中的疗效分析

目的探讨球囊扩张支架多梯次压力释放治疗症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的安全性、可行性。方法回顾性连续纳入邢台市第三医院神经内科2010年1月至2017年12月405例(405处狭窄)症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者,经DSA检查显示狭窄率均≥70%,接受颅内动脉球囊扩张支架置入术,根据DSA显示病变部位血管是否有侧支血管及成角程度,将成功置入球囊扩张支架的400例症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者分为多梯次释放组(351例)和单梯次释放组(49例)。记录两组的基线资料,对两组缺血事件、病变部位进行组间比较,分析患者治疗后即刻手术成功(支架覆盖良好,残余狭窄率<30%)率和术后30 d、12个月累积卒中事件[靶血管供血区的出血、梗死、短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)]。采用Kaplan-Meier方法计算累积卒中发生率,并应用Log-rank方法(χ^2检验)比较组间差异。结果共置入400枚球囊扩张支架(椎动脉颅内段160枚、大脑中动脉108枚、基底动脉72枚、颈内动脉颅内段60枚)。(1)两组患者缺血事件差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组病变部位比较有统计学意义(χ^2=26.781,P<0.01)。(2)即刻手术成功率98.8%(400/405),5例因支架未到位而失败。手术操作时间9~35 min,平均(17±3)min;多梯次释放组手术操作时间平均(17±3)min,单梯次释放组平均(17±3)min,两组手术操作时间差异无统计学意义(P=0.063)。术后残余狭窄率为0~20%,中位数狭窄率7(4,10)%,与术前狭窄率比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=17.451,P<0.01)。其中多梯次释放组残余狭窄率为7(4,7)%,单梯次释放组为8(5,10)%,两组术后残余狭窄率差异有统计学意义(Z=1.983,P=0.047)。(3)术后30 d内卒中事件发生率为3.0%(12/400),其中,2例脑出血,10例脑梗死(2例死亡),多梯次释放组与单梯次释放组卒中事件发生率分别为2.0%(7例,1例脑出血,6例脑梗死)和10.2%(5例,1例脑出血,4例脑梗死),差异有统计学意义(χ^2=7.338,P=0.007);12个月累积卒中发生率为10.6%(38例),多梯次释放组8.9%(29例),单梯次释放组18.9%(9例),差异有统计学意义(P=0.027)。结论球囊扩张支架多梯次压力释放治疗症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄是安全、可行的。     

Dual cerebral protection technique during carotid stenting.

PURPOSE: To present a technique for internal carotid artery stenting (CAS) with dual cerebral protection in patients with high-grade stenosis caused by large, soft atherosclerotic plaques. TECHNIQUE: The MO.MA proximal cerebral protection device is first placed in the external and common carotid arteries. Complete blockade of blood flow is achieved by inflating the occlusion balloons. A Spider filter is delivered to the distal internal carotid artery. All procedural steps of CAS are performed during continuous and simultaneous proximal occlusion and distal filter protection. After postdilation of the stent, the occlusion balloons are deflated, and antegrade flow is re-established with the distal filter basket still open. CONCLUSION: In selected patients with large atherosclerotic plaques, a dual cerebral protection technique during CAS may be a more efficacious form of cerebral protection than a single protection device.     

Protected carotid artery stenting in patients with severe stenosis

Intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) and ulcers are the major findings of unstable plaques. In addition, initial symptoms are associated with postprocedural complications after carotid artery stenting (CAS). The aim of this study was to determine the safety of CAS using an embolic protection device in symptomatic patients with severe carotid artery stenosis and unstable plaques such as IPH and ulcers.This retrospective study included 140 consecutive patients with severe carotid stenosis. These patients underwent preprocedural carotid vessel wall imaging to evaluate the plaque status. We analyzed the incidence of initial clinical symptoms, such as headache, nausea, and vomiting, after CAS. The primary outcomes analyzed were the incidence of stroke, myocardial infarction, and death within 30 days of CAS.Sixty-seven patients (47.9%) had IPH, and 53 (38.9%) had ulcers on carotid wall imaging/angiography. Sixty-three patients (45.0%) had acute neurological symptoms with positive diffusion-weighted image findings. Intraluminal thrombi on initial angiography and flow arrest during CAS were significantly higher in patients with IPH and symptomatic patients. Symptoms were significantly higher in patients with IPH than in those without (63.5% vs 35.1%, P < .001). There were no significant differences in clinical symptoms after stenting or in primary outcomes, regardless of IPH, ulcer, or initial symptoms.IPH and plaque ulceration are risk factors in symptomatic carotid stenosis. However, IPH and plaque ulceration were not a significant risk factors for cerebral embolism during protected carotid artery stent placement in patients with carotid stenosis. Protected CAS might be feasible and safe despite the presence of unstable plaques.     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术对缺血性脑卒中的防治效果分析

