高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉溶液对大鼠非控制出血性休克复苏的保护作用

目的探讨高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉溶液(hypertonic sodium chloride hydroxyethyl starch 40,HHS)对大鼠非控制出血性休克(uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock,UHS)复苏的保护作用。方法采用修订的Capone等方法制备创伤UHS模型。用随机数字表法将30只SD大鼠随机分为3组:正常对照组(NC组)、生理盐水复苏组(NS组)、高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉溶液复苏组(HHS组)。NS组及HHS组大鼠经动脉放血,使血压降至40 mmHg,然后在距鼠尾根部1/4处断尾,造成活动性出血。分别给予生理盐水和HHS输注,使平均动脉压(MAP)维持在50 mmHg。复苏1 h后,两复苏组均给予手术止血、回输血液及给予足量的液体输注,保持MAP 90 mmHg,充分复苏2 h后,将大鼠放回笼内观察。分别于伤后0、30、90、210 min观察大鼠的心率(HR);血气指标包括pH、碱剩余(BE)、乳酸(LAC)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2);凝血功能指标包括凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血活酶时间(APTT);各脏器功能指标包括磷酸肌酶激酶同工酶(CKMB)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、肌酐(Cr)以及出血量、输液量、存活率。结果大鼠休克后的HR显著下降,复苏后HHS组与NS组HR明显升高(P<0.05);休克大鼠的pH、BE、PaO2下降,LAC明显升高,复苏后与NS组比较,HHS组的pH、BE、PaO2增高,LAC显著下降(P<0.05);休克大鼠的PT、APTT明显延长(P<0.05),复苏后HHS组PT、APTT均短于NS组(P<0.05);休克后大鼠的CKMB、ALT、AST、Cr明显增高,复苏后,HHS组大鼠的CKMB、ALT、AST、Cr低于NS组(P<0.05);同时与NS组比较,HHS组大鼠活动性出血量和出血急救期输液量明显减少,且24 h及72 h存活率显著增高(P<0.05)。结论 HHS对UHS大鼠早期有较好的复苏效果。     

高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40注射液对非控制出血性休克大鼠凝血功能及脂质过氧化的影响

目的观察高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40注射液(HHS40)对非控制出血性休克(UHS)大鼠凝血功能及脂质过氧化的影响。方法制备创伤非控制出血性休克模型。30只SD大鼠随机分为3组:正常对照组(NC组)、生理盐水复苏组(NS组)、HHS40组。NS组和HHS40组在大鼠的平均动脉压(MAP)降至40mm Hg时,分别给予NS和HHS40输注,使MAP维持在50mm Hg。复苏1h后,两组均给予手术止血、回输血液及给予足量的液体输注,保持MAP在90mm Hg。分别在不同时点检测大鼠的血细胞比容(Hct)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果 NS组和HHS40组的Hct在T2～T4时明显低于T1时(P<0.05),HHS40组大鼠在T3、T4时Hct明显高于NS组(P<0.05)。NS组和HHS40组在T2～T4时PT、APTT明显长于T1时(P<0.05),FIB明显低于T1时(P<0.05);HHS40组在T2～T4时PT、APTT均短于NS组(P<0.05),两组之间FIB在各时间点比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。NS组和HHS40组在T2～T4时,与T1时比较,MDA含量显著增高(P<0.05),SOD活性明显下降(P<0.05);与NS组大鼠相比,HHS组在T2～T4时的MDA含量明显减少(P<0.05),SOD活性显著升高(P<0.05)。结论 HHS40能防止未控制出血性休克大鼠血液过度稀释,降低氧自由基的产生,虽对凝血功能有影响,但尚未超过机体的代偿范围,具有保护作用。     

氯沙坦干预对心衰大鼠心肌细胞凋亡和Ca~(2+)变化的影响

目的:研究氯沙坦干预心肌细胞凋亡和细胞内钙调节的作用,探讨血管紧张素型受体阻断剂治疗心力衰竭的机制。方法:采用阿霉素腹腔注射复制心衰模型,氯沙坦干预组给予氯沙坦干预。透射电镜观察心肌超微结构改变,测定血清中CPK、CK-MB的含量。检测大鼠心肌细胞凋亡及心肌组织匀浆中Ca2+的变化。结果:心衰组与氯沙坦干预组相比,心肌组织中CPK、CK-MB活力降低。心肌细胞严重损伤,并可见凋亡小体,心肌细胞凋亡指数明显增加(P<0.01)。与对照组相比,心衰组心肌组织中的Ca2+含量升高(P<0.01);氯沙坦干预组与心衰组相比Ca2+显著降低(P<0.01)。结论:心力衰竭时发生了心肌细胞凋亡,氯沙坦可有效抑制心肌细胞凋亡,减轻心肌超微结构受损,减少心肌酶外漏。心衰时心肌组织匀浆中Ca2+增加,可能是肌浆网钙泵活性受损。氯沙坦有抑制心肌细胞凋亡及Ca2+超载,改善心力衰竭的作用。     

