高血糖对中重型颅脑损伤患者预后的影响

目的了解高血糖与颅脑损伤严重程度之间的关系以及控制血糖对颅脑损伤预后的影响。方法我们前瞻性地研究了146例中重型颅脑损伤患者(格拉斯哥昏迷评分GCS3~12分)的血糖,并将血糖高于11.1mmol/L的患者随机分为两组,一组接受强化胰岛素治疗,将血糖控制在6.11mmol/L以下,另一组不接受胰岛治疗,以明确血糖水平同损伤严重程度之间的关系以及控制血糖对预后的影响。结果重型颅脑损伤患者的血糖水平明显高于中型颅脑损伤患者,并且颅内压水平同血糖水平显著相关。同血糖水平高于11.1mmol/L的患者相比,血糖控制在6.11mmol/L以下的患者预后明显改善。结论早期高血糖是颅脑损伤后应激反应的一个组成部分,是预测损伤严重度的一个重要指标,控制血糖可改善颅脑损伤患者的预后。     

血糖值对重型颅脑损伤病人预后的影响

目的：探讨重型颅脑损伤后病人血糖水平对其预后的影响。方法：对79例重型颅脑损伤病人（GCS评分≤8分）入院6h内取肘静脉血测血糖，血糖＜11．10mmol/L者为A组（47例），血糖≥11.10mmol/L者为B组（32例）。动态测定并记录空腹血糖，按出院时治愈、好转、植物生存、死亡状态进行预后评定。结果：重型颅脑损伤后血糖值高于正常参考值。A、B两组预后比较，P＜0．01，差异有极显著性意义。入院时血糖越高，预后越差。1周后血糖控制不良者，预后情况显著差于血糖控制较好者（χ^2=8.70,P＜0．01）。结论：血糖水平是评价重型颅脑损伤病人病情严重程度和预后的一项重要参考指标；应重视重型颅脑损伤病人的血糖监测，以利及时制定相应的治疗对策。     

早期使用胰岛素泵治疗重型颅脑损伤高血糖反应对患者预后的影响

目的观察早期使用胰岛素泵治疗重型颅脑损伤高血糖反应对患者预后的影响。方法测定重型颅脑损伤患者入院时的血糖，随机分成胰岛素泵治疗组和常规胰岛素强化治疗组，观察1个月后的疗效。结果重型颅脑损伤后血糖水平显著升高，其与格拉斯哥昏迷记分（GCS），预后差异有高度统计学意义（P〈0．01），胰岛素泵治疗组预后与对照组相比差异有高度统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论测定血糖有助于了解颅脑损伤的严重程度，估计患者的预后，用胰岛素泵治疗重型颅脑损伤高血糖反应能改善患者预后。     

肠内营养干预对重型颅脑损伤伴高血糖患者预后的影响

目的探讨营养支持干预对重型颅脑损伤伴高血糖患者预后的影响。方法将100例重型颅脑损伤伴高血糖患者随机分为观察组（52例）和对照组（48例）。观察组伤后24h内给予管饲立适康匀浆膳,对照组通过锁骨下或颈内静脉导管输注肠外营养混合液,出现肠鸣音后逐渐过渡到管饲肠内营养。两组均应用胰岛素控制血糖,并动态监测血糖变化,直至清晨空腹静脉血糖连续2次正常。比较两组患者血糖水平、胰岛素应用时间、并发症发生率及GCS评分的变化。结果干预后观察组患者血糖水平显著低于对照组,胰岛素应用时间较对照组显著缩短,并发症发生率显著低于对照组（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;GCS评分显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论对重症颅脑损伤后血糖升高患者尽早实施肠内营养支持干预,能减少并发症的发生,改善患者的预后。     

渗透性治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床研究

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤（TBI）渗透性治疗新进展。方法将本院自2007年8月至2010年4月收治的80例重型TBI（GCS≤8分）分成2组,对照组40例采用常规经验性治疗,维持血钠值135-150mmol／L,试验组40例在明确监测血钠值、血浆渗透压值,并维持血钠值145-155mmol／L,渗透压值300-320mOsm／L,行渗透性治疗,观察两组患者按GOS预后评分评定预后及影像学差异。结果试验组预后情况明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,且影像学也有明显差异。结论在明确监测血钠值,血浆渗透压基础上合理进行渗透性治疗,能有效改善重型TBI预后。     