目的总结颈动脉内膜剥脱术对防治缺血性脑卒中的经验。方法对196例患者进行颈动脉内膜剥脱术,均为单侧。术中应用颈动脉转流管47例,阻断血流149例。术前均经颈动脉造影检查,选择颈内动脉狭窄〉70％者133例,〉95％者63例。71例患者并存冠状动脉病变,17例同台行冠状动脉搭桥。结果术后临床症状改善满意191例,术后1周内出现脑出血3例,经开颅止血引流,痊愈1例,死亡2例。出现颈部切口内血肿12例,再手术清创止血获愈。随访6～60个月,获得随访166例,失访28例,死于其他疾病或灾祸38例,元脑缺血症状再发作128例。结论颈动脉内膜剥脱术是治疗颈动脉重度狭窄的一种有效、安全术式。     

脑血管造影评估在血管内支架成形术治疗脑供血动脉狭窄中的价值

目的探讨脑血管造影评估在血管内支架成形术治疗脑供血动脉狭窄中的价值。方法对105例症状性脑缺血发作患者进行术前全脑血管造影，对相关影像学信息进行全面评估，根据评估结果对136支狭窄血管行血管内支架成形术，术后不同时期进行脑血管造影随访。结果70处血管狭窄恢复正常血管直径，54处残余狭窄〈20％，7处残余狭窄为50％～80％。5例因支架不能输送到位而放弃手术；术中血栓保护伞完全被封堵1例。患者术前症状均有不同程度缓解。70例患者获得术后1～36个月的脑血管造影随访，颈动脉再狭窄2例，椎动脉起始部再狭窄6例，颅内动脉再狭窄6例。结论 术前充分评估脑血管造影结果并据此制定个体化治疗策略是保证血管内支架成形术安全性的前提。     

Acute carotid stent thrombosis: review of the literature and long-term follow-up

BackgroundCarotid artery stenting (CAS) is a reasonable alternative to carotid endarterectomy, especially in patients at high risk for surgery. Carotid stent thrombosis can cause thrombembolic events, but fortunately, it is a very rare complication. We present two cases of carotid stent thrombosis and their long-term follow-up.Case reportsOne patient had severe bilateral carotid stenosis and the other had contralateral carotid occlusion. Both patients were on correct antithrombotic treatment and received balloon expandable stents (bare metal stent and drug-eluting stent). During CAS, large thrombus formed within the stent followed by rapid hemodynamic and neurological alteration. We gave a bolus thrombolytic in the clot, followed by continuous intra-arterial infusion. In one case, we performed additional angioplasty. Repeated angiography showed complete resolution of the thrombus, followed by progressive improvement in the neurological state. At discharge, the patients had no neurological deficits. CT scans revealed no acute ischemic lesions.One patient had in-stent restenosis 3 years later, which was treated with an additional self-expandable stent.The last follow-up was done 4 and 9 years, respectively, from the initial CAS complication. Both patients did not experience any neurological events after the last procedure.ConclusionsCarotid stent thrombosis is a rare but potentially fatal complication following CAS. Rapid invasive diagnosis and reperfusion should be done to limit cerebral ischemia. The possible causes must be sighted and reperfusion must be started. Despite an initial dramatic course, a rapid reperfusion ensures a complete neurological recovery and a good prognosis in the long term.