等离子低温消融对椎间盘髓核形态学的影响

目的探讨等离子低温髓核消融术中不同的消融时段椎间盘髓核组织的形态学改变。方法选择2月龄实验用小型猪6只,平均体重22.5kg,雌雄不计,选取L1～S1共30个椎间盘,随机分为5组消融,每组消融时间分别定为0、30、60、90和120s。术后按照设定的时间取出完整椎间盘,取出髓核及终板行HE染色,在普通光学显微镜下观察病理变化。结果消融后髓核组织主要表现为基质成分减少,髓核细胞聚集。随消融时间延长,消融区域髓核中心出现组织空洞,消融区域周围出现染色均匀的条带样基质。继续增加消融时间至120s,消融区域无扩大,但区域内软骨细胞数量减少,部分软骨终板完整性受破坏。结论等离子低温消融可使髓核内基质成分减少、细胞聚集,但延长消融时间并不能扩大消融范围,且可对软骨终板造成损伤。     

颈椎间盘退变的形态学观察和生物力学研究

目的:观察长时间异常应力环境下兔颈椎间盘的组织形态和生物力学性能变化,为防治颈椎病的研究提供实验依据.方法:选取30只家兔,随机分为对照组、模型组,造模家兔颈椎处于低头屈曲45°位异常应力环境下5小时/次·天.动物处死后,光镜和电镜下观察颈椎间盘组织形态学变化;功能节段生物力学性能测试.比较各组间存在的差异.结果:对照组颈椎间盘组织形态及生物力学性能无明显变化;模型组颈椎间盘发生软骨细胞变性、坏死,髓核皱缩,软骨终板钙化、断裂等组织形态学改变;椎间盘压缩、扭转生物力学性能下降,并随着异常应力作用时间的延长而表现更为显著.结论:长时间处于异常应力环境下能使兔颈椎间盘组织形态和生物力学性能均发生明显退行性改变.     

软骨终板的形态与椎间盘退变的关系

软骨终板位于椎体上、下表面与椎间盘的纤维环和髓核之间 ,刘润田〔1〕等认为是椎间盘的一个组成部分 ,另一些学者〔2〕认为椎体上、下表面的皮质外层。软骨终板和纤维环一起将胶状的髓核密封 ,使椎间盘形成一个自行限制的密闭容器 ,起缓冲外力的作用。若软骨终板破裂 ,髓核会通过其破裂处突入椎体骨质内形成许莫结节 ( Schmorl) ;或向后突入椎管内形成椎间盘突出。本文就软骨终板的形态和功能作一综述 ,旨在为椎间盘退变的进一步研究和人工椎间盘置换术等临床应用提供解剖学依据。椎间盘是人体最大的无血运组织 ,其营养途径主要有 :( 1 )…     

腰椎退行性病组织特异性干细胞功能活性及表观遗传调控

<正>退行性改变在椎间盘退行性疾病患者主要表现为椎间盘髓核组织变性、纤维化、水分减少、椎间盘突出、椎间盘高度变窄、椎管狭窄和脊柱不稳等,从而导致颈椎病、下腰背疼痛、功能受限,甚至脊柱畸形等。国内椎间盘退行性疾病患者数量可高达1.5亿之巨。椎间盘是位于相邻脊柱运动节段间的一种纤维软骨样间盘组织。其由外层环形胶原构成的纤维环,内部胶冻状的髓核组织以及两侧邻近椎体骨性终板处的透明软骨终板组成。髓核细胞是椎间盘内一     

大鼠颈椎间盘老化及退变过程中髓核形态变化规律的实验研究

目的：研究颈椎间盘自然老化及退变过程中髓核软骨样细胞的来源和脊索性髓核向纤维软骨性髓核转化的规律及其与颈椎间盘退变的关系。方法：4周龄SD大鼠76只，随机分成两组。实验组40只大鼠通过截除前肢制备双后肢大鼠颈椎间盘退变的动物模型，按术后3、6、9、12个月4个时间段分组，每组10只；对照组36只大鼠未予处置，按实验开始后4、8、12、16个月分4组，每组9只。制备C4-5，C5-6和C6-7椎间盘中矢状面组织学切片，行HE、番红-O染色，研究观察不同老化及退变程度颈椎间盘髓核中软骨样细胞的起源和脊索性髓核向纤维软骨性髓核转化的规律。结果：随着颈椎间盘的不断老化，终板的软骨细胞向髓核迁移，脊索性髓核向心性皱缩并最终完全被纤维软骨性髓核取代，在此过程中，软骨终板的厚度逐渐变薄，进而出现缺损或断裂；在颈椎间盘退变的过程中，这一转化完成的更快、更早。结论：髓核中的软骨样细胞由终板的软骨细胞迁移而来，通过向心性的产生和沉积胶原纤维，脊索性髓核逐渐被纤维软骨性髓核替代，这一过程既是颈椎间盘成熟和老化的自然环节也可能是颈椎间盘退变的启动环节。     

