Anti-herpetic activity of various medicinal plant extracts

In order to find antiviral compounds againstHerpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) and II (HSV-2) from natural products, a convenient virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay was introduced. More than 300 fractions were prepared by solvent fractionation from sixty collected plants or purchased herbal medicines, and their anti-herpetic activities were evaluated. Among them, several medicinal plants showed potent anti-herpetic activity. Selective indexes (SI) of the EtOAc extract of Caraganae Radix (Caragana sinica) against HSV-1 and HSV-2 were more than 8.06 and 24.79, SI of the MeOH extract ofAcer okamotoanum leaves were 3.92 and 3.51, SI of the CH(2)Cl(2) extract of Veratri Rhizoma et Radix (Veratrum patulum) were 5.49 and 1.31 and SI of the MeOH extract of aerial part of Osmundae Rhizoma (Osmunda japonica) were more than 3.45 and 1.25, respectively.     

Selection of high pyrethrin producing tissue cultures

Axenic callus and shoot cultures of pyrethrum have been shown to be capable of pyrethrin biosynthesis. The influence of explant source on the biosynthetic capacity in cultured tissue was examined. Explants of various plant organs were taken from high and low yielding plant selections. The conditions necessary for the establishment of these explants in culture are described. Analytical screening of the tissue lines enabled the selection of a few "high yielding" strains which were derived from high yielding plant selections. Differentiated cultures tended to produce more pyrethrins than did callus cultures.     

Selection of high pyrethrin producing tissue cultures.

Axenic callus and shoot cultures of pyrethrum have been shown to be capable of pyrethrin biosynthesis. The influence of explant source on the biosynthetic capacity in cultured tissue was examined. Explants of various plant organs were taken from high and low yielding plant selections. The conditions necessary for the establishment of these explants in culture are described. Analytical screening of the tissue lines enabled the selection of a few "high yielding" strains which were derived from high yielding plant selections. Differentiated cultures tended to produce more pyrethrins than did callus cultures.     

Production of antineoplastic agents by plant tissue cultures

A variety of callus tissues were induced from antineoplastic agent-producing plants such as PUTTERLICKIA VERRUCOSA, CEPHALOTAXUS HARRINGTONIA and TRIPTERYGIUM WILFORDII. Environmental conditions to optimize cultivation of the callus tissues and the suspension cultures were examined. The cell lines tested were recognized to produce cytotoxic substances except HELIOTROPIUM INDICUM. Among them, T. WILFORDII cultured cells produced a higher level of tripdiolide than the mother plant. Other products were preliminarily identified as expected antineoplastic agents.     

Experimental design and capillary electrophoresis for simultaneous analysis of arbutin, kojic acid and hydroquinone in cosmetics

A statistical experimental design was used to optimize one micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis (MEKC) for simultaneous analysis of arbutin (AR), kojic acid (KA) and hydroquinone (HQ). Untreated fused-silica capillaries were operated using a phosphate buffer (20mM, pH 6.5) under 20 kV and detection at 200 nm. Quantitative linear ranges were 20-200 microg/ml for AR, 20-100 microg/ml for KA and 8-80 microg/ml for HQ with correlation coefficients >or=0.9994. R.S.D. and R.E. were less than 3.0% for the intra-day and inter-day analysis, and all recoveries were greater than 99%. Our method was applied to assay commercial cosmetics. The results were within the labeled amount of 99.6-102.5%.     

Plasma disposition and tissue depletion of chlortetracycline in the food producing animals,chickens for fattening

Chickens were used to investigate plasma disposition of chlortetracycline after single IV (15 mg/kg) and multiple oral administration (60 mg/kg, 5 days) and residue depletion of chlortetracycline after multiple oral doses (60 mg/kg, 5 days). Plasma and tissue samples were analyzed by HPLC. Mean elimination half-lives in plasma were 7.96 and 13.15 h after IV and multiple oral administration. Maximum plasma concentration was 4.33 μg/ml and the interval from oral administration until maximal concentration was 1.79 h. Oral bioavailability was 17.76%. After multiple oral dose, mean kidney, liver and muscle tissue concentrations of chlortetracycline + 4-epi-chlortetracycline of 835.3, 192.7, and 126.3 μg/kg, respectively, were measured 1 day after administration of the final dose of chlortetracycline. Chlortetracycline residues were detected in kidney and liver (205.4 and 81.7 μg/kg, respectively), but not in muscle, 3 days after the end of chlortetracycline treatment. The mean chlortetracycline + 4-epi-chlortetracycline concentrations were below LOQ at 3 and 5 days after cessation of medication in muscle and liver, respectively. A withdrawal time of 3 days was necessary to ensure that the chlortetracycline residues were less than the maximal residue limits (MRLs) established by the European Union (100, 300, and 600 μg/kg in muscle, liver, and kidney, respectively).     

Advances in pesticide metabolite identification through the use of plant tissue cultures

Plant tissue cultures are powerful tools for metabolism studies. Culture conditions can be selected which mimic conditions of whole plants or conditions can be employed to mass-produce selected metabolites such as aglycons or conjugates. Culture variables that affect metabolism are medium composition, age of tissue cultures, concentration of test chemical, and the source of plant tissue. The type of culture, such as suspension cultures, callus tissue cultures, differentiated tissue or organ cultures will also influence the type of metabolites obtained. Ease of standardizing conditions makes tissue culture suitable to comparatively examine metabolism in different plant species and strains and in different plant parts such as tissues derived from leaves and roots. Recent advances with plant tissue cultures involve studies of the mechanism of action or selectivity of growth regulators and herbicides, and the use of resistant strains to investigate mechanisms of biological detoxification.     