颅脑损伤患者血清S-100B蛋白浓度的动态变化及其临床意义

目的通过对血清S-100B蛋白浓度的动态检测，探讨其在颅脑损伤严重程度分型及预后评估中的意义。方法对120例颅脑损伤患者按照格拉斯哥评分（GCS评分）分为轻型、中型、重型3组，用酶联免疫吸附法动态检测伤后6h内及伤后第2-6天患者血清S-100B蛋白浓度．结合临床表现及伤后2周格拉斯哥预后评分（GOS评分）进行比较分析。结果颅脑损伤组患者血清S-100B蛋白浓度明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）：轻型、中型、重型颅脑损伤组患者之间血清S-100B蛋白浓度存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）；颅脑损伤早期（6小时内）血清S-100B蛋白浓度显著升高．轻型颅脑损伤组多在1～2内下降，中型颅脑损伤组多在2～3内下降，重型颅脑损伤组持续保持较高水平；预后良好组与预后恶劣组之间血清S-100B蛋白浓度存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论血清S-100B蛋白浓度是判断颅脑损伤严重程度及预后的一种客观生物学指标，     

重型颅脑损伤患者继发转氨酶异常与预后关系分析

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤后继发转氨酶异常与预后关系。方法对117例重型颅脑损伤患者抽血检查谷丙转氨酶（AIJT）、谷草转氨酶（AST），按化验结果分为转氨酶升高组和转氨酶正常组。转氨酶升高组包括ALT〉50U／L和（或）AST〉50U／L。分析两组间GOS预后良好率和死亡率区别；同时比较转氨酶升高组中不同GOS预后评分的ALT、AST水平。结果转氨酶升高组预后良好率低于转氨酶正常组（x2=4．71，P〈0．05），而死亡率高于转氨酶正常组（x2=5．42，P〈0．05）。转氨酶升高组中ALT、AST水平与GOS预后明显相关，且转氨酶水平越高，预后越差。结论重型颅脑损伤常致转氨酶异常，转氨酶升高水平与预后密切相关，监测及保护肝功能有利改善患者预后。     

单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠注射液治疗重型颅脑损伤的疗效观察

目的观察单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠注射液对重型颅脑损伤患者血浆肌酸激酶同工酶BB（CreatinekinaseBB,CK-BB）的动态变化以及临床疗效。方法将60例重型颅脑损伤患者（GCS≤8分）分成两组,观察组30例在常规治疗的基础上加用单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠注射液治疗,对照组30例采用常规治疗。观察患者血浆CK-BB变化,并两组于伤后6个月按GOS预后评分评定预后,同时比较两组患者的意识好转率。结果观察组患者血浆CK-BB明显低于对照组。观察组恢复良好率（17/30）与对照组（8/30）比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。观察组治疗后1个月清醒23例,而对照组l3例,两组清醒率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。两组清醒时间比较,观察组为（14.56±6.56）天,对照组为（20.85±10.92）天。结论单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠注射液能有效降低重型颅脑损伤患者血浆CK-BB的水平,并且不仅能加速重型颅脑损伤患者清醒,还能促进预后,提高生活质量。单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠注射液是治疗重型颅脑损伤安全有效的药物,可以广泛地应用于临床。     

替代剂量的甲泼尼龙治疗急性中重型颅脑创伤后肾上腺皮质功能减低的应用

目的研究急性重型颅脑创伤病人中替代剂量地使用甲泼尼龙（methvlprednisn10ne）联合甘露醇能否改善患者预后状况。方法将74位：急性中重型颅脑外伤病人随机均分成A（GCS=7．57±2．97）、B（GCS=7．81±2,85）两组,然后按照GCS标准再将每组颅脑外伤病人按病情轻重分为中．重型两个亚组（即A1（中型颅脑损伤17人,GCS=10．35±1．13）、A2（重型颅脑损伤20人,GCS=5．20~1．75）、B1（中型颅脑损伤18人,GCS=i0．33-±1．11）、B2（重型颅脑损伤19人,GCS=5．42±1．70））,实验组A组病人在创伤后给予甲泼尼龙（1．0mg·kg。·d。）治疗。对照组B组病人给予同时间同样剂量的安慰剂治疗,疗程均为lO天,其余诊疗经过,如手术及手术方式、营养支持治疗、脱水治疗以及其他用药、护理等情况无明显差异。结果经过治疗,实验组A1亚组病人10天后8例GCS评分≥12分,5例GCS评分9～12分,3例GCS评分3～8分,1例死亡．死亡率5．82％,GCS=11．697±-3．40,与治疗前相比GCS评分未见明显统计学差异（P〉0．05）;实验组A2亚组病人10天后5例GCS评分≥12分,6例GCS评分9～12分,4例GCS评分3～8分,5例死亡,死亡率25．00％,GCS=10．46±3．30,与治疗前GCS相比具有统计学差异（P〈0．01）;对照组B1亚组病人10天后6例GCS评分≥12分,8例GCS评分9～12分。2例GCS评分3～8分,2例死亡,死亡率11．11％,GCS=11．06±2．56,与治疗前GCS相比无统计学差异（p〉0．05）;对照组B2亚组病人10天后2例GCS评分≥12分,5例GCS评分9～12分．6例GCS评分3-8分,7例死亡,死亡率36．84％,GCS=8．15±3．28,与治疗前GCS相比有统计学差异（P〈0．01）;治疗10天后A1组病人与B1组病人GCS评分比较不具有显著统计学差异（P〉0．05）．A2组病人与B2组病人GCS评分比较具有显著统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论在中型颅脑创伤病人的治疗中使用替代剂量的甲泼尼龙不能显著改善预后,但也不会使病情恶化;而在重型颅脑创伤病人的治疗中使用替代剂量的甲泼尼龙与未使用者相比能显著改善患者预后状况。     

