Nonoperative management of small-bowel obstruction with endoscopic long intestinal tube placement

Intestinal obstruction remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in surgical patients. We reviewed the records of 77 patients with mechanical small-bowel obstruction who were treated with endoscopically and fluoroscopically placed Leonard long intestinal tube decompression. Most patients (59%) had failed a trial of nasogastric tube or Miller-Abbott tube decompression. Overall, 29 per cent of patients were able to resolve their obstruction with Leonard tube decompression alone. Subdivision of patients on the basis of the etiology of their obstruction demonstrated a much higher rate of success for tube decompression in adhesive obstruction (37%) versus malignant obstruction (12%) or inflammatory obstruction (no successes). Patients with radiographic and clinical evidence of complete intestinal obstruction were significantly less likely to respond to long intestinal tube treatment (13%). The long intestinal tube was easily passed in all patients. There were no complications of the intubation procedure in our series, and the incidence of tube-related complications was four per cent. We conclude that an initial period of long intestinal tube decompression allows a significant percentage of patients with mechanical small-bowel obstruction to be treated nonoperatively, particularly if a partial obstruction from postoperative adhesions is present. Patients who have failed a trial of nasogastric tube decompression and are poor operative risks should also be considered for long intestinal tube placement.     

Transmesenteric small bowel plication or intraluminal tube stenting. Indications and contraindications.

Controversy exists as to the efficacy of transmesenteric intestinal plication or long tube stenting of the small bowel in the treatment of severe intestinal adhesions and in late small bowel obstruction.We reviewed our experience with these procedures over a 12 year period with complete follow-up data on 92 per cent of the patients. There were 28 modified Childs-Phillips plications and 37 intraluminal tube decompressions and stenting. For comparison we reviewed 107 cases of small bowel obstruction treated by simple lysis of adhesions.Three deaths and one small bowel fistula were associated with the modified Childs-Phillips procedure; none was directly related to the plication. Three patients required reoperation within the 1st postoperative week for technical reasons. No late operations for recurrent small bowel obstruction were required.One death and one reoperation for bowel obstruction were associated with but not directly related to the Baker tube stenting.Four deaths were associated with simple lysis. Seven patients required reoperation for late recurrent small bowel obstruction.Modified Childs-Phillips transmesenteric plication using nonabsorbable sutures is recommended in cases of severe visceral and parietal peritoneal damage but not in cases of distention and severe ileus of the small bowel or acute generalized peritonitis.Baker tube jejunostomy with decompression and splinting of the small bowel is recommended with massive distention and ileus of the small bowel. Peritonitis is not a contraindication. In our experience fewer short-term complications have occurred after long tube decompression and stenting than after modified Childs-Phillips plication. Measures to avoid these complications are presented. With proper indications, modified Childs-Phillips plication and intraluminal tube stenting are safe and efficient in preventing reobstruction.     

Endoscopic decompression of benign large bowel obstruction using a transanal drainage tube

Aim Endoscopic decompression of malignant colorectal obstruction is often dealt with using expandable metallic stents. Endoscopic decompression of benign large bowel obstruction is more difficult. We report the technique and outcome of transanal endoscopic decompression for benign large bowel obstruction. Method From January 2001 to June 2010, endoscopic decompression using a transanal drainage tube placement was attempted in consecutive patients with benign large bowel obstruction. The clinical features, technical success, complications, treatment after the tube placement and clinical success were retrospectively evaluated. Results There were 13 patients (seven males, age 47–87, mean 69 years). The sites of obstruction were transverse colon [5 (38%)], sigmoid colon [3 (23%)], ileocecal valve [2 (15%)], splenic flexure [1 (8%)], descending colon [1 (8%)] and rectum [1 (8%)]. The most common cause of obstruction was anastomotic stricture [9 (69%)]. In 12 (92%) patients transanal decompression was technically successful with one perforation. An overtube, the reinsertion of colonoscope along the decompression tube, or the use of a small‐diameter endoscope was required for the tube placement in seven (54%). In seven (54%) patients tube placement alone resulted in relief of bowel obstruction without operation. Conclusion Endoscopic decompression using a transanal drainage tube is effective for the management of benign large bowel obstruction.     

