三种梅毒血清学检测方法在临床中的应用与评价

目的 比较三种不同梅毒血清学试验在临床中的应用价值.方法 梅毒酶联免疫吸附试验(TP-ELISA)、梅毒螺旋体明胶凝集试验(TPPA)、甲苯胺红不加热血清试验(TRUST)三种方法检测梅毒,以TP-ELISA法检测住院患者标本4392例,TP-EUSA阳性者同时用TRUST、TPPA进行检测.结果 共检出TP-EUSA阳性108例,检出率为2.45%.其中TP-ELISA阳性、TPPA阳性102例,符合率94.4%;102例TPPA阳性标本中检出TRUST阳性44例,检出率43.1%(44/102),其余58例TRUST阴性,未检出率56.9%(58/102).结论 ELISA可用于大批量标本梅毒检测的筛查试验;TPPA可作为确证试验;TRUST可用于梅毒活动期、疗效观察试验.     

多种梅毒检测方法的比较

目的 应用多种不同的血清学检测方法测定血清标本梅毒抗体并评价检测结果.方法 收集梅毒患者血标本100 例,分别采用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)、梅毒螺旋体明胶颗粒凝集试验(TPPA)、胶体金快速检测试验(ACONSYP)、甲苯胺红不加热血清试验(TRUST)检测血清梅毒.结果 先进行TP-ELISA初筛检测为梅毒阳性者的100 例患者血清中,其他几种方法都是阳性者94 例,其中TRUST阳性94 例,TPPA 阳性98 例,SYP 阳性96 例.但在120 例非梅毒对照组中,经TP-ELISA 检测阴性人数为114 例,特异性为95%.结论 多种方法均存在一定的假阴性和假阳性,对于TP-ELISA 阳性标本,为了提高梅毒检出率,要做TRUST 和TPPA 复检.     

两种梅毒血清学检测方法比较

目的：比较酶联免疫吸附试验（TP-ELISA）与快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验（RPR）梅毒检测方法的敏感性和特异性,评价两种方法在梅毒检测中的应用效果。方法：用TP-ELISA法和RPR法同时对2 501份血清标本进行梅毒抗体检测,阳性结果采用梅毒螺旋体明胶凝集试验（TPPA）进行确证,并测定TP-ELISA方法的批内、批间变异系数。结果：在TPPA确证的35例阳性标本中,TP-ELISA法检出阳性33例,敏感性为94.29%;RPR法检出阳性20例,敏感性为57.14%。TP-ELISA法检出的36例阳性中,有3例确证为阴性,特异性为99.88%;RPR法检出的22例阳性中,有2例确证为阴性,特异性为99.92%。两种方法同为阳性的19例标本,经确证均为阳性。有1例经确证为阳性的标本为RPR法检出而TP-ELISA法未能检出,有14例经确证为阳性的标本为ELISA法检出而RPR法未能检出。TP-ELISA方法的批内、批间变异系数分别为12.1%和13.5%。结论：TP-ELISA方法的敏感性远远大于RPR法,而特异性差别不大,TP-ELISA方法更适合于血液的梅毒筛查。     

三种方法检测梅毒螺旋体抗体结果比较

目的比较甲苯胺红不加热血清试验（TRUST法）、ELISA法及明胶颗粒凝集试验（TPPA法）检测梅毒螺旋体抗体的结果符合率。方法对临床受血者输血前系列检查中TP-ELISA法阳性标本，进行双孔复检，仍阳性者进一步用TRUST法和TPPA法检测。结果44例TP-ELISA法阳性标本中，TRUST法阳性18例，TPPA法阳性39例。TRUST法与ELISA法的阳性符合率为40．9％，TRUST法与TPPA法的阳性符合率为43．6％，TPPA法与ELISA法的阳性符合率最高，为88．6％。结论TRUST法与ELISA法、TPPA法符合率均较低，适宜疗效观察；ELISA法与TPPA法的阳性符合率较高，结果较为准确可靠，适合大样本筛查。     

两种梅毒检测方法的比较

目的比较两种血清梅毒抗体检测方法的性能。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）和梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体明胶凝集试验（TPPA）对110份梅毒患者血清和890份健康献血者血清进行检测比较。结果TP-ELISA共检出梅毒螺旋体抗体阳性109份、TPPA共检出108份阳性,两法的阳性检出率分别为99.1%和98.2%。TP-ELISA从890份健康献血者中检出2份阳性,TPPA未检出阳性,后经确认2例为假阳性,TP-ELISA的假阳性率为0.22%。结论ELISA和TPPA都具有较高的敏感性和特异性,两法结果差异无统计学方法（P〉0.05）。ELISA试剂成本低,操作方便,可使用酶标仪判读,是大批量样本筛查的理想方法。     