Mallory染色法在椎间盘退变组织染色中的应用

背景:椎间盘退变的同时伴随有组织结构和成分的改变。采用多种染色剂连续复染形成多元色的组织学图形,可观察到各组织成分的不同颜色以及椎间盘退变时的颜色变化,在分辨力的显现上,比单纯形态学的改变更明显且易于分辨。目的:从组织形态和颜色变化两方面观察Mallory三色染色对椎间盘的染色效果。方法:取1,1.5,2,2.5和3月龄Hartley豚鼠L4～5椎体,制备中央冠状面椎间盘组织切片。用Mallory染液染色,光学显微镜下观察髓核、软骨终板和纤维环各区域形态和颜色的变化。SPOT-Ⅱ数码成像系统拍摄图像。结果与结论:Hartley豚鼠椎间盘退变程度随鼠龄增长自然加重。1月龄豚鼠的髓核形态正常,无色透明。在1.5～3月龄豚鼠中,髓核逐渐退变,由局部发展至全部基质呈现浅蓝着色,表明有胶原沉积,其形态上可见脊索细胞呈现软骨样细胞变性,髓核面积逐渐缩小并逐渐被纤维软骨样组织替代,直至在3月龄时呈现"蛇纹石"样外观。其终板上紫红色软骨细胞带随鼠龄增长呈现出不规则形态直至消失,其形态上可见软骨细胞逐渐减少。外纤维环红色和橘黄色的面积随着鼠龄增长而增加,表明有纤维素样变性,其形态上可见明显的板层状结构。内纤维环蓝色的面积随着鼠龄增长逐渐缩小。结果显示Mallory三色法用于Hartley豚鼠椎间盘染色时,在髓核、软骨终板和纤维环上,可从色彩、形态两方面显示出对基质和细胞具有良好的组织分辨力,能从形态和成分变化的角度反映自然增龄过程中椎间盘组织的退变情况。     

针刺损伤兔椎间盘退变模型组织病理变化及软骨样细胞的迁移规律**☆

背景：兔椎间盘退变模型间盘退变表现为随时间进展脊索细胞将被软骨样细胞逐渐替代,但兔针刺纤维环间盘退变模型中软骨样细胞的来源和移行规律尚不明确。 目的：观察针刺兔纤维环间盘退变模型椎间盘病理变化过程,并初步探讨软骨样细胞来源及移行规律。 方法：将24只新西兰大白兔随机分为手术组与假手术组。手术组使用16 G穿刺针针刺L2/L3、L3/L4、L4/L5及L5/L6椎间盘纤维环,假手术组暴露至相同椎间盘前方后冲洗闭合伤口。 结果与结论：针刺损伤椎间盘退变过程中的软骨样细胞来源于终板。在髓核与上下终板交界处,软骨细胞脱离终板成串向髓核中心迁移;在髓核与内层纤维环交界处,软骨细胞沿纤维走行迁移并随之向皱缩的髓核边缘迁移。椎间盘退变过程中非钙化层逐渐变薄,非钙化层/钙化层比值逐渐降低。 关键词：椎间盘退变;软骨细胞;软骨终板;纤维环穿刺;新西兰大白兔  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.09.018     

脊柱内固定后椎间盘营养途径的实验研究

目的：为了研究脊柱内固定后椎间盘的营养途径。方法：24只日本大耳白兔，行墨汁灌注后，观察同一动物非固定区中椎间盘与固定区域椎间盘的墨汁分布情况，观察相同位置对照组与实验组的墨汁分布情况。结果：软骨终板有血管从中经过，椎间盘营养来源分主要和次要途径，内固定后软骨终板和椎体之间产生分离，椎间盘会新生较多小血管，且血管缓慢而淤积。结论：内固定节段椎间盘处于低应力状态下，一定时间后，营养代谢的改变会导致椎间盘退行样变的发生。     

射频消融髓核成形术在青年患者MED术中的应用

目的 探讨射频消融髓核成形术在腰椎间盘突出症青年患者椎间盘镜椎间盘摘除术(mictoendoscopy disectomy system,MED)术中的应用效果.方法 对16例腰椎间盘突出症青年患者行MED术中应用射频消融髓核成形取代切开纤维环髓核摘除.术后分别在3、6、12、24个月对患者进行随访.结果 16例均获随访,时间3～31(23.4±4.6)个月.根据按改良MacNab标准,优13例,良3例.结论 在MED术中应用射频消融髓核成形取代切开纤维环髓核摘除的方法 治疗腰椎间盘突出症青年患者疗效满意,并具有操作安全、微创、并能保全纤维环完整性等优点.     