双侧去骨瓣减压在重型颅脑外伤术中急性脑膨出中的作用

目的探讨单侧为主的重型颅脑外伤患者术中发生急性脑膨出时，双侧去骨瓣减压的效果。方法回顾性分析2003年10月至2011年12月期间本院收治的83例单侧为主的特重型颅脑外伤患者，所有人选病例术中均出现急性脑膨出并发症，研究单、双侧去骨瓣减压术对该类患者颅内压及预后GOS评分的影响。结果双侧去骨瓣减压组预后良好率显著高于单侧去骨瓣减压组（P〈0．05）；双侧去骨瓣减压组术后ICP显著低于单侧去骨瓣减压组术后ICP（P〈0．05）；存活的病例中双侧去骨瓣减压组比单侧去骨瓣减压组手术前后ICP平均下降幅度大。结论对以单侧为主的重型颅脑损伤，术中出现急性脑膨出时行双侧去骨瓣减压术较单侧减压更能有效降低术中急性脑膨出所致高颅压，降低死亡率。     

Bilaterally absent pupillary responses: not always a bad sign

Pupillary responses are a simple test commonly used as a predictor of outcome after severe brain injury. It is also common for clinicians to associate bilaterally absent pupillary responses with very poor prognosis. We report a series of cases of severely brain injured children with bilaterally absent pupillary responses who had favourable outcomes. From a group of 89 patients with brain injury, 32 had bilaterally absent pupillary responses and six (four with traumatic brain injury and two with infective brain injury) subsequently had favourable outcomes. This represents 18.8% of patients and should be a reminder to clinicians that the clinical sign of bilaterally absent pupillary responses is not always associated with a hopeless outcome.     

Prognostic factors in acute subdural hematoma and the significance of serum FDP measurement

Sixty-two cases of acute subdural hematoma were clinically analyzed with special reference to such prognostic factors as age, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score on admission, pupillary signs, decerebration, and initial computed tomography (CT) findings. Intraparenchymal lesions demonstrated by CT were evaluated according to Yamaura's classification. In 19 cases, serum fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) were measured at the time of admission. Emergency surgery was performed in 46 cases, and the remaining 16 patients were treated conservatively. The final outcome was judged according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale, and patients were divided into a "good outcome" group (good recovery or moderate disability) and a "poor outcome" group (severe disability, vegetative state, or death). In general, the outcomes proved to be unsatisfactory. Forty-four patients (71%) had a poor outcome, with 32/62 (52%) mortality, and only 18 (29%) had a good outcome. The clinical factors associated with a poor outcome were age over 64 years, a GCS score on admission of less than 7, decerebration, and absence of pupillary reaction to light. Initial CT scans showed brain damage in 46 patients (74%), 39 (85%) of whom had a poor outcome. This indicates that the outcome was significantly related to brain injury complicating the acute subdural hematoma. A high serum FDP level was similarly related to a poor outcome, which suggests that the serum FDP level reflects the degree of both primary and secondary brain injury. Thus, measurement of serum FDP may be valuable both in assessing clinical status and in evaluating the extent of brain injury in acute subdural hematoma.     

