胍丁胺抑制小鼠吗啡戒断与其抑制一氧化氮合酶的关系(英文)

目的:观察胍丁胺抑制纳洛酮引起小鼠吗啡戒断跳跃与其抑制一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的关系,方法:用测定[~3H]胍氨酸浓度的方法确定NOS活性,结果:在体外胍丁胺底物竞争性抑制正常和吗啡依赖小鼠小脑、端脑和丘脑NOS活性,纳洛酮引起吗啡依赖小鼠戒断跳跃和小脑、端脑、丘脑NOS活性升高,用吗啡和胍丁胺共同处理小鼠显著抑制纳洛酮促使小鼠戒断跳跃和NOS活性升高的作用,咪唑克生抑制胍丁胺的此作用,结论:胍丁胺对纳洛酮引起戒断跳跃的抑制作用与其通过激活咪唑啉受体和底物竞争性抑制NOS活性相关。     

胍丁胺对炎性疼痛的镇痛作用及对吗啡镇痛作用的影响

目的观察胍丁胺对炎性疼痛的镇痛作用及其对吗啡镇痛作用的影响,研究胍丁胺的镇痛作用是否与激动咪唑啉受体或影响受体前谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-aminobutyr-icacid,GABA)释放有关。方法应用福尔马林致大鼠炎性疼痛模型,观察胍丁胺镇痛和增强吗啡镇痛的作用。应用高效液相色谱技术测定胍丁胺对脊髓切片孵育液中谷氨酸和GABA基础释放量及对高钾诱发神经元去极化引起神经递质释放的影响。结果单侧足底注射5%福尔马林使大鼠出现明显的双相伤害性行为反应。胍丁胺抑制福尔马林引起的第二相疼痛行为反应及痛觉过敏,并增强吗啡对第二相疼痛的镇痛作用,但在第一相疼痛过程中,无明显镇痛和增强吗啡镇痛的作用。咪唑啉受体拮抗剂咪唑克生不能拮抗胍丁胺镇痛及增强吗啡镇痛的作用。1~1000μmol.L-1胍丁胺对脊髓谷氨酸和GABA的基础释放量和高钾诱发谷氨酸和GABA释放量的升高均没有影响。结论胍丁胺对炎性疼痛具有明确的镇痛作用,并明显增强吗啡的镇痛效果,其镇痛机制可能与咪唑啉受体无关,也不是通过在受体前水平抑制谷氨酸或促进GABA释放来实现的。     

胍丁胺对吗啡长期处理引起的NMDA受体蛋白表达改变的影响

目的:观察胍丁胺对吗啡长期处理引起的NMDA受体蛋白改变的影响。方法:采用吗啡递增给药制备大鼠慢性依赖模型,并观察依赖状态下大鼠海马和伏隔核NMDA受体NR1和NR2B亚基蛋白表达量的变化,以及胍丁胺对吗啡作用的影响。结果:与对照组相比,吗啡慢性处理大鼠在纳洛酮催促下能出现典型的戒断综合征,提示依赖模型建立成功。用免疫印记(Western blotting)技术发现,海马部位的NR2B亚基明显下调,而NR1亚基未见显著性变化;吗啡慢性处理不引起伏隔核NR2B亚基的明显变化,但NR1亚基却显著上调。胍丁胺与吗啡伴随给药能逆转吗啡对两脑区NMDA受体蛋白表达的调节作用。结论:胍丁胺调节阿片依赖可能与其逆转吗啡对NMDA受体亚基数量和构成的调节有关。     

Analgesic effect of agmatine and its enhancement on morphine analgesia in mice and rats

目的：观察胍丁胺镇痛和对吗啡镇痛的作用．方法：在小鼠热辐射甩尾,醋酸扭体,大鼠４％盐水实验中观察胍丁胺的镇痛作用;在小鼠和大鼠热辐射甩尾实验中观察其对吗啡和可乐定镇痛的作用．结果：胍丁胺不延长小鼠甩尾潜伏期,使小鼠醋酸扭体次数减少,完全抑制大鼠盐水扭体．在小鼠甩尾实验中,胍丁胺剂量依赖性地增强吗啡和可乐定的镇痛,使吗啡和可乐定的镇痛ＥＤ５０减小了７５％．胍丁胺的上述作用可被咪唑克生所对抗．结论：胍丁胺通过激动咪唑啉受体而具有较弱镇痛和加强吗啡及可乐定镇痛作用     