动力失衡模型兔颈椎间盘病理改变及终板软骨细胞的迁移凋亡规律

背景:颈肌在维持椎体力学平衡以及颈椎病致病的每一阶段、每一环节都发挥着重要的作用,而且是临床多种颈部症状的主导病因,颈椎力学失平衡及颈椎间盘的退变可看作是以颈肌为主的软组织病变的结果。目的:观察颈前肌短缩痉挛所致颈椎动力失衡模型兔颈椎间盘终板软骨细胞的病理变化,以及异常应力下椎间盘各结构细胞的凋亡规律。方法:健康成年新西兰白兔28只,随机分成模型组(n=14)、假手术组(n=14)。模型组于甲状软骨外下方约1 cm处将双侧胸锁乳突肌用医用硅胶硬管垫起致其短缩,建立颈椎动力失衡模型;假手术组仅暴露双侧胸锁乳突肌分离其中部后,直接逐层缝合。于造模后2个月同一时间取材。颈椎间盘及终板软骨组织切片苏木精-伊红染色,光镜下观察颈椎间盘终板软骨细胞的迁移变化情况,运用TUNEL法检测颈间盘终板软骨、纤维环中细胞的凋亡情况。实验方案经北京中医药大学第三附属医院动物实验伦理委员会批准。结果与结论:(1)模型组颈椎间盘发生明显的病理学变化,而假手术组未见明显改变;模型组颈椎间盘终板关节软骨区与纤维环区界限明显,未发现明显细胞迁移现象,但椎间盘终板生长软骨区细胞已明显向关节软骨区迁移;模型组椎间盘关节软骨...     

颈椎间盘置换及前路椎间融合治疗单节段颈椎间盘突出症：谁更多影响邻近节段发生退变？

BACKGROUND: Studies showed that both anterior cervical disc replacement and anterior cervical decompression and fusion can achieve good clinical result in cervical spondylosis. However, it is not conclusive  about which kind of surgical method has an advantage in avoiding the adjacent segment degeneration. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect on adjacent segment degeneration of single segment cervical disc herniation treated with anterior cervical decompression and fusion and anterior cervical disc replacement.  METHODS: We collected clinical data of 178 patients with cervical disc herniation and receiving anterior cervical disc replacement or anterior cervical decompression and fusion from January 2009 to December 2012. A retrospective analysis was performed. There were 116 cases in the anterior cervical decompression and fusion group and 62 cases in the anterior cervical disc replacement group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Evaluation: visual analogue scale score, Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scores and neck disability index were improved significantly in both groups during final follow-up compared with that pre-treatment (P < 0.05). (2) No significant difference in range of motion of operation segment, adjacent upper segment and adjacent lower segment was detected between final follow-up and pre-operation in the anterior cervical disc replacement group (P > 0.05). At 3 months after surgery, in the anterior cervical decompression and fusion group, surgical segment was confluent, and range of motion lost. During final follow-up, range of motion of adjacent upper segment and adjacent lower segment was significantly increased, and the increased range of motion in the upper segment was bigger than that of the lower segment (P < 0.05). (3) During final follow-up, X-ray films and MRI images revealed the number of degenerated adjacent segment was more in the anterior cervical decompression and fusion group than in the anterior cervical disc replacement group (P < 0.05). The number of degenerated middle and upper segments was more than that of the lower segment in both groups (P < 0.05). (4) The findings confirmed that anterior cervical disc replacement or anterior cervical decompression and fusion for treating cervical disc herniation could effectively relieve nerve symptoms of patients. However, compared with the anterior cervical disc replacement, adjacent segment degeneration occurs more commonly after anterior cervical decompression and fusion.        

Percutaneous cervical disc decompression

Background

Cervical disc nucleoplasty is a significant and clinically demonstrated innovation in percutaneous disc decompression in case of non-herniated disc protrusions or prolpase. It allows a percutaneous decompression via a 19-gauge needle under utilization of the Coblation^® technique and under C-arm control. Until now the patients suffering of a cervicobrachialgia in cause of a disc prolapse had only the therapeutical solution between conservative treatment and monosegmental spondylodesis or disc prosthesis of the mentioned motion segment.