利用药用植物组织培养生产次生代谢产物的研究进展

本文论述了药用植物组织培养生产次生代谢物的研究进展,包括影响次生代谢产物的因素、提高产量的途径、生物反应器技术的应用等.     

Effective productions of plant secondary metabolites having antitumor activity by plant cell and tissue cultures

Methods for the effective production of plant secondary metabolites with antitumor activity using plant cell and tissue cultures were developed. The factors in tannin productivity were investigated using culture strains producing different types of hydrolyzable tannins, i.e., gallotannins (mixture of galloylglucoses), ellagi-, and dehydroellagitannins. Production of ellagi- and dehydroellagitannins was affected by the concentrations and ratio of nitrogen sources in the medium. The formation of oligomeric ellagitannins in shoots of Oenothera tetraptera was correlated with the differentiation of tissues. Cultured cells of Eriobotrya japonica producing ursane- and oleanane-type triterpenes with antitumor activities were also established.     

Oral bioavailability, tissue distribution and depletion of flumequine in the food producing animal, chicken for fattening.

Chickens were used to investigate kinetic properties including metabolism of flumequine after single IV and oral dose, and to study tissue depletion of flumequine after multiple oral doses. Plasma and tissue (muscle, kidney, liver and skin plus fat) concentrations of flumequine and its metabolite 7-hydroxyflumequine were determined using a HPLC method. After IV and oral administration (single-dose of 12 mg flumequine/kg bw), plasma concentration-time curves were best described by a two-compartment open model. Elimination half-life and mean residence time of flumequine in plasma were 6.91 and 5.90 h, respectively, after IV administration and 10.32 and 8.95 h after oral administration. Maximum plasma concentration was 3.62 microg/ml and interval from oral administration until maximum concentration was 1.43 h. Oral bioavailability was found to be 57%. Flumequine was converted to 7-hydroxyflumequine. After oral administration (24 mg/kg bw every 24 h for 5 days), renal and hepatic concentrations of flumequine (18-25 microg/kg) persisted for 4 days; however, at that time, flumequine residues were not detected in skin plus fat and muscle tissues. Flumequine administered at a dosage of 24 mg/kg bw every 24h for 5 days, with a withdrawal time of 2d ays, resulted in flumequine concentrations in target tissues that were less than the European Union maximal residue limits.     

卷柏属药用植物研究概况

目的综述卷柏属药用植物化学成分,药理活性及质量标准研究进展。方法查阅国内外相关文献42篇,进行归纳总结。结果与结论目前,已从该属植物中分离得到黄酮类、苯丙素类、生物碱类、有机酸类、甾醇、多糖、氨基酸、酚类等化学成分。其中主要为黄酮类化合物,其次是苯丙素类,生物碱类,有机酸类等化合物,具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、降血糖、抗菌抗病毒、止血及护肝作用。在质量标准研究方面,照HPLC法(《中华人民共和国药典》2010年版一部附录VID),结合中药指纹图谱技术对卷柏质量进行测定。     

Plasma disposition and tissue depletion of difloxacin and its metabolite sarafloxacin in the food producing animals, chickens for fattening

Chickens were used to investigate plasma disposition of difloxacin after single intravenous (IV) and oral dose (10 mg/kg body weight (BW)) and to study residue depletion of difloxacin and its major metabolite sarafloxacin after multiple oral doses (10 mg difloxacin/kg BW, daily for 5 days). Plasma and tissue samples were analyzed using a HPLC method. After IV and oral administration, plasma drug concentration-time curves were best described by a two-compartment open model. Mean (± SD) elimination half-lives (t_½β) of difloxacin were 9.53 ± 1.00 and 12.23 ± 1.81 h after IV and oral administration. Maximum plasma concentration was 2.34 ± 0.50 μg/ml and interval from oral administration until maximal concentration was 1.34 ± 0.03 h. Oral bioavailability was found to be 68.89 ± 15.21%. Difloxacin was converted to sarafloxacin. After multiple oral dose (10 mg difloxacin/kg BW, daily for 5 days), mean kidney, liver, muscle and skin + fat tissue concentrations of difloxacin and sarafloxacin ranging between 604.8 ± 132.5 and 368.1 ± 52.5 μg/kg and 136.4 ± 18.3 and 10.4 ± 1.2 μg/kg, respectively, were measured 1 day after administration of the final dose of difloxacin. A withdrawal time of 5 days was necessary to ensure that the residues of difloxacin were less than the maximal residue limits (MRL) or tolerance established by the European Union.     

Production of cardio-active substances by plant tissue cultures and their screening for cardiovascular activity

Semi-purified extracts of six plant tissue cultures were examined for their effects on respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure in anaesthetized rabbits. Ammi visnaga, Cheiranthus cheiri, Digitalis lanata, and Urginea maritima evoked pronounced vasodilatation and bradycardia which ultimately resulted in the death of the animal.