K44次旅客列车乘务员膳食营养结构调查及评价

目的了解列车乘务员的膳食营养状况，为提供合理的膳食结构，平衡营养提供科学依据。方法通过对K44次旅客列车上212名乘务员在出乘运行途中3日内摄入的食物总量运用现场查帐法进行调查。计算出人均日摄入各种营养素的量，与推荐的每日膳食中营养素供给量(RDA)比较。结果K44次旅客列车乘务员人均每日摄入的各种营养素，除钙、核黄素(维生素B2)，视黄醇当量(维生素A)的摄入相对不足以外，其他营养素的摄入量基本充足。摄入的营养素主要来源于植物性食物，占74．24％；其次来源于动物性食物，占16．04％；豆类食物来源占9．72％。结论K44次旅客列车乘务员的膳食营养与中国营养协会推荐的RDA标准相比较，除钙、维生素B2、维生素A的摄入相对不足外，其他营养素的摄入量基本充足。     

萎缩性胃炎患者膳食与营养情况调查分析

目的分析膳食习惯及营养素摄入情况与萎缩性胃炎患病的关系。方法自2016年5月至2016年12月随机选择符合要求的初诊萎缩性胃炎患者57例作为研究组,同时选择南通市妇幼保健院体检中心数据库中正常人群为对照组,两组在年龄、性别、学历、家族史等方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。采用24h回顾法及膳食史法调查其膳食习惯、食物构成、膳食营养素摄入情况,同时检测研究组患者身高、体重、血常规、血清叶酸、维生素B12水平,记录胃镜及病理情况。分析膳食习惯、食物构成及营养素摄入情况与萎缩性胃炎患病情况及营养状况的关系。按照内镜及病理情况分轻、中、重度,比较3组患者不良膳食习惯、不合理膳食与营养素构成情况。结果研究组患者中诊断患病前有不良膳食习惯者36人,占总人数63.16%。喜好生冷、酸味、咸鲜、酒、零食、高温烫食、煎炸烧烤、甜食、浓茶咖啡、剩菜、不规律饮食均为慢性萎缩性胃炎发病危险因素,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);对照《中国居民膳食指南》,低谷薯类摄入、低蔬菜水果摄入、低畜禽肉类摄入、高油摄入均为发病危险因素,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);低能量摄入、单纯低碳水化合物摄入、单纯低蛋白摄入、单纯高脂肪摄入均为发病危险因素,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。按照疾病程度分析,轻、中、重度三组萎缩性胃炎患者在生冷、咸鲜、酒、煎炸烧烤、浓茶咖啡、甜食、不规律饮食行为、低谷薯类、低畜禽肉类、高油摄入、低能量摄入、单纯低碳水化合物摄入、单纯低蛋白摄入、单纯高脂肪摄入人数比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。低蔬菜水果摄入、低畜禽肉类摄入、低能量摄入、单纯低碳水化合物摄入、单纯低蛋白摄入、单纯高脂肪摄入与贫血、叶酸及维生素B12低水平密切相关,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论饮食因素是慢性萎缩性胃炎发生的重要因素,日常应重点注意避免进食生冷、咸鲜、酒、煎炸烧烤、甜食、浓茶咖啡食物及不规律饮食;避免低谷薯类摄入、低畜禽肉类摄入、高油摄入、低能量摄入、单纯低碳水化合物摄入、单纯低蛋白摄入、单纯高脂肪摄入等不合理膳食与营养素结构,这些将对控制萎缩性胃炎的发生发展有重要意义。     

膳食结构对居民健康的影响调查

目的了解膳食结构、营养状况对居民健康的影响,分析存在问题,为指导居民合理膳食,改善营养,预防控制与膳食营养缺乏疾病提供依据。方法采用整群随机抽样方法,抽中542户1629人,对其中的185户569人进行膳食调查。结果居民每标准人日摄入能量2543.63Kcal,摄入蛋白质86.97g,摄入脂肪97.85g;能量来源于谷类占44.53%,来源于动物性食品占24.69%;动物蛋白质占蛋白质总摄入量的50.94%,动物脂肪占脂肪总摄入量的58.41%。居民营养不良率7.20%,肥胖患病率22.76%,贫血患病率10.43%,高血压患病率17.55%,糖尿病患病率为4.00%。结论膳食结构不合理,高能量、高脂肪类食物摄入过多,居民患慢性疾病增加,应加强健康教育,指导居民合理膳食,预防和控制与膳食营养相关的疾病。     

