闭合性喉外伤的临床特征及处理方法

目的 探讨闭合性喉外伤的临床特征及处理方法。方法 回顾性分析2003 年9 月—2017 年8 月 在西北大学附属医院（西安市第三医院）治疗的37 例闭合性喉外伤患者的临床资料。结果 23 例患者采取 保守治疗：21 例症状缓解,呼吸通畅;2 例48 ～ 72 h 出现呼吸困难,给予气管切开后,继续保守治疗,1 个 月后拔管,呼吸通畅。14 例患者行低位气管切开术及颈外径路的手术探查及修复手术,1 例术后1 个月出现 喉气管瘢痕狭窄,6 个月后再次行喉气管成形术治愈;其余13 例呼吸通畅,3 个月后治愈拔管,1 例因气管离 断伤导致喉返神经损伤,遗留声嘶症状但呼吸通畅,未再做特殊处理。所有患者随访1 ～ 2 年,呼吸通畅,无 喉气管瘢痕狭窄等并发症出现。结论 闭合性喉外伤因颈部皮肤无伤口,常易被忽视而延误处理。接诊时应 及时、准确地判断病情,并根据病情分类采取正确的处置,预防喉狭窄等并发症的发生。     

颈部外伤的急救

目的：总结颈部外伤紧急救治的临床经验与教训。方法：回顾性分析了21例颈部外伤患者的临床资料,其中非手术治疗2例,单纯清创缝合2例,喉气管探查13例。颈外动脉结扎7例,颈总动脉缝合1例。气管切开16例。结果：1例发生喉狭窄,1例死于颅脑损伤,余19例均治愈。结论：保持道通畅、止血抗休克是急救的关键。喉重建,正确处理复合伤对于预防喉狭窄取得良好疗效至关重要。     

颈部闭合性喉气管横断伤伴食管裂伤：（附一例报告）

目的：总结颈部闭合性喉气管横断伤伴食管裂伤的诊断与治疗。方法：报告并结合文献分析该症一例。结果：经紧急气管切开建立可靠的通气道后，修复断裂的喉气及食管，痉愈。结论：对颈８中闭合性喉气管横伤伴食管裂伤必须及时手术修复；紧急气管切开是保证通气道通畅的最好方法，经口或鼻插管危险；对颈部闭合性损伤伴呼吸困难者应紧急施行颈部探查术，术中对已断喉返神经宜行神经吻合术。     

颈部外伤的临床特点及救治

目的:探讨颈部外伤的特点和救治经验。方法:回顾我院近8年收治的31例颈部外伤患者的临床资料,主要治疗包括气管切开、保持呼吸道通畅、抗休克、妥善止血、食管修补、喉成形及保守治疗等。结果:25例顺利治愈,2例遗留声音嘶哑;1例颈食管瘘经局部换药、清创缝合治愈,1例术后食管狭窄在胃镜下行气囊扩张2次治愈;2例来医院途中分别死于休克和窒息。结论:严重颈部外伤常危及病人生命,在救治中,气管切开、保持呼吸道通畅、及时止血、抗休克、食管修补非常重要;尽可能恢复喉功能和防止呼吸道狭窄等并发症。     

颈部闭合性喉气管损伤117例临床分析

目的探讨颈部闭合性喉气管损伤的临床特点、诊断和治疗方法.方法对117例颈部闭合性喉气管损伤的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果该病的主要致伤原因为汽车车祸和绳索勒伤74例,占63.2%.喉气管完全和部分断裂69例,占59%.主要临床表现是颈部及咽喉疼痛伴有不同程度呼吸困难、声音嘶哑或失音、咯血及血痰、吞咽困难、饮水发呛.最常见的体征是颈部皮下气肿、喉气管软骨下陷或移位畸形.采用紧急气管切开术76例(65%),78例(66.7%)立即行喉气管吻合术、气管修补或重建术及"T"形管扩张,术后早期死于伴随伤者2例,通气良好者74例,必须再次成形者2例.31例后遗喉气管瘢痕狭窄,皆采用喉裂开、喉气管成形术及"T"形硅胶管扩张术治疗痊愈.气管食管瘘同时修补或重建10例,失败4例,二次修补失败1例.结论气管切开是紧急建立通气的最好方法;及时手术修复并用"T"形硅胶管扩张0.5～1年,并注意预防"T"形管上下端肉芽生长、管内干痂阻塞、"T"形管上移、误咽等并发症,可获得较好的远期效果;对于气管食管瘘应早期修复并鼻饲2周以上,有利于瘘孔愈合.     