胍丁胺调节阿片功能的分子和神经生物学机制

胍丁胺是一种内源性生物活性物质,由左旋精氨酸在左旋精氨酸脱羧酶作用下脱羧生成。我们的前期研究发现不管是内源性还是外源性胍丁胺都具有明确的阿片功能调节作用,表现为镇痛、增强吗啡镇痛、抑制吗啡耐受,躯体依赖和精神依赖。近年来,在这些工作的基础上,我们研究了胍丁胺调节阿片功能的分子和神经生物学机制。提出了胍丁胺调节阿片功能可能和激活咪唑啉受体有关这一假说。为了证明这一假说的客观性,本实验室首次建立了IRAS-Cho细胞稳定表达系统,通过观察IRAS的亚细胞定位、配体结合特性、生物学功能和信号转等证明了由美国科学家克隆的IRAS就是野生型I1咪唑啉受体。在此细胞模型上,我们首次证明胍丁胺调节阿片功能与激活I1咪唑啉受体相关。为了在神经元上,特别是在整体行为学实验模型上证明上述发现的存在,本实验室用RNA干涉技术在大鼠原代培养海马神经元和大鼠摇体实验模型上进一步证明胍丁胺调节阿片功能与激活I1咪唑啉受体相关。     

胍丁胺对阿片受体环腺苷—磷酸信号转导系统代偿适应的影响

目的:观察胍丁胺对阿片类所致脱敏和物质依赖的作用。方法:分别用放射配体结合实验和放免法测定γ-[~(35)S]-三磷鸟苷([~(35)S]GTTP)结合量和环腺苷一磷酸(cAMP)浓度。结果:在经阿片类药物预处理的NG108-15细胞实验中,胍丁胺使阿片类药物刺激[~(35)S]GTTP结合作用增强35％;使阿片类药物对cAMP抑制作用增强114.3％;使纳洛酮引起的吗啡物质依赖细胞cAMP超射幅度和对照组相比减小214.9％。胍丁胺的上述作用均可被咪唑克生浓度依赖性阻断。结论:胍丁胺通过激活咪唑啉受体阻止cAMP信号转导通路代偿适应过程的形成。     

咪唑啉类药物对星形胶质细胞白细胞介素-4分泌的作用

目的 观察咪唑啉类药物(咪唑克生,胍丁胺)调节大鼠星形胶质细胞IL-4分泌的影响.方法 10μg·mL-1脂多糖诱导培养后的星形胶质细胞,分为4组:对照组、咪唑克生组、胍丁胺组及地塞米松组.咪唑克生1 mmol·L-1;胍丁胺5 μmol·L-1;地塞米松1 μmol·L-1.于24 h收集上层培养液,用EILSA法测定4组的星形胶质细胞分泌IL-4水平.结果 用咪唑克生、胍丁胺、地塞米松处理后,IL-4分泌均增加.结论 咪唑克生、胍丁胺及地塞米松均促进星形胶质细胞Th2细胞因子分泌,使星形胶质细胞分泌的Th1/Th2细胞因子类型转换,起到免疫调节作用.     

咪唑克生对吗啡镇痛、耐受和身体依赖的影响

目的:观察咪唑克生对吗啡镇痛及吗啡所致耐受和躯体依赖的影响.方法:采用小鼠醋酸扭体实验和55℃热板实验观察咪唑克生对基础痛阈及吗啡镇痛作用的影响;采用小鼠热辐射甩尾实验和小鼠55℃热板实验观察咪唑克生对吗啡耐受形成过程的影响;采用大鼠、小鼠身体依赖模型观察咪唑克生对吗啡所致身体依赖的影响.结果:咪唑克生(3-9mg/kg)能显著降低小鼠基础痛阈,抑制吗啡镇痛;加重吗啡所致耐受;诱发大、小鼠发生戒断综合征.结论:咪唑啉受体参与痛阈形成;咪唑克生能抑制吗啡镇痛,加重吗啡所致耐受;并诱发吗啡依赖性动物发生戒断综合征.     

