静注人血丙种球蛋白治疗小儿特发性血小板减少性紫癜(附18例报告)

目的:观察静脉注射人血丙种球蛋白(IVIG)治疗特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)的疗效.方法:36例ITP住院患儿随机分成IVIG治疗组,静滴IVIG320～500mg/kg·d连续应用3～5天;强的松对照组,口服强的松1～2.5mg/kg·d,治疗四周.结果IVIG治疗ITP有明显疗效,治疗前后比较有显著性差异(P＜0.01),与强的松疗效比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05),但升高血小板数的时间比强的松明显缩短(P＜0.01).结论:IVIG治疗ITP疗效显著,具有快速升高血小板数、改善出血症状、保护重要脏器免于出血的独特作用,不良反应少,是小儿重症及特殊ITP患儿治疗较理想的药物.     

联合应用丙种球蛋与地塞米松治疗血小板减少性紫癜的疗效评价

目的:评价丙种球蛋白联合地塞米松治疗血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)的疗效。方法:35例患者分成两组,治疗组用丙种球蛋白400mg/(kg·d)联合地塞米松1mg/(kg·d)静滴,连用5d后改用强的松1.5mg/(kg·d)分次口服。对照组用地塞米松1mg/(kg·d)静滴,连用5d后改强的松1.5mg/(kg·d)分次口服。结果:治疗组与对照组有效率差异无显著性(P>0.05),两组用药后第5天血小板上升例数比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:丙种球蛋白联合地塞米松比单用地塞米松治疗ITP可明显缩短血小板上升至安全水平的时间。     

静注人血丙种球蛋白治疗小儿特发性血小板减少性紫癜

目的：观察静脉注射不血丙种球蛋白（IVIG）治疗特发性血小板减少性紫癜（ITP）的疗效,方法：36例ITP住院患儿随机分成IVIG治疗组,静脉IVIG320－500mg/kg.d连续应用3－5天,强的松对照组,口服强的松1－2．5mg/kg.d,治疗四周,结果：IVIG治疗ITP有明显疗效,治疗前后比较有显著性差异（P＜0．01）,与强的松疗效比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05）,但升高血小板数的时间比强的松明显缩短（P＜0．01）。结论：IVIG治疗ITP疗效显著,具有快速升高血小板数,改善出血症状,保护重要脏器免于出血的独特作用,不良反应少,是小儿重症及特殊ITP患儿治疗较理想的药物。     

甲泼尼龙冲击治疗重症特发性血小板减少性紫癜的临床观察

目的观察大剂量甲泼尼龙冲击治疗重症特发性血小板减少性紫癜（ITP）的疗效。方法将63例重症ITP患者随机分为治疗组与对照组，治疗组用甲泼尼龙1000mg／d，静脉滴注，共3d，以后改口服泼尼松1～2mg／（kg·d）；对照组用泼尼松1—2mg／（kg·d）。结果在治疗第2～5天，血小板计数〉50×10^9／L者。治疗组分别为1、10、19、19例，对照组分别为0、0、2、2例，2组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；平均止血天数治疗组（3．6±2．2）d，对照组（8．3±4．2）d，2组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；2周时治疗组总有效率93．7％，对照组总有效率为80．6％，2组疗效差并有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。但治疗21d时。重新评价疗效2组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论对于重症ITP患者，大剂量甲泼尼龙冲击治疗有积极意义，尤其适用于口服泼尼松有禁忌者。而对于出血倾向不重者，传统治疗仍有一定价值。     

大剂量静注甲基强的松龙治疗小儿急性原发性血小板减少性紫癜

研究对象为49例急性原发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)患儿,病程短于1周,年龄3个月至13岁.患儿分三组:1.口服强的松组,16例,2mg/kg天,用药两周;2.大剂量静注甲基强的松龙(HIVMP)组,16例,30mg/kg/天,第1-3天;20mg/kg/天,第4-7天;随后每周递减一次,     

小剂量糖皮质激素联合肿节风治疗原发性血小板减少性紫癜的初步报告

目的 :观察小剂量糖皮质激素合并肿节风治疗原发性血小板减少性紫癜 (ITP)的疗效 ,研究肿节风在ITP中的治疗作用。方法 :初治ITP患者 2 4例随机分为对照组和小剂量糖皮质激素 +肿节风治疗组 ,复治ITP患者共 16例。治疗方案按强的松 0 2 5mg/kg +肿节风 1 5g/d。疗效判定 ,按照第五届全国血栓与止血委员会制定的标准确定。 结果 :小剂量强的松(0 2 5mg/kg)合并肿节风治疗初治ITP的有效率 ,与常规使用糖皮质激素治疗相比 ,无明显差别。而对复治ITP患者治疗有效率达 68 7% ,而且无明显毒副作用。     

