不同年龄小鼠脱髓鞘动物模型中脑内星形胶质细胞激活情况的观察

目的观察星形胶质细胞在不同年龄(青壮年及中老年)cuprizone(CPZ)脱髓鞘小鼠模型中的激活特点,探讨星形胶质细胞激活与髓鞘脱失可能存在的内在联系。方法选取6周龄(青壮年)及9月龄(中老年)雄性C57BL/6小鼠建立CPZ导致的急性脱髓鞘动物模型,经0.2%CPZ处理6周后,通过体质量测量及卢卡斯快蓝(luxol fast blue,LFB)染色观察模型建立是否成功,利用免疫组织化学染色检测实验组(CPZ)和对照组(CTL)小鼠胼胝体(corpus callosum,CC)及皮层(cortex,CTX)区胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)和髓鞘碱性蛋白(myelin basic protein,MBP)表达变化,并通过Western blot方法进一步检测GFAP及MBP蛋白表达差异。结果 0.2%CPZ处理6周后,青壮年CPZ小鼠于胼胝体及皮层区GFAP阳性细胞数显著增多(P<0.01),同时伴有显著的MBP表达下降(P<0.01);中老年小鼠于胼胝体区GFAP阳性细胞数增多较明显(P<0.05),并伴有MBP表达明显下降(P<0.05);GFAP阳性细胞数的增多和MBP表达下降均表现为青壮年组更加明显(P<0.01)。结论星形胶质细胞的激活于青壮年小鼠更加明显,并与髓鞘损伤呈现出一定的正相关性,星形胶质细胞激活可能是参与髓鞘损伤的重要原因。     

Olig2在cuprizone介导的脱髓鞘动物模型中的表达变化

目的 探讨Olig2在cuprizone 诱导的急性脱髓鞘动物模型中的表达变化规律。方法 应用含0.2% cuprizone 饲料饲育小鼠, 通过调控饲育时间, 造成神经脱髓鞘及髓鞘再生, 使用免疫荧光染色和实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)的方法观察模型髓鞘脱失后及髓鞘再生2周后Olig2、少突胶质细胞碱性髓鞘蛋白 (MBP)及星形胶质细胞神经胶质酸性蛋白（GFAP）的表达变化。 结果 Cuprizone 饲育6周后, 动物胼胝体白质内髓鞘脱失严重, 在恢复正常饲料后, 髓鞘逐渐恢复正常结构。正常小鼠大脑Olig2低水平表达。髓鞘脱失后Olig2、GFAP表达增高,并可见Olig2 / GFAP 细胞,MBP表达明显减低。髓鞘再生2周后 Olig2表达降低,MBP、GFAP表达增高。结论 Olig2基因在cuprizone诱导的脱髓鞘模型中的表达变化,提示 Olig2可能参与祖细胞向有活性的星形胶质细胞的分化过程,并与胶质瘢痕的形成有关。     

Activation of intracerebral astrocytes in a demyelination model of mice at different ages

目的 观察星形胶质细胞在不同年龄(青壮年及中老年)cuprizone(CPZ)脱髓鞘小鼠模型中的激活特点,探讨星形胶质细胞激活与髓鞘脱失可能存在的内在联系.方法 选取6周龄(青壮年)及9月龄(中老年)雄性C57 BL/6小鼠建立CPZ导致的急性脱髓鞘动物模型,经0.2％ CPZ处理6周后,通过体质量测量及卢卡斯快蓝(luxol fast blue,LFB)染色观察模型建立是否成功,利用免疫组织化学染色检测实验组(CPZ)和对照组(CTL)小鼠胼胝体(corpus callosum,CC)及皮层( cortex,CTX)区胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)和髓鞘碱性蛋白(myelin basic protein,MBP)表达变化,并通过Western blot方法进一步检测GFAP及MBP蛋白表达差异.结果 0.2％ CPZ处理6周后,青壮年CPZ小鼠于胼胝体及皮层区GFAP阳性细胞数显著增多(P＜0.01),同时伴有显著的MBP表达下降(P＜0.01);中老年小鼠于胼胝体区GFAP阳性细胞数增多较明显(P＜0.05),并伴有MBP表达明显下降(P＜0.05);GFAP阳性细胞数的增多和MBP表达下降均表现为青壮年组更加明显(P＜0.01).结论 星形胶质细胞的激活于青壮年小鼠更加明显,并与髓鞘损伤呈现出一定的正相关性,星形胶质细胞激活可能是参与髓鞘损伤的重要原因.     