内镜下经鼻型肠梗阻导管在粘连性肠梗阻中的应用

目的探讨内镜下经鼻型肠梗阻导管在治疗粘连性肠梗阻中的应用价值。 方法回顾性分析2012年9月至2013年9月吉林大学中日联谊医院收治的粘连性肠梗阻患者30例,其中15例在术前行肠梗阻导管肠减压治疗,术中行肠梗阻导管小肠内支架排列,作为观察组;另外15例术前行胃肠减压治疗,术中未进行肠排列,仅应用防粘连材料,作为对照组。分别对比两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后排气时间、术后住院时间、术后再次出现肠梗阻的概率等,观察其临床疗效。 结果观察组的术后排气时间(1.52 ± 0.87)d,术后2年内复发概率6.7%;对照组的术后排气时间(2.63 ± 0.59)d,术后2年内复发概率40.0%。两组患者在手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),但是在术后排气时间及术后2年内复发概率上,观察组明显优于对照组[(1.52 ± 0.87)d vs (2.63 ± 0.59) d (P＝0.013)、1例 vs 6例(P＝0.001)]。 结论肠梗阻导管肠排列能有效的促进术后肠道功能的恢复,并预防粘连性肠梗阻的复发。     

Twelve-year experience with the Thow long intestinal tube: a means of preventing postoperative bowel obstruction

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the Thow long intestinal tube (LIT) for prevention of postoperative adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO) and to compare the Thow tube with other LITs. The charts of all patients who had placement of a Thow tube between January 1986 and November 1998 were reviewed. Thirty-four patients ranging in age from 9 to 86 years (mean 57.9) were included in the study. Twenty-five were contacted by phone for long-term follow-up. Twenty-nine patients had undergone previous abdominal surgery, and in 11 of 29 the previous surgery was for ASBO. Indications for surgery and Thow tube placement included: bowel obstruction (25), perforated viscus (five), carcinomatosis (two), colitis (one), and atonic bowel (one). Review of the operative notes revealed no difficulty in advancing the Thow tube in 32 of 34 patients (94%). Thow tube-related complications occurred in nine patients (25%). All complications were associated with the gastrostomy site, and only one patient required surgery for the complication. Two (5.9%) patients developed recurrent obstruction during a mean follow-up of 52 months. In one patient the obstruction was caused by adhesions and in another it was the result of an intra-abdominal abscess. Of 23 patients treated for ASBO at the time of Thow tube placement no patient (0%) developed recurrent ASBO during the follow-up period (total 110.5 patient-years). This study along with a review of the literature suggests that LITs decrease the risk of recurrent ASBO. The Thow tube, however, is easily placed and is associated with fewer and less severe complications than other LITs.     

Long tube decompression is successful in 90% of patients with adhesive small bowel obstruction

BACKGROUND: For patients with small bowel obstruction (SBO), who do not have strangulation obstruction or other contraindications, long tube decompression has been successful in 75% in two studies. In a 1995 prospective randomized study, comparing nasogastric suction (short tube) with long tube decompression, the short tube was successful in 51% and the long tube was successful in 75%. Using upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, a long tube can be advanced into the jejunum in 20 minutes, so the delay in function has been eliminated. METHODS: There were 35 patients with 37 episodes of SBO. From 1983 to 1988, three tubes then available were advanced endoscopically into the jejunum in 17 patients. From 1989 to 2002, an improved tube designed for endoscopic placement was used in 20 patients. RESULTS: From 1983 to 1988 using three tubes, long tube decompression was successful in 12 of 17 (70%); from 1989 to 2002 with the improved tube, decompression was successful in 18 of 20 (90%). CONCLUSIONS: For patients with SBO due to adhesions, a trial with long tube decompression for 48 to 72 hours is recommended. For those who fail a trial with the long tube, laparotomy with enterolysis or bowel resection is indicated. If the operative findings indicate a high risk for recurrent obstruction, then long tube splinting of the small bowel should be considered.     