Early indicators of prognosis in 846 cases of severe traumatic brain injury

A number of factors, including Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, age, pupillary response and size, hypoxia, hyperthermia, and high intracranial pressure, may play an important role in predicting the outcome of traumatic brain injury. Eight hundred forty-six cases of severe traumatic brain injury (GCS < or = 8) were analyzed retrospectively to clarify the effects of multiple factors on the prognosis of patients. At 1 year after injury, the outcomes in these cases were as follows: good recovery, 31.56%; moderate disability, 14.07%; severe disability 24.35%; vegetative status, 0.59%; and death, 29.43%. The outcomes were strongly correlated (p < 0.05) with GCS score, age, pupillary response and size, hypoxia, hyperthermia, and high intracranial pressure (ICP). These findings indicate that prevention of hypoxia, control of high ICP, and prevention of hyperthermia may be useful means for improving the outcome of patients with severe head injury.     

The impact of hyperglycemia on patients with severe brain injury

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to analyze the relation of hyperglycemia to outcome in cases of severe traumatic brain injury, and to examine factors that may be responsible for the hyperglycemic state. METHODS: A retrospective analysis in an intensive care unit of a level 1 trauma center investigated 77 patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 8 or lower who survived more than 5 days were reviewed. Serum glucose, base deficit, GCS, use of steroids, and amounts of insulin and carbohydrates were recorded for 5 days, along with age. The Injury Severity Score (ISS) and the Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS) for the head, chest, and abdomen also were recorded. A hyperglycemia score (HS) was calculated as follows. A value of 1 was assigned each day the glucose exceeded 170 mg/dL (range, 0-5). A hyperglycemia score for days 3, 4, and 5 (HS day 3-5) also was calculated (range, 0-3). Outcomes included mortality, day 5 GCS, intensive care unit length of stay, and hospital length of stay. RESULTS: Of the 77 patients, 24 (31.2%) died. Nonsurvivors had higher glucose levels each day. The HS was higher for those who died: 2.4 +/- 1.7 versus 1.5 +/- 1.4 (p = 0.02). Univariate analysis showed that only HS and ISS correlated with all four outcome variables studied. Cox's regression analysis showed that mortality was related to age and ISS. Head AIS and HS were independent predictors of lower day 5 GCS, whereas HS 3-5 and day 4 GCS were related to prolonged hospital length of stay. Older age, diabetes, and lower day 1 GCS were associated with higher HS, whereas carbohydrate infusion rate, ISS, head AIS, and steroid administration were not. CONCLUSIONS: Early hyperglycemia is associated with poor outcomes for patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Tighter control of serum glucose without reduction of nutritional support may improve the prognosis for these critically ill patients.     

Dynamic change of serum protein S100b and its clinical significance in patients with traumatic brain injury

Withgradualclarificationofmolecularconstitutionandbiologicalactivities,studiesinrecentdecadeshaveprovedthatproteinS100b,asaneurobiochemicalmarker,hasbecomeaspecificproteinthatcanbestreflectbraininjuryseverityand prognosis.1Inourstudy,wehavediscussedthe associationofserumS100bproteinwithtraumaticbrain injuryaswellasitsclinicalsignificancethrough observingdynamicchangesofserumS100bproteinby ELISA.METHODS Materials Atotalof102casesofbraininjuryadmittedinto traumaticsurgerydepartmentofourhos…     

Brain stem blood flow, pupillary response, and outcome in patients with severe head injuries

OBJECTIVE: Acute pupillary dilation in a head-injured patient is a neurological emergency. Pupil dilation is thought to be the result of uncal herniation causing mechanical compression of the IIIrd cranial nerve and subsequent brain stem compromise. However, not all patients with herniation have fixed and dilated pupils, and not all patients with nonreactive, enlarged pupils have uncal herniation. Therefore, we have tested an alternative hypothesis that a decrease in brain stem blood flow (BBF) is a more frequent cause of mydriasis and brain stem symptomatology after severe head injury. We determined the relation of BBF to outcome and pupillary response in patients with severe head injuries. METHODS: One hundred sixty-two patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8 or less underwent stable xenon computed tomographic blood flow determination at the level of the superior colliculus, and this blood flow was correlated with pupillary features, intracranial pressure, computed tomographic scan pathology, and outcome. RESULTS: A BBF of less than 40 ml/100 g/min was significantly associated with poor outcome (P < 0.009). In patients with bilaterally nonreactive pupils, the BBF was 30.5+/-16.8 ml/100 g/min, and in those with normally reactive pupils, the BBF was 43.8+/-18.7 ml/100 g/min (P < 0.001). Intracranial pressure and the presence of a brain stem lesion observed on the computed tomographic scan did not correlate with BBF, pupillary size, or reactivity. Unfavorable outcome at 12 months was directly related to age (P = 0.062) and inversely related to pupillary responsiveness (P = 0.0006), pupil size (P = 0.005), and BBF of less than 40 ml/100 g/min (P = 0.009). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that pupillary dilation is associated with decreased BBF and that ischemia, rather than mechanical compression of the IIIrd cranial nerve, is an important causal factor. More important, pupil dilation may be an indicator of ischemia of the brain stem. If cerebral blood flow and cerebral perfusion pressure can be rapidly restored in the patient with severe head injury who has dilated pupils, the prognosis may be good.     