依达拉奉对重症脑梗死脑脊液TNF-α、IL-6的影响

目的:观察依达拉奉(Edaravone,商品名必存)对重症脑梗死患者脑脊液中TNF-α、IL-6的影响,探讨必存对脑梗死的脑保护机制。方法:选择72小时内的重症脑梗死病人66例,随机分为对照组31例和治疗组35例,对照组采用常规治疗,治疗组加用必存15mg/d治疗10天,在治疗前后腰穿取脑脊液,用ELESA法检测脑脊液中TNF-α、IL-6,并在3周后进行神经功能缺损评分。结果:治疗后必存组TNF-α和IL-6的水平下降与对照组比较,具有显著统计学意义(P<0·01),治疗组对脑梗死的有效率高于对照组,具有统计学意义(χ0·052=3·96,P<0·05)。结论:必存能够通过清除自由基减轻梗死后炎症的发生,对脑梗死有脑保护作用。     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重患者的疗效观察

目的:观察N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)在治疗急性加重期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者(AECOPD)的疗效及耐受性。方法:122例AECOPD患者随机分成二组,除常规治疗外,治疗组加用NAC600μg/天,对照组不用NAC,治疗15天后观察C反应蛋白(CRP)正常率、血气分析、症状改善、肺功能及耐受性。结果:CRP正常率两组均比治疗前明显升高,治疗后治疗组比对照组CRP正常率也明显增高(86·7%vs65·5%,P<0·05);PaO2及PaCO2变化:组内比较:治疗组及对照组均比治疗前PaO2明显升高(P<0·05),PaCO2明显下降(P<0·05)。组间比较:治疗后PaO2治疗组比对照组明显升高(P<0·05),PaCO2未见显著差异(P>0·05);临床症状改善:治疗组比对照组总有效率明显升高(90%vs74·1%P<0·05),临床症状改善明显;肺功能:治疗组FEV1及FVC均比治疗前明显改善(P<0·05),而对照组治疗前后无显著差异(P>0·05);治疗过程中二组耐受性均良好,未见较为严重的不良反应。结论:口服NAC600μg/天治疗可以明显改善AECOPD的CRP水平和临床症状,改善氧饱和度及肺功能,耐受性好。     

雾化吸入布地奈德治疗重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重中的作用

目的:评价布地奈德雾化治疗重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者的临床应用价值。方法:选择重度COPD急性加重期患者150例随机分3组,布地奈德组给予布地奈德雾化液2mg雾化吸入,每8h1次;注射甲基强的松龙组给予甲基强的松龙40mg静脉推注,每天1次;对照组不使用任何糖皮质激素。观察期为48h、7d。结果:布地奈德组、甲基强的松龙组和对照组比较,FEV1、PaO2、PaCO2改善值具有显著性差异(P<0·05);布地奈德组、甲基强的松龙组两组各项指标改善程度相似(P>0·05),但布地奈德组副作用明显低于甲基强的松龙组(P<0·05)。结论:雾化布地奈德混悬液可有效改善AECOPD的气流受限,疗效与注射甲基强的松龙相似,全身副作用小,可作为皮质激素治疗的另一种选择。     

雷公藤多甙联合强的松治疗小儿难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜

为探讨雷公藤多甙、强的松治疗小儿难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜 (ITP)的临床疗效 ,对 2 8例难治性ITP患儿进行雷公藤多甙联合强的松治疗 ,两者的剂量分别为 1mg/ (kg·d) ,分 3次口服及 0 .5mg/ (kg·d) ,每日晨顿服 ,疗程为 2个月。治疗期间进行外周血血小板计数、骨髓检查及血小板相关抗体检测。结果显示 :随访 1年以上 ,9例治愈 ,7例显效 ,5例进步 ,7例无效 ,总有效率达 75 %。患者耐受治疗 ,未发现严重不良反应。治疗有效病例骨髓产血小板巨核细胞增加 ,外周血血小板抗体下降。结论 :雷公藤多甙联合强的松治疗小儿难治性ITP有良好疗效。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.