Methods

We wanted to demonstrate a new and practicable anatomical pathway for reaching the cervical disc prolapse comparable to the technique for discography of the cervical spine. The introducer needle is advanced into the disc under fluoroscopic guidance using a standard anterior–lateral approach. The controller delivers radiofrequency energy to quickly ablate tissue at temperatures between 50° and 60°C. The decompression will be done in ablation mode by rotating the device through 180° for 5 s in the posterior, medial and ventral third of the cervical disc. After failed conservative treatment over an average time period of 3 months we treated 26 patients with a contained herniated prolapse or protrusion with radicular arm pain by percutaneous decompression under utilization of the Coblation^® technique with a controlled energy plasma-mediated field. A randomized control group of 30 patients was treated alone conservatively with medical and physical therapy in the same period.

Results

The average preoperative VAS was 8.8. With a follow-up time of 2-years we found an average pain reduction with the visual pain score (VAS) of 2.3 who had a further check-up. The VAS was checked 24 h, 1 week, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months postoperatively. No complications with this method were seen. Comparable to the surgically treated group the conservative patients have had a VAS of 8.4. Under using conservative treatment with physical therapy, physiotherapy, analgetics and perineural injections we have had a diminution of the VAS to 5.1 after 2 years.

Conclusion

The percutaneous decompression of the cervical disc protrusion with the Perc DC^®—Spine Wand by using the Coblation mode is a quick and safe procedure. Furthermore, one may state a persistent pain relief in the follow-up time up to 2 years after the percutaneous decompression of the disc.

     

高频电刺激指导肾动脉射频消融的实验研究

目的:用电刺激的方法指导肾脏去神经术(renal denervation,RDN)中射频消融靶点的选择,同时比较电刺激与射频消融时血压变化的异同。方法:成年健康昆明犬6只,行肾动脉造影排除肾动脉畸形后,每侧肾动脉从远段开始,由远及近选择数个位点进行电刺激并消融。连续记录术中血压的变化,术后通过软件分析血压的变化情况。采用常规HE和Masson染色观察肾动脉壁结构及其周围组织;采用酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)免疫组化染色观察消融后肾动脉去神经效果。结果:本实验中刺激/消融位点共计50个,其中对电刺激有反应的位点占34%,无反应位点占66%。对有反应位点进行120 s电刺激时,其收缩压按每20 s分段与基线血压相比分别变化(0.34±3.38)、(0.41±3.04)、(10.47±5.73)、(13.27±3.63)、(10.17±1.87)和(0.78±1.87)mm Hg;将120 s连续消融时的收缩压数据同样按每20 s与基线血压相比,变化分别为(0.88±3.44)、(-1.64±3.47)、(13.17±3.12)、(12.82±3.21)、(9.50±2.68)和(-6.09±2.21)mm Hg。无反应位点进行电刺激和射频消融时均无明显血压升高。组织病理学检查显示,有反应位点肾动脉神经面积为(0.51±0.28)mm~2,无反应位点处为(0.09±0.06)mm~2,差异有统计学显著性(P0.01);免疫组化染色表明消融部位神经TH的表达显著低于未消融部位(P0.01)。结论:高频电刺激可以标测肾交感神经,且电刺激指导下的射频消融能对肾动脉交感神经造成有效损伤。     

计算机模拟建模及应用：微波消融治疗心房颤动的温度场

背景：心房颤动是临床上最为常见的持续性心律失常,微波消融是治疗房颤的一种新技术,在国内外临床应用时间短,经验不足。 目的：对国内外微波消融治疗心房颤动温度场的研究现状及新进展作一综述。 方法：应用计算机检索CNKI、EI、SCI数据库中关于微波消融温度场的文章,在标题和摘要中以“消融,心房颤动,微波,温度场”或“ablation,atrial fibrillation,microwave, thermal field”为检索词进行检索。 结果与结论：微波导管消融术对引起心律失常的关键部位(即靶点)进行精细标测,使靶点及邻近的心肌组织发生凝固性坏死,以破坏心动过速的病灶及折返途径,从而消除心律失常。在尽量减少对正常组织伤害的同时,保证消融切割线的连续性,对于房颤消融至关重要。实现温度场的计算机模拟能够全面反映温度场的分布规律,医护人员可以在热疗手术进行之前对治疗过程有比较直观的认识,提出比较详细的手术规划,并且可以在术中根据部分参数修正模拟结果和加热的时间与强度,达到理想的治疗效果。     

