经阴道子宫输卵管四维超声造影评估输卵管的通畅性

目的: 探讨经阴道子宫输卵管四维超声造影(TVS 4D-HyCoSy)评价输卵管通畅性的可行性。方法: 选择不孕症患者179例,采用SonoVue造影剂,进行TVS 4D-HyCoSy,通过四维重建技术实时观察造影剂在宫腔及输卵管腔内流动过程,判断输卵管的通畅性。结果: 179例共351条输卵管,超声造影显示输卵管通畅126条,输卵管通而不畅148条,输卵管阻塞77条。结论: 经阴道子宫输卵管四维超声造影对输卵管显像清晰,能观察宫腔及输卵管的形态结构、空间走行,并评价输卵管的通畅情况,安全、经济、无不良反应,可作为临床不孕症患者输卵管通畅性的一种筛选方法,具有较高的推广应用前景。     

子宫输卵管超声造影时间-强度曲线分析在不孕女性中的应用价值

目的 评价造影剂SonoVue高压恒速注射子宫输卵管超声造影(HyCoSy)检查及时间-强度曲线在女性不孕症诊断中的应用价值.方法 对56例女性输卵管不孕患者以SonoVue为造影剂采用球囊导管加压注射法进行HyCoSy检查并利用ACQ软件进行时间-强度曲线分析.超声造影后分别取得输卵管部分通畅组和正常对照组从宫腔到输卵管伞部周边盆腔的造影剂通过时间(AT),并对两组间进行统计学分析.结果 输卵管部分通畅组的AT为(3.49±1.70)s,正常通畅组为(1.14±0.37)s,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.000).经ROC曲线分析得出,以AT 1.65 s作为诊断输卵管部分通畅输的最佳工作点,灵敏性为92.6％,特异性为93.3％,阳性预测值96.2％,阴性预测值87.5％.结论 利用高压注射器进行HyCoSy有利于规范化操作,显示高质量输卵管图像.ACQ曲线分析从宫腔到输卵管伞部周边盆腔的AT是检查输卵管通畅性的有效诊断指标.     

比较二维超声造影与子宫输卵管造影术评价输卵管通畅性的价值

目的 比较二维子宫输卵管超声造影(2D-HyCoSy)与子宫输卵管造影(HSG)评价输卵管通畅性的价值。方法 应用2D-HyCoSy对27例不孕症妇女共54条输卵管进行检查,造影剂为SonoVue,并与HSG对照分析。结果 2D-HyCoSy诊断输卵管通者31条,闭塞23条;HSG诊断输卵管通者30条,闭塞24条,两组检查结果比较差异无统计学意义(P=1.000)。两种检查方法一致性好,Kappa值为0.812。结论 2D-HyCoSy在评价输卵管通畅性方面与HSG有很高的一致性,值得临床推广应用。     

经阴道子宫输卵管四维超声造影在评价输卵管通畅性中的应用价值

目的探讨经阴道四维超声造影（4D-HyCoSy）在输卵管通畅性评价中的应用价值。方法采用SonoVue造影剂对53例不孕患者行经阴道子宫输卵管四维超声造影检查,动态观察输卵管通畅性。结果53例患者106条输卵管四维超声造影显示输卵管通畅47条,输卵管通而不畅36条,输卵管不通畅23条。超声造影表现：（1）输卵管通畅15例,输卵管走形柔顺,造影剂喷射状进入盆腔,并在盆腔内迅速弥散：（2）输卵管通而不畅12例,输卵管显影不连续,局部纤细或增粗,造影剂溢入盆腔,在盆腔内弥散不均匀;（3）输卵管不通畅6例,双侧输卵管不显影或仅某段显影。与腹腔镜检查结果对照,超声造影诊断输卵管通畅性的符合率为94％（17／18）。结论经阴道子宫输卵管四维超声造影可动态显示子宫、输卵管形态,诊断宫腔粘连及宫腔占位性病变,并评价输卵管的通畅情况。     

实时超声造影在输卵管通畅性诊治中的应用价值

目的探讨实时超声造影在输卵管通畅性诊治中的临床应用价值。方法对40例不孕症患者进行子宫输卵管超声造影,实时观察造影剂在宫腔及输卵管腔内流动过程,判断输卵管的通畅性,并与子宫输卵管生理盐水造影相对照。结果实时超声造影(SonoVue-HyCoSy)40例72条输卵管(其中有8条输卵管切除)中,通畅46条,不通畅14条,通而不畅8条,显示不清4条;子宫输卵管生理盐水造影(生理盐水-HyCoSy)检查:通畅42条,不通畅10条,通而不畅4条,显示不清16条,两种方法比较差异有显著性(P=0.025)。SonoVue-HyCoSy与X线子宫输卵管造影(X-HSG)诊断符合率83.3%(20/24),生理盐水-HyCoSy与X-HSG诊断符合率54.2%(13/24),二者比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.029)。结论 HyCoSy可多切面实时动态观察并确定输卵管通畅性,是诊断输卵管通畅性安全有效的方法,同时还起到一定治疗作用,该方法准确简便、无创、费用低,值得推广。     