Agmatine inhibited tolerance to and dependence on morphine in guinea pig ileum in vitro

目的：观察胍丁胺对吗啡耐受和物质依赖豚鼠回肠纵肌（ＧＰＩＬＭ）的作用．方法：本实验在离体电场刺激实验中进行．结果：吗啡抑制ＥＦＳ引起的ＧＰＩＬＭ收缩［ＩＣ５０＝１４０（１０７－１８２）ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１］．用吗啡２７０ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１与ＧＰＩＬＭ温浴使吗啡ＩＣ５０增大３７倍（耐受），对纳络酮发生收缩反应（物质依赖）．分别用吗啡加纳络酮和吗啡加胍丁胺与ＧＰＩＬＭ温浴使吗啡失去此致耐受作用，使标本对纳络酮收缩反应幅度分别减少了９０％和７５％．胍丁胺的这些作用几乎可被咪唑克生完全阻断．结论：胍丁胺通过激活咪唑啉受体抑制离体ＧＰＩＬＭ对吗啡耐受和物质依赖的形成过程     

Effects of agmatine on tolerance to and substance dependence on morphine in mice

目的：观察胍丁胺对吗啡所致耐受和依赖的作用．方法：分别在小鼠耐受和跳跃实验中观察胍丁胺抑制吗啡所致耐受和物质依赖的作用．结果：胍丁胺０１２５－２５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１剂量依赖性地阻止小鼠对吗啡耐受．用吗啡预处理小鼠使吗啡镇痛ＥＤ５０（２０１,１４４－２８０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１）与盐水组相比（６３,５１－７８ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１）增加３倍以上．用胍丁胺和吗啡共同预处理小鼠则使吗啡丧失引起耐受的能力．胍丁胺（２５－１０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１）剂量依赖性地抑制由纳洛酮引起的吗啡依赖小鼠之戒断跳跃和体重减轻．用胍丁胺和吗啡共同处理小鼠使引起小鼠之戒断跳跃所需纳洛酮ＥＤ５０（２１４,１８４－２４ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１）较吗啡处理组（２５,２１－２８ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１）增大８倍．胍丁胺的上述作用均被咪唑克生所阻断．结论：胍丁胺通过激活咪唑啉受体而阻止小鼠对吗啡耐受和依赖．     

胍丁胺抑制小鼠吗啡戒断与其抑制一氧化氮合酶的关系

AIM: To study correlation between inhibitions of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumps and nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) activity by agmatine. METHODS: NOS activities in mouse brain were measured by determination of concentration of [3H]citrulline, the product of [3H]arginine. RESULTS: Agmatine inhibited NOS activity in naive and morphine-dependent mouse cerebellum, forebrain, and thalamus in substrate-competitive manner in vitro. Naloxone induced withdrawal jumps and an increase in NOS activity in cerebellum, forebrain, and thalamus of abstinent mice. Pretreatment of mice with morphine plus agmatine inhibited the effect of naloxone to precipitate withdrawal jumps and increase in NOS activity. The effect of agmatine was blocked by idazoxan. CONCLUSION: The inhibitory effect of agmatine on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumps is related to its inhibition of NOS activity by substrate competitive manner and activation of imidazoline receptors.     

Effect of agmatine on long-term potentiation in morphine-treated rats

Agmatine is an endogenous amine derived from l-arginine that potentiates morphine analgesia and inhibits naloxone precipitated abstinent symptoms in morphine dependent rats. In this study, the effects of agmatine on long-term potentiation (LTP) in the lateral perforant path (LPP)-granule cell synapse of the rat dentate gyrus (DG) on saline or morphine-treated rats were investigated. Population spikes (PS), evoked by stimulation of the LPP, was recorded from DG region. Acute agmatine (2.5-10 mg/kg, s.c.) treatment facilitated hippocampal LTP. Acute morphine (30 mg/kg, s.c.) treatment significantly attenuated hippocampal LTP and agmatine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) restored the amplitude of PS that was attenuated by morphine. Chronic morphine treatment resulted in the enhancement of hippocampal LTP, agmatine co-administered with morphine significantly attenuated the enhancement of morphine on hippocampal LTP. Imidazoline receptor antagonist idazoxan (5 mg/kg, i.p.) reversed the effect of agmatine. These results suggest that agmatine attenuated the effect of morphine on hippocampal LTP, possibly through activation of imidazoline receptor.     

Determination of α(2)-adrenoceptor and imidazoline receptor involvement in augmentation of morphine and oxycodone analgesia by agmatine and BMS182874