甘草甜素对脂多糖诱导的大鼠心肌炎的保护作用

目的探讨甘草甜素(GL)对大鼠心肌炎模型抗氧化能力和心肌结构的影响。 方法 33只雄性SD大鼠,随机分3组(n=11):对照组(CON)、心肌炎模型组(MM)、GL治疗组(MM+GL)。CON组每周1次尾静脉注射生理盐水(NS)1 mL/kg,其余2组注射脂多糖(LPS)0.2 mg/kg; CON组和MM组每天NS 10 mL/kg灌胃,MM+GL组灌GL 200 mg/kg,连续4周。测血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、心肌还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量。苏木精-伊红(H-E)染色观察心肌组织学结构; 马森(Masson)染色观察心肌胶原纤维; 透射电镜检查心肌细胞超微结构。 结果 与CON组比较,MM组大鼠CAT活性和GSH含量低(P<0.05); 心肌纤维肿胀、炎症细胞浸润; 心肌组织胶原纤维多; 心肌细胞线粒体固缩、肌丝溶解。与MM组比较,MM+GL组GSH高(P<0.05); 心肌组织结构维持正常,胶原纤维少,心肌细胞超微结构正常。 结论 GL可保护心肌,防止炎症损伤,其机制可能与其增强心肌抗氧化能力有关。     

大鼠缺血再灌注损伤对心肌超微结构的影响及LXA4的保护作用

目的探讨脂氧素A4(LXA4)对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MIRI)超微结构的保护作用.方法72只SD雄性大鼠随机分成假手术一组(C1组)、假手术二组(C2组)、MIRI一组(I/R1组)、MIRI二组(I/R2组)、MIRI前用药组(LX1组)、MIRI后用药组(LX2组),每组12只.建立大鼠MIRI模型,各组于开胸前取血(T1)、实验结束后取血(T2)测IL-1β、IL-8、cTnI血清浓度;同时测定SOD活性、MDA含量;TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡率;电镜下观察心肌超微结构的变化.结果 I/R1、LX1与C1组相比,I/R2、LX2与C2组相比,血清IL-1β、IL-8、cTnI浓度(均为T2),SOD、MDA以及凋亡率增高(P<0.05).LX1与I/R1组,LX2与I/R2组相比,血清IL-1β、IL-8、cTnI浓度(均为T2),MDA含量及凋亡率均降低(均P<0.05);SOD活性提高(P<0.05);同时心肌超微结构损伤明显改善,线粒体排列整齐,电子密度增高,肿胀及空泡明显减轻.结论 LXA4通过抑制组织促炎细胞因子、氧自由基损伤,降低细胞凋亡来减轻心肌超微结构的损伤,对大鼠MIRI起明显的保护作用.     

乳化异氟烷预处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注时TLR4-α、NF-κB及血清中炎症细胞因子的影响

目的 探讨乳化异氟烷预处理对心肌缺血再灌注损伤可能的保护作用.方法 健康雄性SD大鼠48只,体重230~280 g,随机分成4组(n=12):S组(假手术)、IR组(缺血再灌注)、L组(脂肪乳剂预处理)、EI组(乳化异氟烷预处理).取大鼠(每组6只),于再灌注120 min后采集股动脉血2 mL用于测定血清中心肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)浓度及肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)活性,实验结束后红四氮唑染色(TTC)法测定心肌梗死范围.另取大鼠(每组6只)于再灌注30 min(T1)、再灌注120 min(T2)时采集股动脉2 mL,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-10(IL-10)的浓度,随后处死大鼠,取心脏,采用荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(Real-time PCR)法测定心肌组织中TLR4 mRNA表达、Western blot法测定心肌细胞核因子-κB(NF-κB)活性,电镜下观察心肌细胞超微结构的变化.结果 与S组比较,IR组、L组和EI组心肌细胞TLR4 mRNA表达增强,NF-κB活性升高,血清TNF-α、IL-10、cTnI浓度及CK-MB活性升高,心肌梗死面积增加(P<0.05);与IR组比较,EI组心肌细胞TLR4 mRNA表达明显减弱,NF-κB活性降低,血清TNF-α、IL-10、cTnI浓度及CK-MB活性降低(P<0.05),IL-10浓度升高(P<0.05),心肌梗死面积减小(P<0.05),而L组上述指标差异无统计学意义.电镜结果显示:EI组心肌细胞损伤程度较IR组和L组减轻.结论 乳化异氟烷预处理对缺血再灌注心肌具有一定的保护作用,这种保护作用可能与乳化异氟烷抑制TLR4 mRNA表达,降低NF-κB活性,抑制炎性反应有关.     