济南市部分城市社区老年人膳食中营养素摄入状况调查

[目的]探讨不同年龄阶段老年人膳食中营养素摄入状况，以便指导合理营养。[方法]2002年，在济南市市区抽取历下区某城市社区60～78岁的退休人员214名，采用24h回顾法调查1d膳食中各类食物的摄入量，并计算出热能和各种营养素的摄入量，与中国营养学会推荐的平衡膳食宝塔、推荐营养素摄入量进行比较。[结果]老年人体质指数≥25者占51．40％，男性高于女性，60～69岁组高于70岁以上组；膳食中蛋类和油脂的摄入量偏高，蔬菜、鱼类、豆类偏低；三大营养素供热比例各组均以脂肪热较高，碳水化合物热偏低；钙、维生素B1、B2摄入不足。[结论]不同年龄的社区老年人均存在膳食结构不合理和营养素摄入不平衡现象，需要加强合理营养指导。     

湖南某民航空勤人员营养状况调查研究

目的了解湖南某民航空勤人员的营养摄入状况、膳食结构,为引导其合理膳食、建立科学的食物消费观提供依据。方法对湖南某民航的全部空勤人员（369人）进行食物频率调查;膳食调查采用多阶段整群抽样抽取95人,以24 h回顾法连续3 d进行膳食营养素摄入情况的调查。结果膳食调查结果显示,民航空勤人员膳食结构为谷类22.26%、蔬菜水果类40.43%,摄入比例偏低;鱼禽肉蛋类20.24%、油脂类4.90%,摄入比例偏高。膳食纤维摄入量过低,只达到推荐摄入量的50.10%。钙、维生素B2摄入量不足,分别占推荐摄入量的79.29%和75.71%。结论湖南某民航空勤人员营养状况总体良好,食物结构基本合理,营养素摄入存在蛋白质、脂肪摄入过高,碳水化合物、钙、维生素B2和膳食纤维摄入偏低的问题。因此,需对湖南某民航空勤人员加强营养教育,树立正确营养观念,平衡膳食,合理营养。     

2010年呼和浩特市新城区居民膳食与营养素调查

目的研究呼和浩特新城区居民的膳食结构和营养状况,为实施针对性干预措施及政府制定政策提供依据。方法采用多阶段整群随机抽样法,对新城区六个社区居委会,共计180户429位居民进行膳食调查。结果呼和浩特新城区居民平均每标准人日摄入谷类为353.2g、豆类7.4g、蔬菜类162.1g、新鲜蔬果59.2g、坚果4.0g、肉禽蛋鱼虾合计104.2g、奶及其制品97.3g、食用油合计36.2g、盐9.9g;新城区居民平均每标准人日能量摄入为2 046.9kcal、蛋白质62.2 g、脂肪84.8g、膳食纤维9.9g、碳水化合物263.5g,视黄醇245.5g、维生素C62.9mg、核黄素0.8mg、尼克酸12.7mg、钙365.4mg、铁21.3mg、锌9.7mg、硒46.9mg、磷933.4mg、钠6 146.6mg、镁281.2mg。结论居民膳食结构不合理,多种营养素摄入不足,形成了高能量密度、高脂肪、高盐、低水果蔬菜、低膳食纤维的膳食结构,应加强膳食指导和营养干预。     