Experiences with intraluminal small intestinal intubation

Seventy-six patients were treated for postoperative ileus of the small intestine, between 1983 and 1987. Forty-four of them received intraluminal intestinal intubation, with indications being established by stringent criteria. One case of recurrent ileus was recorded eight weeks after removal of the Miller-Abbott tube, but no tube-related lethality was observed. The average age of our patients was as low as 49 years. Post-operative lethality amounted to 21.2 percent (eight in 44). Ileus was not removed until death in three cases. Intraluminal intestinal intubation may be recommended after long-distance lysis of adhesions for postoperative ileus of the small intestine as well as in cases of severe ileus in concomitance with controllable peritonitis.     

Gastrointestinal complications following infrarenal endovascular aneurysm repair

Gastrointestinal complications are known to occur after open elective aortic aneurysm repair. This leads to increased morbidity, mortality, length of stay, and hospital costs. The authors hypothesize a change in the character and/or frequency of early postoperative gastrointestinal complications after endovascular aneurysm repair as compared to open abdominal aortic repair. This is a retrospective cohort study in which the medical records of 153 consecutive patients who underwent endovascular infrarenal aneurysm repair from November 1998 to August 2001 were reviewed for gastrointestinal complications. Of these 153 patients, 9 (5.9%) had postoperative gastrointestinal complications. Three patients (1.9%) underwent exploratory laparotomy for small bowel obstruction. One patient had had a right hemicolectomy for cancer 2 years before stent graft placement. This patient needed a partial small bowel resection. One patient had had a right hemicolectomy 4 months before stent graft placement; he had lysis of adhesions with no bowel resection. A third patient underwent operative repair of an incarcerated inguinal hernia. Six patients (3.9%) had paralytic ileus that was treated by nasogastric tube or observation resulting in an extended hospital length of stay. All cases of ileus resolved without any operative intervention. No patients in this series developed any intestinal ischemia, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, or gastrointestinal bleeding. After endovascular aneurysm repair, gastrointestinal complications such as ileus and postoperative small bowel obstruction are seen with a similar frequency as after open aortic repair. This occurs despite the absence of a laparotomy with mesenteric dissection and evisceration. In this series, these complications are associated with longer hospital length of stay but no increased mortality rate. No instances of colonic ischemia, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, or gastrointestinal bleeding were seen in this series.     

经肛肠梗阻导管在急性结直肠癌性梗阻治疗中的应用研究

目的初步评价经肛型肠梗阻减压导管在急性结直肠癌性梗阻治疗中的应用价值。方法 19例急性完全性机械性结直肠癌性梗阻患者在结肠镜和X线辅助下,行经肛肠梗阻导管置入术,冲洗引流7～10 d后行一期根治手术。结果 19例患者置管减压引流全部成功。全部病例腹痛缓解,腹胀、呕吐症状消失;置管后第3 d,腹围由（89.8±2.7）cm减小到（73.1±5.1）cm,腹腔内压力由（24.0±3.7）cmH2O减至（11.6±2.2）cmH2O;胃管引流量从（750.0±110.3）ml下降至（10.5±8.7）ml;减压导管引流量从（1 634.7±114.2）ml下降至（8.4±1.7）ml;梗阻近端肠管最大横径从（5.6±1.1）cm缩小至（1.7±0.4）cm（P=0.001或P〈0.01）。所有病例均接受一期手术治疗,无吻合口漏、感染等并发症发生。结论经肛肠梗阻减压导管在治疗急性结直肠癌性梗阻中,具有有效、安全、经济、创伤小的特征,值得推广。     