大麻素WIN55,212-2对双环己酮草酰二腙诱导的脱髓鞘模型髓鞘修复作用的研究

目的 探讨大麻素WIN55,212-2对双环己酮草酰二腙(cuprizone,CPZ)诱导C57BL/6小鼠脱髓鞘模型的治疗作用.方法 取6周龄C57BL/6雄性小鼠,分为正常组、第2周WIN55,212-2给药组与DMSO对照组、第4周WIN55,212-2给药组及DMSO对照组,每组10只.正常组每天喂养普通饲料,CPZ模型持续喂养含有0.25％ CPZ的混合饲料,在第2周和第4周时进行WIN55,212-2注射,DMSO对照组则在相同条件下注射10％的DMSO,继续喂养CPZ混合饲料.于第3、5周末通过体质量变化观察整体状态;旋转棒实验观察小鼠运动功能,利用LFB和MBP免疫组化技术染色观察胼胝体区域髓鞘,GFAP染色观察星形胶质细胞.结果 与DMSO对照组相比,WIN55,212-2给药组模型体质量下降趋势明显减缓(P＜0.05);旋转棒实验中,WIN55,212-2给药组小鼠运动功能仍弱于正常小鼠,但是与DMSO对照组相比,WIN55,212-2给药组运动功能明显改善(P＜0.01);LFB染色结果显示DMSO对照组髓鞘脱失明显,WIN55,212-2给药组介于正常与DMSO对照组之间,MBP染色进一步证实了这一结果;GFAP免疫组化实验结果显示DMSO对照组CPZ模型小鼠胼胝体区域GFAP阳性细胞广泛表达,而经过WIN55,212-2治疗的小鼠GFAP表达量明显低于DMSO对照组(P＜0.05).结论 大麻素WIN55,212-2可通过降低髓鞘的脱失和星形胶质细胞的活化,对脱髓鞘病变具有一定缓解的作用.     

双环己酮草酰二腙诱导脱髓鞘模型小鼠情绪及神经递质的变化

目的 观察双环己酮草酰二腙(cuprizone,CPZ)诱导脱髓鞘模型小鼠情绪及神经递质的变化特点,探讨髓鞘脱失和再生过程中情绪变化的可能原因.方法 选36只C57BL/6雄性小鼠,分为3组,正常对照组予以正常饲料14周;慢性脱髓鞘组予以含0.2％ CPZ粉末的饲料14周;髓鞘修复组先用含0.2％ CPZ粉末的饲料12周,再换用正常饲料2周.采用LFB染色、免疫荧光及透射电镜技术观察胼胝体区髓鞘以及星形胶质细胞的变化情况;通过体质量、旷场、高架十字迷宫及悬尾实验检测小鼠行为学的变化;利用酶联免疫吸附法和高效液相色谱-电化学检测法(HPLC-ECD)测定血清肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、五羟色胺、多巴胺、二羟基苯乙酸和五羟基吲哚乙酸的浓度.结果 慢性脱髓鞘组和髓鞘修复组胼胝体区髓鞘明显脱失(P＜0.01),两组GFAP的表达明显升高(P＜0.01).慢性脱髓鞘组小鼠旷场实验总路程、中央路程及中央区活动时间均较其他2组明显减少(P＜0.05);在高架十字迷宫中,慢性脱髓鞘组小鼠开臂滞留时间百分比(OT％)和开臂进入次数百分比(OE％)较正常对照组减少(P＜0.05);慢性脱髓鞘组及髓鞘修复组小鼠在悬尾实验中的静止时间较正常对照组增加(P＜0.05).HPLC-ECD及ELISA测得慢性脱髓鞘组血清NE和5-HT的浓度与正常对照组相比,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 CPZ诱导的脱髓鞘模型小鼠表现出焦虑、抑郁等行为变化,可能与脑组织的髓鞘脱失以及脱髓鞘环境下神经递质的含量变化有关.     

