A study of the karotype of a monolayer culture of carcinoma of the human stomach

Summary The results of studying the karyotype of cells obtained from a monolayer culture of human cancer of the stomach (Cave strain) are presented. The relative cytogenetic homogeneity of the cells of this strain was established: The number of chromosomes in 81% of the cells varied from 58 to 62 with a pronounced peak within the range of 58–60. A characteristic chromosome (long, subtelocentric), revealed in the majority of the cells, was a marker for the given strain. Some cells had an additional marker chromosome — a large and acrocentric one. It is assumed that monosomia and trisomia in individual chromosomes are present. In some cells small chromosome fragments were revealed.Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 55, No. 5, pp. 93–96, May, 1963     

Cultivation of human peripheral blood leukocytes in agar gel

The use of a modified method of cloning hematopoietic cells in semisolid nutrient media showed that among human peripheral blood leukocytes there are committed precursor cells of the granulocytic series (CFU_c). In healthy adults and children (aged from 4 days to 10 years) the number of these precursors is 0.05–6.38 and 0.2–2.9/10⁵ nucleated cells respectively. The number of CFU_c in the blood of patients with infectious mononucleosis is within normal limits (0.5–14/10⁵ nucleated cells). In acute leukemia very low colony-forming activity of the nucleated blood cells is found (0–0.3/10⁵ cells).Laboratory of Culture and Transplantation of Bone Marrow, Central Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion. Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology, N. I. Pirogov Second Moscow Medical Institute. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences, of the USSR N. A. Fedorov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 81, No. 5, pp. 635–636, May, 1976.     

A study of the agglutinating properties of phytohemagglutinin obtained from sax variety of phaseolus vulgaris

Summary A study was made of agglutinating properties of phytohemagglutinin obtained from the Sax variety ofPhaseolus vulgaris (according to Rigas and Osgood's method) in the form of a protein. Agglutinating properties of phytohemagglutinin were tested against human (A, B, O), rabbit, rat, rooster and frog erythrocytes; single-layered human tissue cultures—normal cutaneous epithelium (strain No. 580), fibroblasts (strain No. 558), amnion (strain A-1); malignant cells of multilayered human tissue cultures—stomach cancer (strain Cave), cancer of the uterus (strain HeLa), cancer of the larynx (strain HEp-2); against malignant cells of experimental mouse cancer (Ehrlich's strain), cancer of the rat ovary (strain OR). Agglutination properties were also tested against an intestinal group of bacteria:Bacterium coli (strains C-85 and K-12) andBacterium prodigiosum (strain No. 10).As shown, phytohemagglutinins obtained from the Sax variety ofPhaseolus vulgaris possessed high hemagglutinating properties. They were especially marked against mouse erythrocytes and comparatively weak against those of a frog. The preparation also possessed cytoagglutinating properties against all the cellular strains investigated. They were especially well pronounced in the instance of stomach cancer cells and least pronounced in that of uterus cancer cells, those of the larynx and cutaneous epithelium cancer. Phytohemagglutinin did not agglutinate the strains of bacteria examined. Agglutinating properties of the preparation are intensified after keeping it in a refrigerator (4°C).Presented by Acting Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of USSR N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 73–77, February, 1963     

Increased cellular immune response during immunization of mice with cells preincubated in interferon

Mice of the strain (CBAxC57BL/6)F₁ were immunized by a single intraperitoneal injection of L-1210 cells previously treated with interferon or with a dummy preparation. Mice of the strain CBA were injected with MKh-11 cells, previously treated in the same way. Injection of cells treated with interferon was shown to result in a stronger cellular immune response.Laboratory of Immunology of Leukemias, Central Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sceinces of the USSR N. A. Fedorvo.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 82, No. 10, pp. 1230–1232, October, 1976.     

Activity of rubrospinal neurons in the monkey Macaca mulatta

Action potentials were recorded from single cells of the red nucleus; they were evoked by antidromic stimulation of the rubrospinal tract and by stimulation of the contralateral nucleus interpositus of the cerebellum in monkeys. It was demonstrated that axons go to the spinal cord not only from the large cells of the caudal pole but also from the neurons of the micro cellular part of the red nucleus. The speed of conduction along axons of rubrospinal neurons of monkeys ranges from 17.4–108.8 m/ sec (predominantly 60–90 m/sec). Experiments with stimulation of the cerebellar nucleus interpositus pointed to the existence of a monosynaptic interposito-rubral connection in monkeys.Translated from Zhurnal Évolyutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 56–62, January–February, 1976.     

