血液灌流联合血液透析治疗急性百草枯中毒的临床分析

目的：探讨血液灌流加血液透析治疗百草枯中毒的疗效。方法：选择确诊的百草枯中毒患者16例,在常规内科综合治疗同时,采用血液灌流加血液透析治疗。结果：16例急性百草枯中毒患者治愈9例,好转4例,死亡3例。抢救百草枯中毒除常规内科综合治疗外,尽早强化血液透析加血液灌流,抢救成功率明显提高。结论：对百草枯中毒用血液透析与血液灌流联合进行且要尽早进行。     

血液灌流加血液透析治疗百草枯中毒时间窗的研究

目的对血液灌流(HP)加血液透析(HD)治疗百草枯中毒时间窗进行研究,以进一步指导临床治疗。方法本研究对河池市第一人民医院2001年1月至2009年10月百草枯中毒120例患者随机分为常规治疗组和HP+HD组(联合治疗组)各60例,对血液灌流加血液透析治疗百草枯中毒时间窗进行研究。结果联合治疗组有效率为93.3%,常规治疗组有效率为65.0%,经统计学分析,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。联合治疗组联合治疗组用药量、用药次数和用药和治愈时均较常规治疗组显著降低,经统计学分析,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论血液灌流联合透析治疗治疗百草枯中毒的疗效是肯定的,对重症尽早实施,12h内的时间窗内进行效果较好。     

血液灌流联合透析救治百草枯中毒的临床探讨

目的探讨应用血液灌流（HP）联合血液透析（HD）抢救重度百草枯中毒的有效性及预后。方法两组均予以洗胃、利尿、激素防肺纤维化及对症支持疗法等常规内科治疗;灌流组在常规治疗的基础上立即做血液灌流联合血液透析。比较灌流组、非灌流组的疗效。结果灌流组治愈率80％,非灌流组治愈率20％。结论在常规内科治疗的基础上,应用血液灌流联合血液透析治疗百草枯中毒,方法简便、疗效确切、提高中毒患者抢救成功率、降低肺纤维化、改善预后,很值得临床上推广应用。     

血液透析联合血液灌流治疗急性百草枯中毒的临床疗效观察

目的探讨血液透析联合血液灌流对治疗急性百草枯中毒的临床疗效及其不良反应。方法 47例急性百草枯中毒患者,于患者入院后,急诊常规行血液透析(HD)联合血液灌流(HP)2～3次。将患者分为存活组与死亡组,对其服白草枯就诊时间、服药的剂量、应用糖皮质激素、大剂量维生素、胃黏膜保护剂及对症支持治疗等进行临床分析。结果存活组22例,死亡组25例,病死率53%。死亡组的服药剂量明显大于存活组,两组比较服药剂量有显着性差异;就诊时间短者两组比较有显着性差异。结论早期血液透析联合血液灌流治疗急性百草枯中毒是安全有效的。     

血液灌流联合血液透析救治急性百草枯中毒43例效果分析

目的观察血液灌流联合血液透析治疗急性百草枯中毒的疗效。方法 43例急性百草枯中毒患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,对照组给予洗胃、导泻、保肝、补液、利尿及其他常规治疗措施;治疗组在此基础上给予血液灌流联合血液透析治疗。结果治疗组23例,经治疗后生存16例,死亡7例,病死率30.4%,总有效率69.6%;对照组20例生存7例,死亡13例,病死率65%,总有效率35.0%。两组生存患者,治疗组肾功能优于对照组(P<0.05),肺部病变较对照组减轻。结论血液灌流联合血液透析治疗急性百草枯中毒可提高治愈率,降低病死率及改善长期愈后。     

液灌流救治急性百草枯中毒疗效分析

目的探讨血液灌流抢救急性百草枯中毒的疗效和价值。方法急性百草枯中毒患者56例,其中常规治疗组27例（对照组）,常规治疗基础上加血液灌流组29例（治疗组）。组间比较用,检验。结果28d死亡率：治疗组51．72％（15／29）;对照组88．89％（24／27）,P〈0.05。血液灌流起始时间对28d死亡率影响：中毒6h内者死亡率25％（5／20）;中毒6h后者死亡率77．78％（7／9）,P〈0．05。结论血液灌流抢救急性百草枯中毒疗效确切;早期进行效果更好。     

急性百草枯中毒的综合治疗

目的探讨急性百草枯中毒综合治疗的疗效。方法对我院的21例百草枯中毒患者进行回顾性分析,对患者给予了综合性治疗,包括洗胃、活性炭吸附、导泻、抗氧化、激素冲击、免疫抑制剂这些常规治疗外,并予血必净注射液解毒、血液灌流联合血液滤过清除毒素治疗。结果 21例百草枯中毒患者中,11例存活,6例死亡,4例自动出院,死亡率为47.6%。结论急性百草枯中毒患者尽早开展综合治疗,可提高抢救成功率;血液灌流联合血液滤过治疗能降低急性百草枯中毒的死亡率。     

血液灌流联合血液滤过治疗急性百草枯中毒患者的临床分析

目的探讨血液灌流联合血液滤过治疗急性百草枯中毒的临床疗效。方法选取我院2011年1月至2014年7月急诊收治的78例急性百草枯中毒患者,随机分为对照组及治疗组,每组各39例。对照组采取血液灌流治疗,治疗组采取血液灌流联合血液滤过治疗。结果治疗组患者的治愈率、病死率均优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组患者急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)、急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)、多器官功能障碍(MODS)发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论血液灌流联合血液滤过治疗急性百草枯中毒,可短时间内清除体内的毒物,减轻肝肾功能损害,减少ARDS、MODS的发生,降低病死率,有利于改善中毒患者的预后。     

血液透析联合血液灌流救治鱼胆中毒的护理

目的运用血液透析联合血液灌流的方法救治鱼胆中毒,观察透析加灌流在治疗鱼胆中毒的临床意义。方法采用珠海丽珠生产的HA230型灌流器串联130g透析器对中毒患者进行血液透析加灌流。结果中毒的患者抢救成功。结论血液透析加灌流对抢救鱼胆中毒有很好的效果,加强血液透析加灌流的护理工作,防止发生并发症。     

血液灌流联合环磷酰胺治疗百草枯中毒患者的临床疗效

目的探讨血液灌流(hemoperfusion,HP)联合环磷酰胺治疗百草枯中毒患者的临床疗效。方法将64例百草枯中毒患者随机分为HP组与联合治疗组,HP组在常规治疗的基础上给予血液灌流治疗,联合治疗组在HP组治疗基础上加用环磷酰胺。治疗3周后观察2组患者白细胞、血肌酐、血谷丙转氨酶、血肌酸激酶、肝功能、肾功能、病死率、死亡患者存活时间等指标的变化。结果治疗3周后联合治疗组白细胞、血肌酐、血谷丙转氨酶、血肌酸激酶、死亡率、肺功能障碍、肾功能障碍、中毒性心肌炎及MODS均低于HP组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),联合治疗组死亡病例存活时间高于HP组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 HP联合环磷酰胺治疗百草枯中毒患者的疗效确切,值得临床推广。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.