宁夏大学在校学生艾滋病性病同伴教育效果评价

目的评价民族地区大学生预防艾滋病(AIDS)、性病(STDs)同伴教育的近期效果,为民族地区高校学生预防艾滋病、性病健康教育提供依据。方法采用类实验研究方法,以宁夏大学30名健康教育志愿者为研究对象,对同伴教育者进行培训,并由他们对300名在校大学生实施同伴教育。通过干预前、后2次问卷调查,评价大学生预防艾滋病、性病同伴教育干预效果。结果同伴教育干预后,大学生对AIDS/STDs知识的答对率显著提高(24.33%～92.67%),且在性别之间存在差异;对AIDS/STDs病人的态度也随AIDS/STDs知识水平的提高而有所改善。结论同伴教育适用于大学生,近期效果明显,可在大学生中推广。     

北海市高中生艾滋病性病同伴教育效果分析

目的 了解同伴教育在高中生预防艾滋病(AIDS)、性病(STDS)健康教育的近期效果,为开展预防艾滋病性病健康教育提供参考经验.方法 选取北海市9所高中学校的二年级学生为干预对象,各校以班级为单位随机分为实验组和内对照组,另选取北海市3所高中的二年级学生为外对照组.对实验组实施"同伴教育"干预,另外2组不进行任何有组织的预防艾滋病性病健康教育活动.采用自行设计的问卷对各组学生分别进行干预前后的调查,比较、分析同伴教育的近期效果.结果 实验组干预后学生的艾滋病性病相关知识得分从24.33分提高到30.78分(P<0.05);高于外对照组(从24.66分提高到25.75分)和内对照组(从22.90分提高到23.54分).结论 同伴教育在高中生预防艾滋病性病健康教育方面的近期效果良好.     

性病艾滋病防治健康教育干预实践与效果

目的:探索健康教育在性病艾滋病防治中的作用.方法:结合卫Ⅷ项目实施,把健康教育作为性病艾滋病干预的重要手段,比较实施前后相关知识知晓率和性病患病率变化情况.结果:健康教育作为干预手段取得明显效果,城区娱乐场所服务小姐STDs/HIV防治知识知晓率达70%以上,城区成人STDs/HIV知晓率达60%以上,农村成人知晓率达40%以上,中学生知晓率达到70%以上.性病患病率从项目实施前的62.35/10万下降到19.67/10万[1]结论:健康教育作为性病艾滋病干预的重要手段,能够取得良好的效果.     

同伴教育模式在大学生性教育中的应用效果评价

评价同伴教育在大学生性教育及艾滋病预防中的效果,为同伴教育模式的改进与完善提供依据.方法 基于前期基线调查,从南京市5所高校招募和培训同伴教育引导员,并在参与过基线调查的学生中以同伴教育的形式开展相应性教育工作,进一步比较参与者(497名)在干预前后性相关知识、态度以及艾滋病防治知识的变化情况.结果 同伴教育干预后,参与者生殖健康知识得分由(6.61±1.97)分提高为(7.00±1.83)分,差异有统计学意义(t=10.380,P<0.05).UNGASS规定的5条核心知识知晓率由35.2%提高为50.1%,愿意和艾滋病病毒感染者或病人一同吃饭的学生比例由29.3%提高为42.5%,差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为22.554,27.893,P值均<0.01).在干预前已有较高知晓率(>90%)的艾滋病防治相关的知识,干预后知晓率仍为90%以上,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).90.3%的学生认为活动的内容很有意义.结论 同伴教育是开展大学生性教育行之有效的方式,但教育内容和效果主要取决于对同伴教育引导员的培养和干预持续时间.     

农村妇女预防HIV/AIDS健康教育近期效果评估

目的:评估河北省迁西县农村地区妇女预防HIV/AIDS健康教育干预的近期效果。方法:采用定性与定量调查相结合的方法对比干预前后农村妇女获得HIV/AIDS防治知识的途径、防治知识知晓率及相关态度和意愿,分析评价干预效果。结果:终末调查时干预组和对照组听周围人介绍HIV/AIDS知识的比例分别为54.58%和23.85%(P<0.05)。干预组知晓预防艾滋病母婴传播(PMTCT)的比例上升19.58个百分点(P<0.05),知晓蚊虫叮咬和共用马桶不会传播的比例分别升高42.09和29.17个百分点(P<0.05),知晓"四免一关怀"政策的比例上升了49.16个百分点(P<0.05),较对照组上升幅度更大。结论:农村妇女预防HIV/AIDS健康教育有效,同伴教育是农村预防HIV/AIDS的一种适宜健康教育方式。     