青岛市居民膳食结构和营养状况调查

目的了解青岛市城乡居民的膳食结构和营养状况。方法利用青岛市首次居民营养与健康状况调查资料，对72个调查点2160户居民进行家庭膳食调查（城市720户，农村1440户），以个人72h膳食回顾结合家庭调味品称重获取膳食信息。结果青岛市居民平均每人日摄入能量9．6810，蛋白质68．3g，脂肪90．8g，维生素C摄入充足；硫胺素和核黄素偏低；钙530．2mg，占推荐膳食供给量（Recommended Dietary Allwance，RDA）的66．3％。膳食能量的47．3％来自谷类，蛋白质的43．5％来自谷类。脂肪提供总能量的35．3％，动物脂肪占膳食脂肪的35．0％。结论青岛市居民平均已摄入了足够的食物，改善居民的膳食模式应以调整不平衡膳食结构为主要目的。     

淮扬菜系人群膳食营养与健康研究

目的：研究淮扬菜系居民的膳食习惯,营养与人体健康的关系。方法：以食物频率法调查膳食习惯,常规方法进行体格检查,计算人均每日各种食物及营养素摄入量,用推荐摄入量（RNI）或适宜摄入量（AI）进行比较分析。结果：居民食物消费以大燮主食,每天均食用新鲜蔬菜,其中青菜摄入频率最高,能量和蛋白质摄入量分别为RNI的101．1％（男）,115．％（ 女）和98．8％（男）,95．7％（女）,多种维生素摄入不足及部分矿物质摄入不平衡,维生素C人均每日摄入量仅占RNI的35．1％,钙的摄入占RNI的36．6％和31．3％,体质指数（BMI）在正常范围的占63％,人群血清甘油三酯水平较高,超过正常范围的高达55．1％,结论：淮扬菜系地区居民膳食结构不尽合理,应提高膳食中维生素和钙的摄入量,减少高脂肪的摄入。     

贺州市八步区居民膳食结构调查

目的了解贺州市八步区城乡居民膳食结构、营养状况对居民健康的影响,分析存在问题,为指导居民合理膳食,改善营养,预防控制与膳食营养缺乏和过剩有关的慢性非传染性疾病提供依据。方法按照全国营养调查方法,采用多阶整群随机抽样方法,抽取贺州市八步区3个乡镇、6个村委会、537户。其中膳食调查177户、613人、健康体检2401人。用称量法获得每个家庭调味品消耗量,连续3天24小时回顾法获得每人各类食物摄入量,医学体检和血红蛋白、血糖、血脂等实验室检测。结果贺州市八步区城乡居民平均每标准人日摄入谷类393.58g,大米占93.56%;摄入蔬菜水果439.95g;动物性食物146.30g,猪肉占57.24%,禽肉12.10%,水产品14.22%,奶2.21%,、蛋7.80%,动物油0.3%;摄入豆类16.48g,盐10.04。结论贺州市八步区城乡居民营养状况有较大改善,但膳食结构不合理,高能量、高脂肪类食物摄入过多,居民患慢性非传染性疾病增加。     

浙江省城市居民膳食营养摄入状况研究

目的了解浙江省城乡居民膳食营养摄入现状。方法 2008年根据不同经济水平、不同饮食习惯及地理分布,选择浙江省11个城市,以连续3 d 24 h回顾法为基础,3 d秤重法为补充收集居民膳食数据。结果膳食调查共4 949人。蛋白质(84.9 g/标准人日)、能量(9 653.7 kJ/标准人日)基本满足要求,谷类食物仍是膳食主体,优质蛋白质摄入有所改善,猪肉占的比例较高(75.5%),豆类摄入增加(36.2 g/标准人日);脂肪摄入量提高很快,达到87.7 g/标准人日;脂肪供能占总体供能的比例迅速提高,达到34.3%,已超过WHO的上限值(30.0%);油脂和食盐摄入量分别为41.3 g/标准人日、10.5 g/标准人日,高于推荐值;水果和部分微量营养素(如钙、膳食纤维等)摄入不足,奶制品摄入水平仍然偏低,仅有60.0 g/标准人日。结论浙江省城市居民膳食结构模式比较合理,但已出现高蛋白、高盐、高脂肪的趋势,部分营养素摄入不足,应加强营养知识教育普及,提倡合理膳食和健康的生活方式。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.