肠内全程导管减压法用于术后早期炎性肠梗阻治疗的研究

目的评价经鼻置入导管行肠内全程减压在术后早期炎症性肠梗阻保守治疗中的作用。方法回顾性分析北京大学第三医院2005年3—8月收治的8例腹部手术后早期炎症性肠梗阻的病人，使用鼻胃管减压等常规保守治疗无效后，经鼻置入导管行肠内全程减压，并进行胃肠减压治疗，观察其治疗效果。结果与鼻胃管相比，使用肠内全程导管减压后，病人的胃肠减压量明显增加、腹围和腹腔内压力明显降低；通过3～10d的经鼻置入导管减压等保守治疗后，8例病人的肠梗阻症状均缓解，未再接受手术治疗。结论经鼻肠内全程导管减压用于治疗术后早期肠梗阻安全有效，且可能使病人免于再次急诊手术。     

腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除+尿流改道术后肠梗阻的防治策略

目的:探讨腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术后肠梗阻的诊治措施及预防策略。方法:回顾分析5年来腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除术及开放手术患者的临床资料。结果:27例发生肠梗阻,23例经保守治疗后好转,4例再次手术。腹腔镜与开放手术后肠梗阻的胃肠功能恢复时间、保守治疗的效果差异无统计学意义。结论:根治性膀胱切除术后肠梗阻一般均表现为小肠梗阻,发生术后肠梗阻的10项防治策略为:(1)正确诊治术后早期炎性肠梗阻;(2)腹膜化;(3)加强围手术期营养支持,控制血糖;(4)减少腹腔引流管的放置,避免气腹压过高;(5)关注小肠坠入盆腔粘连成团的问题;(6)术后早期活动;(7)合理选择尿路改道术式;(8)减少尿漏,提高手术技巧;(9)胃肠减压,防治腹腔间隔室综合征;(10)正确使用相关药物,控制感染。     

Rapid long tube intubation of the jejunum by a new endoscopic device.

Despite the advantages of aseptic nonoperative intubation of the small intestine for decompression of obstructed loops, 48% of the attempts lead to failure to pass the tube through the pylorus. The difficulty and inconvenience of passage beyond the stomach have been overcome by the development of a special tube attachment adapted to a fiberoptic duodenoscope (Olympus Model GIF-K). Under direct endoscopic vision the tube can be carried into the second and third portion of the duodenum, released from the scope, and then further prodded into the jejunum. The entire procedure takes less than 15 minutes. Rapid intubation has now been easily carried out in five patients. Three patients had mechanical bowel obstruction. Rapid and effective decompression allowed adequate time for stabilization of concomitant serious problems such as (1) marked cardiopulmonary dysfunction secondary to a near fatal pulmonary embolus, (2) severe peritonitis post appendectomy, and (3) acidosis and dehydration. Surgical correction of the obstructing lesions was safely deferred for up to one week until the concomitant problems improved. The fourth patient, who was a renal transplant recipient, had chronic gastric ileus secondary to duodenal ulcer. Rapid passage of the long tube into the jejunum allowed restoration of nutrition and avoidance of gastrostomy. The fifth patient, with an ileus secondary to an infected abdominal aortic graft, underwent successful decompression but died of sepsis. He represents the only mortality. We propose that jejunal intubation using our technic is not only rapid but relatively easy and should encourage the wider acceptance of aseptic long tube intestinal decompression.     

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??Experience of retrograde long intestinal tube splinting for preventing postoperative adhesive small bowel obstruction: A study of 239 patients LI Min, REN Jian-an, ZHU Wei-ming, et al. Research Institute of General Surgery??Nanjing University School of Medicine??Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command of PLA??Nanjing 210002??China
Corresponding author?? LI Ning??E-mail??liningrigs@vip.sina.com
Abstract Objective To study long intestinal tube splinting in the prevention of postoperative adhesive small bowel obstruction. Methods The clinical data of patients performed long intestinal tube splinting between December 2001 and December 2008 in Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command of PLA were analyzed retrospectively. Medical records were reviewed in detail. The incidence of postoperative ASBO was obtained by follow-up. Results There were 239 patients received retrograde tube splinting. The tube related complication rate was 0.84??. After a median follow-up of (78.6±25.3) months, the incidence of postoperative ASBO was 5.04%. Conclusion The retrograde tube splinting has a lower tube-related complication rate?? It's an effective method to prevent recurrent ASBO.     