Studies have demonstrated that clonidine (α(2)-adrenoceptor and imidazoline receptor agonist) and BMS182874 (endothelin ET(A) receptor antagonist) potentiate morphine and oxycodone analgesia. Agmatine, an endogenous clonidine-like substance, enhances morphine analgesia. However, its effect on oxycodone analgesia and its interaction with endothelin ET(A) receptor antagonists are not known. The present study was performed to determine the effect of agmatine on morphine and oxycodone analgesia and the involvement of α(2)-adrenoceptors, imidazoline receptors, opioid receptors, and endothelin receptors. Antinociception at various time intervals was determined by the tail-flick latency method in mice. Agmatine produced dose-dependent increase in tail-flick latency, while BMS182874 did not produce any change over the 360-min observation period. Agmatine significantly potentiated morphine as well as oxycodone analgesia which was not altered by BMS182874. BMS182874 pretreatment did not increase the analgesic effect produced by agmatine alone. Agmatine-induced potentiation of morphine and oxycodone analgesia was blocked by idazoxan (imidazoline receptor/α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist) and yohimbine (α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist). BMS182874-induced potentiation of morphine or oxycodone analgesia was not affected by yohimbine. However, idazoxan blocked BMS182874-induced potentiation of oxycodone but not morphine analgesia. This is the first report demonstrating that agmatine potentiates not only morphine but also oxycodone analgesia in mice. Potentiation of morphine and oxycodone analgesia by agmatine appears to involve α(2)-adrenoceptors, imidazoline receptors, and opioid receptors. In addition, imidazoline receptors may be involved in BMS182874-induced potentiation of oxycodone but not morphine analgesia. It is concluded that agmatine may be used as an adjuvant in opiate analgesia.     

胍丁胺对小鼠和大鼠镇痛及增强吗啡镇痛

AIM: To study the effect of agmatine on pain and morphine analgesia. METHODS: The effect of agmatine on pain was observed in mouse heat radiant tail-flick test, mouse acetic acid writhing test, and rat 4% saline test. Its enhancing effect on analgesia of morphine and clonidine was assessed in rat and mouse heat radiant tail-flick tests. RESULTS: Agmatine did not significantly prolong tail-flick latency of mice, but reduced the number of acetic acid-induced writhing of mice and inhibited writhing responses to saline completely. It potentiated the analgesic effects of morphine and clonidine in dose-dependent manner and decreased the analgesic ED50 of morphine and clonidine by more than 75% in mouse heat radiant tail-flick test. These effects of agmatine were antagonized by idazoxan. CONCLUSION: Agmatine has weak analgesic effects and potentiates morphine and clonidine analgesia by activation of imidazoline receptors.     

Agmatine inhibits morphine-induced memory impairment in the mouse step-down inhibitory avoidance task

The effect of agmatine on memory formation in morphine-treated mice on the step-down inhibitory avoidance test was examined. Pre-training and pre-test administration of agmatine (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, s.c.) facilitated memory formation and retrieval while post-training administration of agmatine (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, s.c.) had no effect on memory consolidation. Idazoxan (5 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited the effect of agmatine on memory formation and retrieval. Pre-training administration of morphine (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, s.c.) impaired memory formation while post-training and pre-test administration of morphine (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, s.c.) had no effect on memory consolidation and retrieval. Pre-training agmatine treatment reversed the impairment of morphine on memory formation. Moreover, pre-test administration of agmatine inhibited morphine-induced amnesia. Pre-training and pre-test idazoxan (5 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment inhibited the effect of agmatine on morphine induced memory impairment. In conclusion, agmatine inhibited morphine-induced memory impairment on the mice step-down inhibitory avoidance test. The mechanism was exerted, at least in part, through activation of imidazoline receptors.     

胍丁胺对吗啡所致小鼠耐受和物质依赖的作用

目的 观察胍丁胺对吗啡所致耐受和依赖的作用。方法 分别在小鼠耐受和跳跃实验中观察胍丁胺抑制吗啡所致耐受和物质依赖的作用,结果：胍下胺０．１２５～２．５ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１剂量依赖性地阻止小鼠对吗啡耐受,用吗啡预处理小鼠使吗啡镇痛ＥＤ５０（２０．１,１４．４－２８．０ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１）与盐水组相比（６．３,５．１－７．８ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１）增加３倍以上,用胍丁胺和吗啡共同预处理小鼠则使吗啡丧失引直耐受的能     

Medetomidine stereoisomers delineate two closely related subtypes of idazoxan (imidazoline) I-receptors in the guinea pig.

A number of imidazoline, imidazole and guanidinium compounds and other drugs were compared for their ability to bind to non-adrenergic idazoxan (imidazoline) I-receptors in particulate guinea pig cerebral cortex and ileum smooth muscle fractions. Radioligand binding with [3H]idazoxan was used for the experiments. Computer modelling of the binding data gave dissociation constants for drug binding to both I-receptors and alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Most drugs showed similar affinities for I-receptors in cortex and ileum. However, medetomidine stereoisomers as well as a few other drugs clearly delineated the I-receptors in cortex and ileum as different.