中重度颅脑损伤后血清三碘甲腺原氨酸水平变化与预后的关系

目的研究中重度颅脑损伤后血清三碘甲腺原氨酸水平变化与预后的关系。方法应用酶联免疫定量分析法多次检测164例中重度颅脑损伤患者游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT_3)、三碘甲腺原氨酸(T_3)水平的动态变化,同时记录GCS评分,观察分析血清FT_3及T_3水平变化与GCS变化的关系。结果不同程度的中重度颅脑损伤患者,其中恢复较好的患者在第7天和第14天检测的血清T_3和FT_3水平显著高于恢复较差的患者血清T_3和FT_3水平。结论中重度颅脑损伤T_3和FT_3的变化与预后密切相关,提高T_3和FT_3水平有望成为治疗中重度颅脑损伤的重要切入点。     

急性颅脑损伤后进展性出血性损伤危险因素分析

目的探讨急性颅脑损伤后发生进展性出血性损伤危险因素。方法分析274例你和性颅脑外伤患者临床资料,分为进展组86例和非进展组188例,对照分析两组相关因素。结果两组除首次头颅CT时间外,年龄、性别、GCS评分、瞳孔扩大、平均动脉压、合并颅骨折、合并硬膜外血肿、合并脑挫伤、合并蛛网膜下腔出血、双侧伤、首次CT血肿量、两次CT血肿量差之间差异,均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。GCS<12分、瞳孔扩大、合并脑挫伤、合并蛛网膜下腔出血及首次CT血肿量>10ml为发生进展性出血性损伤的独立危险因素(P均<0.05)。结论急性颅脑损伤患者及时进行头颅CT检查,对血肿量>10ml,GCS评分1<12分、瞳孔扩大及合并脑挫伤和蛛网膜下腔出血患者,应密切观察病情进展,尽早复查头颅CT以及时发现进展性出血性损伤。     

颅脑损伤患者早期D-二聚体含量与伤情及预后的关系

目的探讨血浆D-二聚体(D-dimer,DD)含量作为早期观察因子在颅脑损伤患者伤情评估、预后预测中的作用。方法通过对刚入院63例单纯颅脑损伤患者血浆D-二聚体含量的测定,探讨D-二聚体含量与格拉斯哥昏迷分析(GCS)、脑CT扫描中线移位程度及格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)的关系。结果颅脑损伤早期就出现D-二聚体含量增高;D-二聚体含量与GCS呈负相关,与中线移位程度呈正相关,D-二聚体含量越高伤情越重;D-二聚体含量与GOS呈负相关,D-二聚体含量越高预后越差。结论伤后早期D-二聚体含量测定有助于颅脑损伤患者伤情评估及预后预测。     

Early predictors of mortality and morbidity after severe closed head injury

Mortality and morbidity of 158 patients with severe head injury were studied in relation to age, and early (24-h) clinical and computed tomography data. For comparison of outcome data in survivors, a group of 32 patients with traumatic injuries to parts of the body other than the head was used as controls. Within the head-injured group, the mortality rate was 51%. Logistic regression analyses combined 13 out of 16 predictors into a model with an accuracy of 93%, a sensitivity of 90%, and a specificity of 95%. These include age, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, pupillary reactivity, blood pressure, intracranial pressure, blood glucose, platelet count, body temperature, cerebral lactate, and subdural, intracranial, subarachnoid, and ventricular hemorrhage. At 6 months postinjury, head-injury survivors and trauma controls were evaluated with the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), a neuropsychological test battery and the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP). Head-injury survivors had a higher proportion of disabilities and neuropsychological dysfunctions than trauma controls. They also report more quality of life-related functional limitations on the SIP scales for mobility, intellectual behavior, communication, home management, eating, and work. Linear regression analysis resulted in age being the only important predictor of outcome on the GOS, the GCS score being the best predictor of neuropsychological functioning, and pupillary reactivity being the most predictive for self-reported quality of life as measured by SIP. Those factors important for predicting mortality (clinical variables such as ICP or blood glucose level, and CT observations) failed to show any significant relationship with morbidity.