Cuprizone致小鼠脱髓鞘对胼胝体少突胶质细胞数及动物运动能力的影响

目的研究Cuprizone(CPZ)诱导C57BL/6小鼠脱髓鞘对胼胝体少突胶质细胞变化情况,并探讨对小鼠运动能力的调控特点。方法以正常饲料喂食的6周龄雄性小鼠作为对照,实验组用含0.2%Cuprizone的混合饲料持续喂食6周龄雄性小鼠6周,诱导中枢神经系统脱髓鞘。用LFB组化和MBP免疫组化技术鉴定脑胼胝体区的脱髓鞘改变,确认模型的稳定可靠性。结合MBP和CC-1免疫荧光双标技术,观察脱髓鞘的胼胝体区少突胶质细胞变化情况。并通过体质量监测观察小鼠的整体功能状态变化,进一步采用行为学实验技术(旋转棒测试和旷场实验)观察对小鼠运动能力的调控效果和特点。结果与正常组相比,Cuprizone诱导脱髓鞘6周后,脑胼胝体区的髓鞘缺失明显,髓鞘结构蛋白MBP含量明显减少[(0.395±0.019)vs(0.242±0.016);P<0.01];应用图像分析和统计学分析发现,成熟少突胶质细胞的胞体(CC-1+)和(MBP+)呈平行性减少[(42.62±2.48)vs(25.04±3.68)/100μm2;P<0.05];在实验监测过程中,正常小鼠体质量呈上升增加,而CPZ组小鼠体质量先急剧下降,后趋于平稳并稍有恢复;同时行为学实验结果表明,小鼠的运动协调能力、自发活动能力都有明显减弱[(156.17±22.17)vs(78.50±7.80);(240.91±29.52)vs(163.31±21.05);P<0.05],但是对小鼠的探索习性并无明显影响(3.7%/5.4%vs 3.6%/5.3%;P>0.05)。结论利用Cuprizone诱导小鼠脱髓鞘改变与少突胶质细胞减少有关,其主要影响小鼠的运动协调能力和自发活动而不影响探索习性等高级功能。     

电针对脊髓损伤后星形胶质细胞增生的影响

目的 :探讨督脉电针对成年大鼠脊髓损伤后星形胶质细胞增生的影响。方法 :选用成年雌性wistar大鼠 ,Allen氏法制作脊髓损伤模型 ,分别应用督脉电针治疗不同时间 ,以激素组和损伤不治疗组作对照。观察星形胶质细胞的形态、数量的变化 ;应用RT-PCR法检测GFAP表达变化。结果 :脊髓损伤后星形胶质细胞反应性增生 ,灰质强于白质 ,尾侧强于头侧 ,电针治疗组胶质反应较轻 ;电针组星形胶质细胞线粒体、核糖体增多 ,吞噬变性髓鞘增强 ;培养观察 ,电针组GFAP表达减少。结论 :电针可抑制脊髓损伤后星形胶质细胞反应性增生 ,防止胶质瘢痕形成     

