乙酰胆碱受体抗体IgG对大鼠隔斜角带核胆碱能神经元损害的研究

目的研究乙酰胆碱受体抗体(AChRAb)IgG对大鼠隔斜角带核区胆碱能神经元的损害作用。方法大鼠一侧隔斜角带核区注入重症肌无力(MG)患者AChRAbIgG或等量健康人IgG,14d后应用免疫组化方法测定隔斜角带核A、B、C3区胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)阳性神经元数目。结果大鼠内侧隔斜角带核区ChAT阳性细胞数实验组注射侧明显少于非注射侧(P<0.01),实验组注射侧明显少于对照组注射侧(P<0.001),实验组非注射侧明显少于对照组非注射侧(P<0.05);实验组注射侧与非注射侧ChAT阳性细胞比率明显少于对照组注射侧与非注射侧的比率(P<0.01)。结论内侧隔斜角带核区定向注射AChRAbIgG可损害该处胆碱能神经元,使其明显减少,且其毒性效力存在一定的距离效应。表明AChRAb可被动转移损伤大鼠隔斜角带核区胆碱能神经元。     

卡因酸对大鼠学习记忆和P物质表达的影响

目的 :探讨卡因酸对大鼠学习记忆能力的影响 ,观察其基底前脑皮质 P物质表达的变化。方法 :大鼠腹腔注射卡因酸为实验组 ,注射磷酸缓冲生理盐水 (PBS)为对照组。用 Y迷宫测试大鼠学习记忆 ,用乙酰胆碱酯酶 (Ach E)化学染色检测神经元丢失情况 ,免疫组化检测 P物质表达水平的变化。结果 :实验组大鼠的学习记忆能力明显低于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,乙酰胆碱酯酶表达水平明显低于对照组 (P<0 .0 1) ,P物质表达水平明显高于对照组 (P<0 .0 1)。结论 :腹腔注射卡因酸可以损害大鼠的学习记忆能力 ,导致胆碱能神经元损害。过高浓度的 P物质可能参与卡因酸导致学习记忆受损的发病机制     

bFGF促进痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力恢复及可能机制

目的　探讨碱性成纤维细胞生长因子 (b FGF)对痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力的影响 ,探讨其可能机制。方法　痴呆组、痴呆治疗组及痴呆对照组大鼠前脑 Meynert基底核注射红藻氨酸制造痴呆模型 ,正常对照组同法注射生理盐水 ;痴呆治疗组造模后 30 min、1d、3d、5 d及 7d侧脑室注射 b FGF,痴呆对照组同时间注射生理盐水 ,造模30 d后正常对照组、痴呆组、痴呆对照组及痴呆治疗组大鼠通过 Y迷宫进行学习记忆能力测试、乙酰胆碱酯酶(Ach E)细胞化学染色及尼氏染色 ,并测量基底前脑皮层及海马各区 Ach E纤维密度。结果　痴呆组大鼠学习及记忆能力较正常对照组减低 (P<0 .0 1) ,基底前脑皮层及海马各区 Ach E纤维密度减低 (P<0 .0 1)。治疗组 Y迷宫学习及记忆能力较痴呆对照组有改善 (P<0 .0 1) ,基底前脑皮层及海马各区 Ach E纤维密度亦有所增加 (P<0 .0 1) ,但是没达到正常对照组的水平 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　 b FGF可改善痴呆模型大鼠 Y迷宫学习记忆能力 ;脑内 Ach E纤维密度提高及海马神经元密度增加是 b FGF作用产生的可能机制。     

何首乌对KA致大鼠脑胆碱能纤维损伤的保护作用

目的 :观察海人藻酸 (KA)对大鼠脑乙酰胆碱能神经元毁损后 ACh E纤维的数目和形态的改变 ,以探讨何首乌 (PMT)对胆碱能纤维的保护作用及机制。方法 :采用兴奋性神经毒素海人藻酸 (KA)损伤基底前脑 (BF) Meynert核团 ,内侧隔核 (MS)及斜角带核 (DB) ,建立毁损模型 ,用何首乌喂饲毁损实验组 ,使用组织化学方法显示乙酰胆碱能纤维的改变及可能的用药后保护和活化作用。结果 :何首乌喂饲组 (A组 )比非何首乌喂饲组 (B组 ) ,其投射到海马及大脑皮质的 ACh E纤维数目多 ,纤维形态无破坏 ,差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 1)。结论 :何首乌对大鼠脑胆碱能神经投射纤维有保护作用     

重组乙酰胆碱受体α-亚单位融合蛋白诱导实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力

目的　探讨重组乙酰胆碱受体 (Ach R)的α-亚单位融合蛋白诱导实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力动物模型的可行性 ,从而为重症肌无力的实验研究创造条件。方法　以重组 Ach R的α-亚单位融合蛋白主动免疫L ewis大鼠 ,末次免疫后观察临床表现 ,并进行低频重复电刺激、单纤维肌电图及血清乙酰胆碱受体抗体 (Ach Rab)滴度检测。结果　实验组 5只大鼠有临床症状者 4只 ,主要表现为摄食减少 ,活动减少 ,嘶咬无力且易疲劳 ,其中 1只有明显肌无力 ;实验组 5只大鼠有 3只低频重复电刺激衰减率 >10 % ,其中 1只衰减率 >2 0 % ;实验组大鼠 MCD值较正常组明显延长 (P<0 . 0 1) ,而 CFA对照组与正常组 MCD值无明显差异 (P>0 . 0 5) ;实验组 5只大鼠Ach Rab的 P/ N值 ,有 4只≥ 2 .1,1只介于 1.4和 2 .1之间。结论　以重组 Ach R的α-亚单位融合蛋白主动免疫L ewis大鼠成功地诱导了实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力动物模型     