北京市顺义区男性HIV感染者/AIDS患者综合干预效果分析

目的探讨北京市顺义区艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者及艾滋病(AIDS)患者(简称HIV感染者/AIDS患者)的综合干预效果,为提高随访管理和改善其生存质量提供参考依据。方法选取现住北京市顺义区男性HIV感染者/AIDS患者作为调查对象,同时采用网络宣教、同伴持续干预结合专业心理辅导模式,综合干预6个月后,比较调查对象干预前后在AIDS知识、治疗知识及HIV相关压力方面的差异。结果经过6个月的综合干预,204名HIV感染者/AIDS患者AIDS知识基本知晓率从干预前93.14%升高至干预后98.53%,治疗知识基本知晓率从干预前81.86%升高至干预后93.63%,干预后高于干预前(P<0.01),压力得分从干预前(28.15±15.28)分下降至干预后(22.16±13.99)分,干预后低于干预前(P<0.01)。结论网络宣教、同伴持续干预结合专业心理辅导模式能够提高HIV感染者/AIDS患者相关知识知晓水平,降低HIV相关压力,有助于其积极接受和正确对待抗病毒治疗,提高身心健康水平。     

师范类大学生性病/艾滋病同伴教育近期效果评价

目的评价大学生开展预防性病/艾滋病同伴教育的近期效果,以便为师范类大学生预防性病/艾滋病健康教育提供依据.方法以浙江师范大学同伴教育者所在的13个寝室大学生214人为研究对象,与之对应的同年级、同性别、同专业的13个寝室大学生218人为对照组.对干预组实施预防艾滋病的同伴健康教育.结果教育前2组具有可比性,教育后绝大多数大学生对艾滋病的基本知识,艾滋病的预防和治疗问题有了较大的提高,与对照组相比差异有显著性(P＜0.01);对艾滋病非传播途径误解率,教育后明显降低,总误解率下降6.9%;对艾滋病病人的态度,教育后有明显的转变;对婚前性行为的态度,同伴教育近期效果不明显.结论在大学生艾滋病预防中,以非医学专业大学生作为同伴教育者近期效果明显,值得推广,但方法有待于进一步改善.     

苏州市大学生性传播疾病知信行和健康教育需求调查

目的 了解苏州市大学生性病/艾滋病的相关知识、态度、行为及健康教育需求，为在大学生中开展性病/艾滋病健康教育提供依据。方法 采用偶遇抽样方法，通过问卷星对苏州市4所高校的本科在校生进行性传播疾病知信行问卷调查。结果 有效调查858名大学生，对性病的概念知晓率为47.67%,对艾滋病概念知晓率为80.19%;对艾滋病相关知识知晓率均>50%,对梅毒、淋病、尖锐湿疣相关知识知晓率均<50%;性病/艾滋病知识平均得分为(7.76±2.57)分(满分18分),高年级学生(8.40±2.87)分，高于低年级的(7.39±2.31)分；医学生(9.05±2.87)分，高于非医学专业学生的(7.43±2.38)分，差异均有统计学意义(t=5.68、-7.70,P值均<0.05)。在艾滋病态度问题中，44.87%的学生感到艾滋病非常可怕，是绝症；48.95%的学生对艾滋病感到有点恐惧。在回答有过性行为的157人(18.30%)中，自述使用过安全套的占90.45%。结论所调查的大学生对性传播疾病的传播途径、感染症状、防护措施等认知水平较低，当地高校需充分利用课堂及网络开展性病/艾滋病相...     

浙江省高校学生预防艾滋病/性病知识健康教育效果评价

目的了解在大学生中开展预防艾滋病/性病干预的效果,探索在该人群中开展预防艾滋病/性病健康教育的有效实践。方法选取浙江省艺术学院、信息学院、外语学院二～三年级学生4349名作为研究对象,并随机确定其中2所为干预学校(1444名)、2所为对照学校(2905名)。对干预学校实施多媒体授课、播放录像、发放宣传小册子和校园张贴宣传画相结合的干预措施,对照组不进行任何干预。结果干预后干预学校学生艾滋病/性病相关知识知晓率平均由59.7%提高至75.0%,对艾滋病/性病流行形势势和相关政策知晓率平均由57.8%提高至77.2%。结论健康教育能有效提高大学生艾滋病/性病相关知识水平,值得进一步推广。     

艾滋病防治知识讲座对某高校大学生知·信·行影响

目的评价艾滋病防治知识讲座对大学生有关艾滋病的知识、态度与行为的影响,以探讨在高校学生中预防艾滋病/性病的有效方法.方法采用整群抽样的方法,对广东某高校参加艾滋病防治知识讲座的在校二年级大学生462名进行教育前、后的问卷调查及统计分析.结果健康教育后大学生对艾滋病相关知识的知晓率显著提高,对待艾滋病患者态度的正确率有所提高.结论在大学生中开展艾滋病健康知识讲座的近期效果明显,建议今后应当长期、深入、广泛地开展大学生预防艾滋病的健康教育和行为干预.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.