损伤后脑膜成纤维细胞对星形胶质细胞活性及胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达的影响

目的 体外观察损伤后脑膜成纤维细胞对星形胶质细胞活性及胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达的影响.方法 体外分别培养SD大鼠大脑皮层的星形胶质细胞和大脑脑膜的成纤维细胞,经GFAP和纤维粘连蛋白(FN)免疫荧光染色鉴定后,将损伤后成纤维细胞来源条件培养基与星形胶质细胞共培养,根据成纤维细胞损伤时间不同分为正常对照组(A组)、损伤4h组(B组)、损伤24 h组(C组)、损伤72 h组(D组),应用CCK8试剂检测星形胶质细胞的活性,通过GFAP免疫荧光染色观察星形胶质细胞GFAP表达.将损伤的成纤维细胞与星形胶质细胞接触共培养72 h,根据与成纤维细胞的距离,将星形胶质细胞分为近(J)组和远(Y)组,通过FN和GFAP双重免疫荧光细胞化学染色观察GFAP表达.结果 B组星形胶质细胞活性低于A、C、D组(P＜0.05);非接触共培养时,C组星形胶质细胞GFAP表达强度显著高于B、D组(P＜0.05);接触共培养时,J组星形胶质细胞的GFAP表达强度显著高于Y组(P＜0.05).结论 损伤后脑膜成纤维细胞能触发星形胶质细胞反应性胶质化.     

Propentofylline对大鼠脊髓损伤后GFAP蛋白表达的影响

目的观察急性脊髓损伤后propentofylline干预对星形胶质细胞GFAP蛋白表达变化的影响。方法取SD大鼠60只随机分为2组（n=2）：药物干预组、对照组。用Allen法建立急性脊髓损伤动物模型,药物干预组SD大鼠腹腔注射propentofylline,对照组腹腔注射等体积生理盐水,用免疫组化染色的方法和组织扫描光度测定法观察脊髓GFAP蛋白表达的变化。结果对照组损伤边缘区GFAP细胞数目增加、胞体肥大,GFAP表达增强,干预组propentofylline干预后,GFAP表达增强被抑制,胞体肥大程度减轻,GFAP阳性细胞数减少。结论在急性脊髓损伤后,propentofylline对脊髓损伤后的的星形胶质细胞的活性具有明显的调节作用。     

视神经慢性受压后视神经胶质细胞的病理变化

目的:观察视神经慢性受压后视神经胶质细胞的病理改变,探讨胶质细胞与神经元的相互作用,为慢性视神经损伤的修复研究提供基础。方法:30只成年家猫随机等分为正常对照组、假手术组、压迫1周组、压迫2周组、压迫4周组和压迫8周组(n=5)。后4组利用球囊植入法建立慢性视神经损伤模型。各组动物灌注固定,取视神经组织,行透射电镜观察和免疫组织化学染色,观察胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、髓磷脂碱性蛋白(MBP)、碳酸酐酶Ⅱ(CAⅡ)和ED-1的表达变化。结果:电镜下正常视神经髓鞘结构完整,各髓板清晰、排列紧密;受压2周后见轻微脱髓鞘;4周后出现板层分离、髓鞘泡状解离,并可见变性的胶质细胞;8周后髓鞘崩解更为明显,大部分髓鞘明显变薄,并可见凋亡小体形成。免疫组化染色在受压2周后无明显改变;4周后视神经MBP染色出现排列紊乱,有缺失现象;8周后染色缺失更为明显。受压4周后视神经压迫区出现CAⅡ染色紊乱,有缺失现象;8周后更为明显。非压迫区在受压8周后CAⅡ染色仍基本正常。受压4周后视神经直接受压区GFAP染色强度下降,损伤区近侧端染色强度增加;至8周时更为明显。正常视神经内可见散在的ED-1染色阳性细胞;受压4周后损伤区周围ED-1染色阳性细胞明显增多;8周后更为明显。结论:视神经慢性受压后损伤区出现胶质细胞变性和坏死,损伤区周围出现星形胶质细胞增殖和小胶质细胞激活,提示胶质细胞改变参与了慢性视神经损伤的病理过程。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.