SonoVue子宫输卵管超声造影评价输卵管通畅性

目的 探讨SonoVue子宫输卵管超声造影(SonoVue-HyCoSy)评价输卵管通畅性的可行性.方法 对80例不孕症患者(原发不孕33例,继发不孕47例)进行SonoVue-HyCoSy检查,实时观察造影剂在宫腔及输卵管腔内流动过程,判断输卵管的通畅性.随机对20例患者行腹腔镜下美兰通染液试验(CLP)进行对照.结果 两种检查结果差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.21, P=0.65).以CLP结果为诊断标准,SonoVue-HyCoSy评价输卵管通畅的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为92.00%、100%、100%和88.23%,诊断输卵管阻塞部位准确率为70.59%,且无明显并发症.结论 SonoVue可用于子宫输卵管超声造影检查,可明确输卵管的通畅性并可同时提示输卵管阻塞部位,该方法准确、简便易行、无创,费用低,具有推广应用前景.     

经阴道超声子宫输卵管声诺维造影的应用价值

目的探讨经阴道超声子宫输卵管声诺维(SonoVue)造影对判断输卵管通畅程度的临床应用价值。方法对68例临床诊断为不孕症的妇女经阴道超声行子宫输卵管SonoVue造影,实时动态观察SonoVue造影剂通过输卵管的情况。结果根据SnoVue造影的超声图像特点,68例不孕症患者中,双侧输卵管通畅43例(63.2%),双侧输卵管阻塞6例(8.8%),双侧输卵管通而不畅11例(16.2%),单侧不全梗阻或完全梗阻8例(11.8%)。结论经阴道超声行子宫输卵管SonVue造影能准确诊断输卵管是否通畅,同时具有简单、安全和实用的特点,可作为评价输卵管通畅程度的有效检查方法。     

新型造影剂全氟显超声造影对输卵管通畅性的诊断价值

目的 探讨新型造影剂全氟显低机械指数实时谐波子宫输卵管超声造影(hysterosalpingo-contrastsonography,HyCoSy)对输卵管通畅性的临床应用价值.方法 选择不孕症妇女56例,采用造影剂全氟显,行经腹部B超引导下HyCoSy,实时观察造影剂在子宫、输卵管的流动及显影情况,判断输卵管的通畅性,随机对31例行腹腔镜检查,将其31例HyCoSy与腹腔镜结果对照.结果 HyCoSy与腹腔镜检查结果的特异度为93.3％、灵敏度(不通畅为92.9％、通而不畅83.3％),其一致性较强(Kappa值为0.847),有统计学意义(P＜0.001).结论 新型造影剂全氟显低机械指数实时谐波超声造影术对输卵管显像清晰,判断准确,且安全、经济、无副作用,可作为临床不孕症患者输卵管通畅性检查的一种有效方法.     

子宫输卵管三维超声造影检查在不孕症诊断中的临床价值

目的 探讨三维子宫输卵管超声造影检查(3D-HyCoSy)在子宫输卵管不孕症诊断中的临床价值。方法 选择我院诊断的原发性与继发性不孕患者64例,同时进行子宫输卵管二维超声及3D-HyCoSy检查,通过二维超声造影实时观察及三维造影所采集容积的图像后处理,综合对照观察输卵管通畅性;再次注射抗生素生理盐水混合液,进一步观察子宫腔是否存在结构畸形。结果 注射造影剂后3D-Hycosy表现:(1)双侧输卵管可见造影剂充填并弥散良好诊断为双侧输卵管通畅51例。(2)单侧输卵管可见造影剂充填并弥散良好诊断为单侧输卵管通畅11例。(3)双侧输卵管均未见造影剂充填诊断为双侧输卵管梗阻2例。(4)3D-HyCoSy检查可见3例子宫黏膜面形态凹陷诊断为纵隔子宫,其中1例合并宫腔息肉。(5)3D-HyCoSy检查中7例输卵管起初注射造影剂时未见充填,连续注射可见造影剂充填并逐渐弥散,诊断为输卵管通畅,显示为超声造影对轻度粘连的输卵管有一定的疏通作用。结论 3D-HyCoSy检查对于明确子宫是否存在畸形及输卵管通畅性方面具有重要诊断价值。     