Naso-intestinal endoscopic intubation in the complex treatment of postoperative intestinal obstruction

The long-tube decompression was used for treatment of 54 selected patients with diagnosis of early postoperative intestinal obstruction. For this purpose a silicon double-lumen wire-guided tube has been endoscopically introduced into the proximal portion of the small intestine. In 40 cases continuous decompression of the small bowel brought about a successful resolution of intestinal obstruction by nonoperative therapy. Failure of the conservative treatment within the first 48 hours after intubation has led to operation in 14 cases. Six patients died in this series (4 patients died of multiple organ failure, 2--of thromboembolism). The study has shown that the method can be successfully used.     

Management of the neoplastic stenosis of the left colon with self-expandable endoprosthesis

Malignant tumors of the large bowel develop colonic obstruction in 10-30% cases. Recently many authors have employed self-expandable stents to resolve the colonic obstruction. During 2002, seven patients affected by neoplastic malignant stenosis of the left colon underwent endoscopic placement of self-expandable enteral stent. The technique succeeded in relieving the obstruction in 6 patients, while in a woman affected by malignant tumor of the splenic flexure, colonic stenting was unsuccessful. The Authors didn't observe any procedure related complications; sign and symptoms of intestinal obstruction resolved within 24-72 hours from placement. Four patients needed hydro-electrolitemic correction, intestinal cleaning and R0 resection with one stage anastomosis within 5 and 9 days. Bowel decompression of the neoplastic stenosis relieved by self expandable metallic stents is useful to avoid emergency surgery and provide time for a complete preoperative staging, a metabolic correction and a mechanical bowel preparation. Complications of stent placement are common in many reports and include minor rectal bleeding (2%) and perforations (4%). Stenting is contraindicated in cases of enlarged colon with diameter superior to 8 cm or in flogistic lesions.     

脾曲远端结直肠癌合并肠梗阻经肛肠梗阻导管置入治疗47例分析

目的探讨经肛肠梗阻导管置入治疗脾曲远端结直肠癌合并肠梗阻的可行性,同时评价其安全性。方法回顾性分析2009年7月至2013年6月收治的脾曲远端结直肠癌合并肠梗阻患者93例,其中传统手术治疗组46例,肛肠梗阻导管置入组47例,采用统计学软件SPSS 16.0对记录的临床数据进行分析,计量资料采用t检验,用(x珋±s)表示;计数资料采用χ2检验,P0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。结果肛肠梗阻导管置入组患者的腹围周长、腹内压、梗阻近端肠管的最大横径明显减小,胃管、导管引流量明显减少,与置管前比较差异显著,均具有统计学意义(P均0.05);肛肠梗阻导管置入组腹部症状的缓解率达到93.62%且明显高于传统手术治疗组(10.87%);肛肠梗阻导管置入组并发症发生率、总住院时间、总住院费用也明显低于传统手术治疗组(P均0.05)。结论经肛肠梗阻导管置入治疗脾曲远端结直肠癌合并肠梗阻,取得十分显著的临床疗效,提高患者的存活率和康复率,安全有效,应在临床上大力推广使用。     