化学发光法检测梅毒抗体在临床筛查试验中的应用价值分析

目的分析化学发光法检测梅毒抗体在临床筛查试验中的应用价值。方法应用回顾性分析的方式将2016年1月至2017年12月我院收治的2000例血清样本进行分析,对梅毒特异性抗体进行化学发光微粒子免疫分析法(CLIA)检测,对S/CO结果为1到10的再进行梅毒螺旋体明胶凝集试验(TPPA)复检,对梅毒非特异性抗体应用甲苯胺红不加热血清学试验(TRUST)检测。结果 2000例患者确诊为梅毒患者有120例,检出率为6%,TP-CLIA阳性348例(17.4%),TRUST阳性有138例(6.9%);TP-CLIA法检测血清梅毒抗体结果中,患者年龄越大其假阳性率越高,其中以65岁以上患者的假阳性率最高,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05),梅毒抗体经CLIA检测的复检率为8.7%(共检出174例),和TPPA相比,复检样本内S/CO为1到5组、5到10组的阳性符合率分别为42.98%与100%,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论针对梅毒螺旋体应用化学发光法筛查安全可靠,若样本的S/CO值较低,则需要给予复检,将假阳性进行排查出去,确保检查治疗,临床上应用很有价值。     

不同梅毒抗体的检测方法在血液筛查中的应用评价

目的:通过对RPR、TP-ELISA和TP-PA三种梅毒抗体检测方法的比较,选择一种适合大批量标本的梅毒筛查方法。方法:以TP-ELISA、RPR法检测住院患者25632例。TP-ELISA、RPR法中任一种阳性者以TP-PA法确认。结果:TP-ELISA阳性率为1.61%,TP-ELISA与TP-PA阳性符合率为90.5%;RPR阳性率为0.67%,RPR与TP-PA阳性符合率为41.9%。结论:TP-ELISA法是住院患者梅毒筛查的理想方法。     

梅毒抗体不同检测方法在献血者血液筛查中的应用探讨

目的通过应用RPR、TP-ELISA、TP-PA三种方法对梅毒抗体进行检测,对三种检测方法进行比较分析,选择出最适合大批量梅毒标本的筛查方法,为梅毒的检测提供科学的指导和理论的支持。方法随机选取血检科收集的365例血液样本作为研究对象,对这365例血液样本用TP-ELISA、RPR进行检测,TP-ELISA、RPR发中任一阳性患者再用TP-PA检测法进行确认。结果 TP-ELISA阳性率为1.64%,TP-ELISA和TP-PA的阳性符合率为91.2%;RPR阳性率为0.82%,RPR和TP-PA阳性符合率为45.2%。结论在临床上,对梅毒抗体进行检测,TP-ELISA检测方法是梅毒筛查的理想方法。在献血者血液检查中TP-ELISA检测方法对于血液的筛选具有推广作用。     

改良梅毒螺旋体明胶颗粒凝集法在无偿献血者中的应用

目的 评价自行改良梅毒螺旋体明胶颗粒凝集法（TPPA）在无偿献血者中大批量检测梅毒螺旋体（Treponema Pallidum,TP）抗体的可行性.方法 改良传统经典TPPA法一系列倍比稀释为加样器自动加样稀释、添加试剂,静置2 h,采用酶标仪判读结果.并同时进行TP-ELISA法（TP-酶联免疫吸附实验）对比实验.结果 利用中国药品生物制品检定所的梅毒螺旋体抗体诊断试剂国家参比品进行考评,1～10号样本检测结果为阳性、11～30号样本检测结果为阴性,结果同标准符合率为100% 对卫生部临床检验中心及广东省临床检验中心的40例室间质评样本检测,结果同靶值的符合率为100% 对28 886例无偿献血者标本检测,检出有反应性145例（0.50%）与TP-ELISA法检出有反应性164例（0.56%）,P〉0.05无统计学差异.结论 改良TPPA法具有传统经典TPPA法的高准确性、灵敏度、特异性,且操作步骤简易,可以进行大批量标本的检测、实现结果标准化,可以在献血者检测TP中推广应用.     

不同梅毒检测方法比较

目的:比较酶联免疫吸附试验(TP-ELISA)、快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验(RPR)和梅毒螺旋体抗颗粒凝集试验法(TPPA)3种血清学检测方法在检测梅毒阳性率中的应用.方法:应用TP-ELISA,RPR和TPPA 3种方法同步检测了297例梅毒的血清学,比较不同检测方法的阳性检出率并分析.结果:在297例TP-ELISA阳性的血清标本中TPPA阳性率为86.9%,TP-ELISA法和TPPA法阳性率并不完全一致,RPR滴度高低和TP-ELISA数值范围有一定的相对应性,但在RPR中有一定的假阳性率.结论:入院患者无论手术与否均应进行RPR和TPPA检测,以减少潜伏梅毒的漏诊和误诊,且不能通过TP-ELISA数值来反映患者的传染状态.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.