软骨终板形态与椎间盘退变的相关性

背景：以往研究证明多种内环境因素共同作用引发椎间盘退变,最重要的机制为椎间盘软骨终板的退变。 目的：分析椎间盘退变与终板形态的关系。 方法：回顾性分析62例因椎间盘源性慢性下腰痛和79例因髓核脱出致神经根性症状患者的腰椎MRI正中矢状位图像资料。根据腰椎MRI正中矢状位T1W1图像确定终板形态,T2W1图像确定椎间盘退变程度分级。 结果与结论：平坦型和不规则型终板最常见于椎间盘退变人群下腰椎,L5/S1平坦型最多见。髓核脱出组与椎间盘源性慢性下腰痛组中凹陷型终板椎间盘退变程度均较平坦型、不规则型低,平坦型终板椎间盘退变程度较不规则型低(P < 0.01)。两组间凹陷型与不规则型终板椎间盘退变程度差异无显著性意义,髓核脱出组平坦型椎间盘退变程度较椎间盘源性慢性下腰痛组高(P < 0.05)。提示随着椎间盘退变程度的加重,软骨终板形态有由凹陷型向平坦型、不规则型依次转变的趋势。     

Comparison of percutaneous microwave ablation and laparoscopic resection in the prognosis of liver cancer

The effect of percutaneous microwave ablation and laparoscopic resection on the prognosis of liver cancer was investigated. Ninety patients with liver cancer treated at our hospital from March 2010 to March 2012 were divided into group A and group B (n=45) by using a random number table, and the surgical conditions and the prognosis were compared. The surgical conditions of patients in group A were significantly better than those in group B (P<0.05). The incidence of complications in group A was 6.67%, which was obviously lower than that of group B (P<0.05). The local recurrence rate of group A was 20.00%, and that of group B was 8.89%, which showed a significant difference (P<0.05). The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of either total recurrence rate (P>0.05) or 1-year, 2-year and 3-year survival (P>0.05). Both percutaneous microwave ablation and laparoscopic resection had a good long-term efficacy in liver cancer. However, percutaneous microwave ablation was superior as it caused less invasiveness, reduced the incidence of complications and improved prognosis of liver cancer.     

Biophysics of radiofrequency ablation

Radiofrequency (RF) ablation is a treatment modality that kills unwanted tissue by heat. Starting with cardiac arrhythmia treatment in the 1980s, RF ablation has found clinical application in a number of diseases, and is now the treatment of choice for certain types of cardiac arrhythmia and certain cancers. During RF ablation, an electrode is inserted into or steered intravascularly to the target tissue region under medical imaging guidance. Then, a tissue volume surrounding the electrode is destroyed by heating via RF electric current. This paper reviews the biophysics of tissue heating during RF ablation. Effects of electrical tissue conductivity and its change with temperature are discussed. Procedures and devices specific for cancer treatment and for arrhythmia treatment are presented with a brief discussion of additional clinical applications.     

射频消融髓核成形术在腰椎间盘突出症治疗中的应用

目的 探讨射频消融髓核成形术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的手术技巧、安全性和临床疗效.方法 应用射频消融髓核成形术治疗腰椎间盘突出症186例,并对其临床疗效进行观察分析.结果 所有病例的穿刺及消融过程均顺利完成.对152例患者经历3～24个月随访,根据“中华医学会骨科分会脊柱组腰腿痛手术评定标准“,术后疗效优52例,良78例,可16例,差6例,优良率达85.5%,有效率为96%.出现腰椎间隙感染1例,经卧床、抗炎等治疗而愈.结论 射频消融髓核成形术是治疗腰椎盘突出症安全、有效的微创技术.     

椎体成形术后相邻椎体终板应力变化的有限元分析

目的：利用有限元方法分析椎体成形术对相邻椎体终板应力变化的影响。方法：在已建立的胸腰段骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折三维有限元模型上，模拟经皮穿刺椎体成形术(PVP)过程在胸12椎体中置入骨水泥，分析轴向压缩、前屈和后伸3种加载状态下手术前后相邻椎体终板的应力变化。结果：胸11下位终板和腰1上位终板手术前后总体应力变化不大。但两终板中间部分的应力在各种状态下术后较术前均有增加。结论：注入较小剂量(胸124．0ml)骨水泥，PVP不足以引起由于应力集中而造成相邻椎体骨折可能性增加。PVP中较小剂量的骨水泥注入是安全有效的。