小肠减压管联合泛影葡胺在术后早期炎性肠梗阻治疗中的作用

目的评价经鼻置入小肠减压管行小肠减压、并注入泛影葡胺行小肠造影在术后早期炎性肠梗阻治疗中的作用。方法首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院普通外科于2011年4月至2012年7月间有12例腹部手术患者术后早期出现炎性肠梗阻,经鼻胃管减压等常规保守治疗2周后,肠梗阻症状改善不明显,遂经鼻置人小肠减压管行小肠减压,同时经减压管注入泛影葡胺行小肠造影,了解小肠蠕动情况及肠道梗阻情况,并利用泛影葡胺促进肠蠕动的治疗作用,观察其治疗效果。结果在置入小肠减压管后,12例患者腹胀症状均有所缓解,其中11例在置入小肠减压管后3周内腹部坚韧感消失,恢复正常排气并逐渐开始经口进食;1例患者在50d后仍未排气,再次行手术治疗,术后3d患者恢复自主排气。随访6个月,全组患者无一例复发肠梗阻。结论对于症状较重、病程较长并经常规处理无效的术后早期炎性肠梗阻患者,应用小肠减压管行小肠减压并注入泛影葡胺行小肠造影的方法安全有效,能够避免二次手术。     

自膨胀型金属支架治疗晚期结直肠癌合并急性肠梗阻的临床初步研究

目的:探讨经结肠镜配合X线下置入钛镍记忆合金支架治疗晚期结直肠癌合并急性肠梗阻的安全性与临床疗效。方法:对35例晚期结直肠癌合并急性肠梗阻的患者行永久性支架置入术姑息治疗(支架组),以35例接受传统结肠造瘘手术的同类患者作为对照组,比较两组的手术成功率及临床疗效。结果:支架组放置成功率为100%,并发症发生率为8.57%(术后发生1例肠穿孔,2例支架再梗阻),患者术后即可下床活动,不需人工肛门,随访1年生存率为94.2%;对照组手术成功率100%,并发症发生率为31.42%(术后5例肺部感染,5例切口感染,1例腹腔感染),随访1年生存率为97.1%。两组患者术后肠梗阻均完全缓解,但支架组与对照比较,肠道梗阻缓解迅速,生活质量明显改善,费用更低,并发症发生率低,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:结肠镜配合X线下置入钛镍记忆合金支架治疗结直肠癌恶性梗阻是一种简单可行、安全有效、并发症少的姑息性治疗手段,能减轻患者痛苦、提高生活质量,并且患者可获得与外科手术相当的生存时间。     

Value of nasogastric tube after colorectal surgery

To evaluate the effect of tube decompression of the stomach after elective colorectal operations, 97 patients were randomly allocated to postoperative treatment with or without nasogastric tubes. Flatus passed earlier in the patient group without tubes. However, no significant differences were found between the two groups with respect to duration and severity of postoperative paralysis, as measured by occurrence and duration of nausea and vomiting, postoperative peroral fluid intake and time for defecation. The frequencies of postoperative complications were small in both groups and without any difference between groups. Tube decompression of the stomach does not relieve intestinal paralysis after elective colorectal operations. Tube decompression should be used only in patients with paralytic ileus.     

Safe Intestinal Decompression in Fresh Postoperative Gastric Bypass

Background: Dilatation of the Roux-limb is sometimes found following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) procedures. This could be the result of a transient episode due to ileus, or a partial or complete obstruction. The risk of this complication is an increase in intraluminal pressure with the potential for leak. Blind insertion of a nasogastric tube for decompression could be risky due to possible perforation at the stapled or sutured edges. Methods and Results: The diagnosis was made with routine extended upper gastrointestinal x-rays 24 hours after surgery. To determine the relationship of the intestinal dilatation, increase in intraluminal pressures and leaks, measurements were taken in porcine models duplicating a RYGBP. Pressures obtained at the anastomoses were higher than pressures in the jejunum between the anastomoses, and related directly to the production of leaks. Elevations of intraluminal intestinal pressures have also been observed in patients who required decompression. The angles of a freshly constructed pouch and the recent stapled or sutured edges may be easily perforated with a nasogastric tube, especially a hard one. We use a soft flexible tube. An angled-end 0.035" wire is introduced into the intestines with fluoroscopic assistance. The tube tip is perforated with a needle, and through this opening, the wire is passed into the tube. The tube is then fed over the wire for safe decompression. Conclusion: Decreasing the intestinal pressure by safe decompression may avoid one of the causes of leaks.