急诊救治喉外伤39例临床分析

目的探讨喉外伤的诊断与治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2005年至2009年收住的39例喉外伤患者的诊治情况。结果 39例患者无1例死亡。闭合性喉外伤23例中8例行气管切开,16例开放性喉外伤全部行气管切开。24例气管切开者23例2周后成功拔管,1例后遗声嘶,1例后遗喉狭窄（系闭合性喉外伤）,经2次手术于喉内放置＂T＂型管扩张1年后成功拔管。结论对喉外伤的及时诊断和处理有利于降低损伤所造成的后果,促进喉功能的恢复和防止喉狭窄的发生。对有喉狭窄者,喉内放置＂T＂型管扩张是有效的治疗方法。     

颈部开放性外伤的救治(附32例报告)

目的总结颈部开放性外伤临床救治的经验教训,以提高诊疗水平.方法对2007年—2011年11月诊治的32例颈部开放性外伤进行回顾性分析,其中气管切开22例、颈部血管结扎7例,颈内动脉修补1例,1期喉成型12例.结果31例存活,1例死亡.1例轻度声嘶,1例因甲状软骨和气管壁损伤严重不能拔管而带管出院.2例带气管套管或喉扩张管1~9个月内拔管.其余均恢复正常呼吸,进食功能,语言功能,痊愈出院.结论对颈部开放性外伤的患者应把抢救生命放在首位,并尽可能恢复喉功能和防止并发症,正确处理呼吸困难,出血及休克是治疗成功的关键.     

28例喉外伤的处理体会

我们从1993年至今收治喉部外伤共28例.对治疗中是否行气管切开,我们体会如下. 1 临床资料 1.1一般资料收治的28例中年龄最大87岁,最小27岁,平均54.6岁.男18例,女10例.单纯喉外伤5例,致伤原因分别为马踢伤、绳勒伤等(有2例行气管切开手术).开放性喉外伤23例,致伤原因刀割伤、剪刺伤等.自伤24例,他伤4例.     

颈部气管断裂伤诊断与治疗(附7例报告)

目的:探讨颈部气管断裂伤的诊断与治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析7例颈部气管断裂伤,对患者的临床特点、诊断及治疗经过进行分析。结果:本组年龄30~42岁,全部病例受伤后均有颈部肿痛伴明显的呼吸困难,咯血或痰中带血。喉气管标志消失5例,移位或变形2例,开放性损伤患者均合并不同程度的喉外伤。治疗上均行低位气管切开、气管吻合,同时对喉、甲状腺及颈部相应组织给予修复。所有患者术后均未发生气管狭窄,除2例无声音嘶哑外,余5例均有不同程度声音嘶哑。结论:严重的颈部气管外伤无论是开放性还是闭合性的均易发生窒息和严重的并发症而危及生命。早期明确诊断,采取积极有效的治疗是降低病死率、提高治愈率的关键。     

喉,气管外伤急诊期修复处理防治喉气管狭窄效果观察

目的：防治喉气管外伤性狭窄;方法对１９例喉、气管外伤患者给予急症期修复处理,不论是开放性或闭合性喉,气管外伤只要有粘膜撕裂、软骨骨折均给予气管切开、 修复膜、软骨复位、喉气管腔置“Ｔ”型管扩张,（３￣６）个月拔管,结果１９例患者中,１５例给予急症期修复处理,１３例获成功,未遗留狭窄,一例死于胸部并发症,一例发生狭窄,结论：喉气管外伤急症期修复处理能大大降低喉气管狭窄的发生,是务性喉气管狭窄的有效措     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.