Increased resistance of cells to virus caused by mRNA for antiviral protein

The resistance of L-929 mouse cells to virus after administration of a single dose of homologous and heterologous preparations of messenger RNA for antiviral protein (AVP-mRNA) was studied. If homologous AVP-mRNA was used, inhibition of virus production reached 90–93% and remained steady after passage of the cells for 1.5 months (period of observation). After contact between the cells and heterologous AVP-mRNA inhibition of virus production in the first six passages was about 90%, increasing by the 16th passage to 99.9%. The results indicate a steady increase in the resistance of cells to virus by means of AVP-mRNA, and this could prove to be a new and effective method of nonspecific protection of cells against viruses.Laboratory of Ontogeny of Viruses, D. I. Ivanovskii Institute of Virology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 86, No. 9, pp. 337–339. September, 1978.     

Daily rhythm of mitotic division of the esophageal epithelial cells of albino rats

Summary Twenty-four hour periodicity of mitotic activity was shown on the total mounts in the epithelium of the lower third of the esophagus of adult male albino rats. The maximal number of mitoses was detected at the early morning hours (4–7 AM) and the minimal in the evening (4–10 PM). No essential changes were revealed in the percentage ratio of various mitotic phases. Complete renovation of the cellular elements of the esophagus (epithelium) occurs approximately every 6–8 days.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 54, No. 8, pp. 81–84, August, 1962     

Some structural features of vital dyes

Lymphocytes and macrophages of healthy rats, cells of lymphosarcoma and ovarian tumors (strain OYa) of rats, and cells of sarcoma 37 and lymphosarcoma Nk/Ly of mice were stained intravitally with 1·10^–5–3·10^–2 M solutions of 86 dyes. The presence of alkylating amino groups in the molecule of the dye substantially increases its ability to penetrate to living cells and to be deposited in their cytoplasm. Acid radicals considerably reduce the ability of the dye to stain cells intravitally. This has been shown for thiazine, oxazine, triphenylmethane, acridine, diazine, and xanthene compounds. The degree of basicity of the dye molecule and also of its amino group does not play a decisive role in the process of vital staining.Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenic Agents, N. N. Petrov Scientific-Research Institute of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the USSR, Leningrad. (Fresented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR L. M. Shabad.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 83, No. 4, pp. 499–503, April, 1977.     

Experimental immunization of horses with hela cells

Summary A horse was immunized with the cells of a culture of human carcinoma of the cervix tissue (HeLa strain).The rise in the antibody titer against the HeLa strain was studied during the process of immunization and reimmunization in experiments on agglutination and complement-fixation. The most rapid rise in the antibody titer was observed followingre-immunization which attained the greatest value after 4 injections of the antigen.Introduced by N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov, Active Member of AMN-SSSR Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 58, No. 8, pp. 85–87, August, 1964     

Concerning vesiculocytosis

During the preparation of specimens from blood and tissues for detection of autoantibody-producing plaque-forming cells, if hypertonic (10–15%) salt solutions are used instead of physiological saline a phenomenon of false plaque formation takes place through the liberation of the cell contents into the surrounding medium and pycnosis of the cells. This phenomenon takes place with the blood karyocytes of animals of different species and of man when various salts are used, such as sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, calcium chloride, etc. False plaque formation in hypertonic solutions does not take place with all cells in the preparation, i.e., it depends on their state. The phenomenon is particularly strongly expressed in the period of maximal intensity of the cellular immune response.Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR N. A. Fedorov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 84, No. 7, pp. 61–64, July, 1977.     

Effect of the thymus on hematopoietic stem cells and on their powers of self-support

It was shown by cloning hematopoietic cells in the spleen of irradiated mice that thymectomy on adult animals has no significant effect either on the number of hematopoietic stem cells or on their self-supporting ability.Laboratory of Bone Marrow Culture and Transplantation, Central Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Ministry of Health of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR N. A. Fedorov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 87 No. 6, pp. 610–612, June, 1979.     

Reaction of regenerating epithelial cells in the skin to hormones

Summary As revealed with the aid of histological and histochemical methods, the properties and reactions of the cells comprising the regenerated epithelium are far from being uniform under the action of various hormones. Administration of glucocorticoids and ACTH inhibits proliferation of young cells and of the regeneration epithelium as a whole; cellular differentiation is accelerated in the basal and medium layers, the content of glycogen and of RNP decreases. Conversely, under the effect of DOCA, STH, and also of thyroidin there is an intensive cellular proliferation in the epithelial layer, accompanied by the rise of synthesis and accumulation of glycogen in the cells of the medium layers, and of the RNP—in the basal one.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR, N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 57, No. 5, pp. 98–102, May, 1964     

The submicroscopic structure of pasteurella pestis EV

Summary An electronographic examination was done of the fine structure of the cell in the 18-hour culture of theP. pestis EV vaccine strain. As established, the main topographic structures of bacterial anatomy are: the cellular wall with a stratified structure; the cytoplasmic membrane, which closely embraces the protoplast; the microgranular cytoplasm with cytoplasmic granules located on one or both of the poles and a centrally located nuclear apparatus.Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 63–65, March 1963     