乙酰胆碱特征超低频经颅磁刺激对阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠记忆力的影响

目的探索乙酰胆碱特征超低频经颅磁刺激(ACh-TMS)对阿尔茨海默病(AD)模型大鼠学习记忆力的影响及其机制。方法 SD大鼠随机分为正常组(N组)、模型组(M组)、假手术组(P组)、假刺激组(M+P组)、乙酰胆碱特征超低频磁刺激组(ACh-TMS组)和多奈哌齐组(donepezil组),每组10只。双侧海马注射Aβ1-42建立AD模型。Morris水迷宫实验观察大鼠学习记忆力。检测海马组织脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)及乙酰胆碱(ACh)含量、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)及胆碱乙酰转移酶(Ch AT)活力变化。改良Highman刚果红法观察淀粉样物质沉积情况。结果与M+P组比较,ACh-TMS组大鼠平均逃避潜伏期缩短、目标象限游泳时间百分比及跨越平台次数明显增多(P0.05);BDNF、ACh含量及Ch AT活力显著提高(P0.05)。除N组和P组外,其余各组大鼠海马区可见淀粉样物质沉积。结论 ACh-TMS可改善AD模型大鼠学习记忆力,其机制可能与提高中枢胆碱能递质含量、促进海马BDNF表达有关。     

重症肌无力中枢神经系统损害与乙酰胆碱酯酶关系的研究

目的　研究重症肌无力 (MG)中枢神经系统 (CNS)损害大鼠模型乙酰胆碱酯酶 (AChE)的变化。方法　将MG患者血中提取的IgG注入大鼠脑室系统 ,致大鼠CNS损害 ,然后分别观察实验组和对照组大鼠脑、血中AChE的变化。结果　脑室注射后脑组织中AChE水平升高 ,与对照组比较差异显著 (P <0 .0 1) ,而血中AChE水平无明显变化。结论　MG患者IgG致大鼠CNS损害时脑组织AChE水平显著升高 ,表明MG患者CNS损害与CNS胆碱能神经系统功能障碍有关。     

脑梗塞痴呆病人血清乙酰胆碱酯酶G_4同工酶活性测定及其意义的研究

目的 :探讨胆碱能变化与脑血管痴呆临床特征的关系 ,并为寻找防治对策提供依据。方法 :本研究采用聚丙稀酰胺凝胶 (PAA)电泳法对脑梗塞及脑梗塞痴呆病人进行血清乙酰胆碱酯酶 (Ach E)活性研究 ,使用光密度计测定G4型 Ach E活性。结果 :确认出两种 Ach E同工酶 ,其中以 G4型 Ach E为主 ,皮质梗塞组 Ach E活性较正常对照组有显著降低。结论 :脑血管性痴呆 Ach E活性与痴呆的发生无直接相关性     

神经生长因子在老年痴呆动物模型中的作用

将老年大白鼠(24个月)左侧海马繖部分切断,建立基底前脑胆碱能损害的老年痴呆动物模型。予侧脑室注射神经生长因子(NGF),分别在用药后15天和30天测隔区和海马胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)活性。以正常鼠组和细胞色素C注射组作为对照。损害后隔区和同侧海马ChAT活性显著减少;NGF15天治疗组,隔区和损害对侧海马酶活性显著增加,是正常组的130％;30天治疗组,同侧海马酶活性比细胞色素C组增加48％。结果表时,NGF对老年鼠基底前脑胆碱能系统损害的治疗是有效的。本文还讨论了NGF在损害后急、慢性期的作用机制。     

重症肌无力CNS损害和神经细胞关系

目的　探讨神经细胞凋亡与重症肌无力 ( MG)中枢神经系统 ( CNS)损害之间的关系。方法　MG患者血中提取纯化的 Ig G注入 SD大鼠脑室系统 ,然后用透射电镜观察大鼠中枢神经细胞形态学变化。结果　侧脑室注射 MG患者 Ig G后 ,在大鼠大脑皮层、海马神经细胞中观察到神经细胞凋亡现象。结论　 MG中枢损害过程中 ,神经细胞凋亡可能起重要的作用。 MG患者乙酰胆碱受体抗体 ( ACh RAb)与 CNS神经 -ACh R结合 ,诱发神经细胞凋亡 ,从而可能致 MG CNS功能障碍。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

奥氮平治疗精神分裂症对照研究的Meta分析

目的：探讨奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的疗效和不良反应。方法：应用M eta分析对17篇奥氮平与其他抗精神病药治疗精神分裂症对照研究的文章进行再分析。结果：奥氮平自身对照比较的治疗效应极大（χ^2=141.00，P〈0.05）。治疗2周和治疗结束，奥氮平与对照药疗效比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评分比较差异亦无显著性（P〉0.05）。与对照药相比，奥氮平的不良反应显著少于对照药组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论：奥氮平与对照药的临床疗效相仿，但不良反应明显较少。