内质网应激在高脂血症大鼠心肌细胞凋亡中的作用

目的 研究内质网应激是否在高脂血症大鼠诱导心肌细胞凋亡中起作用。方法 通过建立高脂血症大鼠模型,全自动化生化仪检测血清甘油三酯(TG)及胆固醇(TC)水平;HE染色观察心肌组织的病理学变化;TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡;免疫组化法及RT-PCR技术检测心肌细胞内质网应激信号通路分子GRP78的表达变化。结果 研究显示在喂养12 W时模型组大鼠血清TC、TG含量明显高于对照组(P<0.01);大鼠模型组较正常组心肌组织排列紊乱、边界不清、心肌纤维断裂、部分细胞核溶解消失;模型组大鼠心肌细胞凋亡率明显高于正常组(P<0.05);大鼠心肌GRP78mRNA及蛋白的表达量,模型组均较对照组明显升高(P<0.05)。结论 内质网应激途径可能在高脂血症诱导心肌细胞凋亡中起到重要作用。     

慢性阻塞性肺病患者急性加重期低氧血症血清肌钙蛋白及心肌酶水平变化及临床意义的探讨

目的:探讨慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者急性加重期伴低氧血症患者血清肌钙蛋白、心肌酶水平变化及其临床意义。方法:选取2020年1月至2022年1月本院收集的慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者123例,将动脉氧分压(PaO₂)值≥60mmHg患者62例纳入对照组(n=62),PaO₂值<60mmHg的61例AECOPD患者纳入观察组(n=61);比较两组血清肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、肌酸激酶(CK)和肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)水平,不同低氧血症严重程度的AECOPD患者血清cTnI、CK、CK-MB,Spearman相关性分析法分析低氧血症严重程度与血清cTnI、CK、CK-MB的关系。结果:观察组血清cTnI、CK、CK-MB水平高于对照组(P<0.05);不同低氧血症严重程度的AECOPD患者血清cTnI、CK、CK-MB比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);其中中度、重度低氧血症患者cTnI、CK、CK-MB高于轻度组,重度低氧血症患者cTnI、CK、CK-MB高于中度组(P<0.05);Spearman...     

氙气预处理对心肌缺血再灌注损伤大鼠心肌细胞保护作用研究

目的:通过观察氙气预处理对心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MIRI)大鼠心肌梗死范围、心肌细胞凋亡指数、心肌组织酶类及氧化应激反应水平的影响,探讨氙气预处理对MIRI大鼠心肌细胞的保护作用及机制。方法:随机抽签方式将64只雄性SD大鼠均分为四组。假手术组(S组)仅做穿线但不结扎;MIRI组(模型组)阻断左冠状动脉前降支,使大鼠缺血30min,恢复灌注120min;0.5MAC疝气预处理+心肌I/R组(0.5XR组)和1MAC疝气预处理+心肌I/R组(1XR组)分别采用0.5MAC氙气和1 MAC氙气预处理大鼠心脏后,缺血30min,恢复灌注120min。灌注120min后,测定各组大鼠心肌梗死范围、心肌细胞凋亡指数、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)含量及血清中血清肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CKMB)、一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)活性。结果:与S组相比,模型组心肌梗死范围明显增大,心肌细胞凋亡指数显著升高,心肌组织中SOD、GSH-PX和血清eNOS活性显著下降,MDA含量显著增加,血清CK、CK-MB活性显著增强(P<0.01);与模型组比,0.5XR组和1XR组大鼠心肌梗死范围显著缩小,心肌细胞凋亡指数显著下降,心肌组织中SOD、GSH-PX和血清eNOS活性显著增强,MDA含量显著下降,血清CK、CK-MB活性显著减小(P<0.05)。但0.5XR组和1XR组大鼠上述各指标间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:氙气预处理对MIRI大鼠心肌组织及细胞具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与抑制机体心肌组织氧化应激反应有关。     

高频程序通气对心肺复苏中心肌损伤标志物的影响

目的探讨高频程序控制通气在心肺复苏过程中对心肌标志物的影响。方法将30名心肺复苏术后无自主呼吸的患者随机分为2组:常规控制通气组(A组)及高频程序控制通气组(B组)。自主循环恢复开始计时,分别测定各时间点肌酸激酶同工酶MB(CK-MB)及血清肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)含量。结果 B组CK-MB和cTnI含量在4、12h明显低于A组(P<0.05)。结论高频程序控制通气能减轻心肺复苏患者心肌细胞的损伤。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.