Cell lines produced from tumors caused by virus SV 40

Summary A transplantable cellular strain, CA-SV 40-63-1, was produced from a sarcoma in a Syrian hamster induced by injection of SV 40 virus. The cellular strain formed after a prolonged lag-phase. The CA-SV 40-63-1 cultures were characterized by a marked cellular polymorphism, high mitotic activity, a tremendous number of giant mono- and polynuclear cells. The administration of cells of the CA-SV 40-63-1 strain to Syrian hamsters causes the formation of sarcomas of which the cellular composition bears a striking resemblance to that of the CA-SV 40-63-1 strain. One of such tumors gave rise to a new cellular strain, CA-SV 40-63-1 bis, which formed without the lag-phase. The cytological characteristics of the 2nd cellular strain are close to those of the CA-SV 40-63-1 strain. Certain aspects of the problem of relationships between the processes of malignization of cells in vivo and transformation of cells in vitro are also discussed.Presented by Active Member of AMN SSSR V. M. Zhdanov Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 59, No. 5, pp. 85–88, May, 1965     

Mitotic activity in the liver of sexually mature mice at various ages

Summary Mitotic activity was studied in hepatic cells of albino mice, weighing 12, 22, 25, 30, 36, 38, 39, and 42 g. The animals were killed at 6 A.M. (18–20 at a time). From 6 to 7 thousand cells were counted in the liver of each animal. The average number of mitoses was: in mice weighing 12 g-6%, 22 g-1.2%, 25–30 g-0.4–0.5%, 36–38 g-0.2%, 39–42 g-0.01–0.02%. With increasing age not only the number of mitoses in individual mice, but also the number of animals in which mitoses occur, decreased.Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR, N. A. Kraevskii Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 111–114, January, 1964     

Effect of curettage of the medullary cavity on bone marrow stromal precursor cells

Changes in the number of stromal bone marrow precursor cells in guinea pigs after curettage of the medullary cavity were studied by cloning and monolayer cultures in vitro. Curettage was shown to remove about half of the fibroblast colony forming cells (FCFC) from the bone marrow. Later, the number of FCFC in the curetted limb fell to reach a minimum after 12 h. Starting from 24 h their number increased. By the 7th–12th day the number of FCFC reached the normal level, and by the 20th day it was 2.5 times higher than normal. The number of FCFC in the contralateral limb between 6 h and 20 days after curettage was 2–2.5 times greater than normal.Laboratory of Immunomorphology, N. F. Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR P. A. Vershilova.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 86, No. 9, pp. 362–365, September, 1978.     

Cytochemical study of succinic dehydrogenase activity in explanted cells

Summary Succinic dehydrogenase activity was studied in the cells of primary cultures of monkey kidney and the HEp-2 strain. As distinct from the primary culture, the activity of the enzyme remains on the same level during the whole period of culturing in the cells of the transplantable strain. The data obtained are discussed in connection with the problem of cell adaptation to the conditions of culturing in vitro.(Presented by Academician V. N. Chernigovskii) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 91–94, January, 1961     

Distribution of cell divisions in the optic vesicle and presumptive ectoderm of chick embryos

Summary It has been shown that dividing cells are arranged in nests in the optic vesicle and the presumptive ectoderm in the period of contact between the two in a 48-hour-old chick embyro. The degree of this arrangement in the optic vesicle and ectoderm is variable: in the optic vesicle there are 29.4% of isolated mitoses and 25.9% of paired mitoses. The number of dividing cells per nest in the ocular rudiment is up to seven. In the ectoderm isolated mitoses account for 72.7%, paired ones –18.3%. The number of mitoses per nest does not exceed four. The number of isolated mitoses and various combinations of conjugate mitoses varies during a day.(Presented by Active Member of the Academy of medical Sciences of the USSR N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov). Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 62, No. 10, pp. 101–103, October, 1966.     

Cultivation of cells in vitro as isolated colonies

Summary An inquiry was made into conditions for the optimal growth of cells of the HeLa strain (parent and four clonic lines) in the form of isolated colonied by cultivating small counted numbers of cells in hermetically sealed Carrel flasks. In particular, a unicellular suspension was used for plating a definite number of cells on nutritive media with increased serum content and with weakly acid pH. Experimental results were evaluated in two weeks not only by the number of developing colonies, but also by their size. The plating efficiency and the size of colonies were much greater in culturing cells on medium No. 199, containing 25% of bovine serum, with the initial pH of about 7.0.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov) Translated from Byulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 91–96, March, 1963     

An electron microscope study of λ bacteriophage development in cells of the indicator strain

Summary The work deals with intracellular development of the lambda bacteriophage in the cells of the indicator strain, E. coli C. As demonstrated, bacteriophages appeared in the cells 10 min after the infection of the latter. The sizes, the density, and the number of bacteriophages depended on the period of development. No destruction of the nuclear apparatus was evident during the process of moderate bacteriophage development.(Presented by Active Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 56, No. 12, pp. 63–66, December, 1963