实时三维子宫输卵管超声造影评价输卵管通畅性

目的 探讨经阴道实时三维子宫输卵管超声造影（3D-HyCoSy）评价输卵管通畅性的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析98例不孕女性患者输卵管3D-HyCoSy表现,并与腹腔镜诊断结果进行对照分析。结果 动态观察指标输卵管全程显影、伞端有造影剂溢出、卵巢周围造影剂环状包绕组合诊断输卵管通畅与腹腔镜符合率为100%;观察指标输卵管无显影、伞端无造影剂溢出、卵巢周围未见造影剂包绕组合,输卵管全程显影、伞端无造影剂溢出、卵巢周围未见造影剂包绕组合,输卵管无显影、伞端无造影剂溢出、卵巢周围造影剂呈半环状或斑片状包绕组合,输卵管部分显影、伞端无造影剂溢出、卵巢周围造影剂呈半环状或斑片状包绕组合诊断输卵管阻塞与腹腔镜符合率均为100%。3D-HyCoSy诊断输卵管不通畅（包括输卵管通而不畅和阻塞）的准确率、敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为97.31%（181/186）、100%（113/113）、93.15%（68/73）、95.76%（113/118）及100%（68/68）。结论 3D-HyCoSy可有效评价输卵管通畅性,有助于治疗不孕症。     

子宫输卵管超声造影在不孕症诊断中的应用

目的 探讨子宫输卵管超声造影在不孕症诊断中的价值.方法 选择不孕症妇女36例,采用超声造影剂SonoVue行子宫输卵管超声造影术.然后以腹腔镜输卵管通液术检查结果为"金标准"进行对照比较.结果 69条输卵管超声造影诊断输卵管完全阻塞22条,与腹腔镜输卵管通液术检查结果相比较,敏感性90.5%,特异性93.8%.结论 子宫输卵管超声造影可作为一种评价输卵管通畅性的有效方法.     

实时三维子宫输卵管超声造影临床应用初步探索

目的 探讨实时三维子宫输卵管超声造影在诊断输卵管性不孕中的应用价值.方法 以Sono Vue为造影剂,对66例患者进行二维子宫输卵管超声造影,经患者同意,其中16例患者一月后进行三维子宫输卵管超声造影.结果 16例患者32条输卵管,二维子宫输卵管超声造影和三维子宫输卵管超声造影结果一致,完全显影25条(2条欠畅)、部分显影2条、不显影5条,但三维子宫输卵管超声造影更直观、全面.结论 实时三维子宫输卵管超声造影可直观、全面地显示输卵管,可用于不孕症妇女的常规检查.     

Phagocytosis of ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles by Kupffer cells

Delayed parenchymal phase images of the liver more than 5 min after IV injection of ultrasound contrast agents are thought to be related to the phagocytosis of contrast agent microbubbles by macrophages. In this study, we examined whether liver-specific macrophages, Kupffer cells, phagocytosed the microbubbles and whether their elimination affected the delayed parenchymal images of the liver. Phase-contrast microscope observations showed that Kupffer cells phagocytosed various contrast agents in vitro. Among the contrast agents used, 99% of Sonazoid and Optison, and 47% of Levovist were phagocytosed, whereas only 7.3% of SonoVue and 0% of Imavist were phagocytosed. Elimination of Kupffer cells in vivo by gadolinium chloride (GdCl(3)) resulted in decreased intensity of the delayed parenchymal images with Sonazoid and Levovist, while SonoVue showed no changes compared with control. Our findings suggested that Kupffer cells phagocytosed contrast agents and they were responsible for the delayed images of contrast ultrasound in the liver.     

Assessment of Fallopian tube patency by HyCoSy: comparison of a positive contrast agent with saline solution.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficiency of air-filled albumin microspheres (Infoson) with saline solution in determining Fallopian tube patency during hysterosalpingo contrast sonography (HyCoSy). METHODS: This was a prospective randomized multicenter study with a sequential design. Over a 10-month period, 23 patients (mean age, 33 years) referred for infertility were examined by HyCoSy (saline or Infoson) before conventional hysterosalpingography (Iopamiron 370), performed during the same session. Contrast agents were administered through a 5-F Ackrad balloon catheter inserted transcervically into the uterine cavity. HyCoSy was performed with a 7-MHz transvaginal probe using both B-mode and color Doppler, and tubal patency was demonstrated by the appearance of contrast agent in the peritoneal cavity near the ovaries. Data were registered for each patient during the examination and the results were monitored by sequential analysis. RESULTS: Mean volumes of contrast injections were 35.3 mL of saline, 14.4 mL of Infoson, and 13.8 mL of Iopamiron 370. Infoson-enhanced HyCoSy provided a significantly larger (P = 0.006) number of correct diagnoses (20/22 Fallopian tubes) than did saline HyCoSy (12/24 Fallopian tubes), and the same number as that achieved by hysterosalpingography. CONCLUSION: A positive ultrasound contrast agent appears to be more efficient than saline solution at determining Fallopian tube patency in infertile women by means of HyCoSy, and as efficient as an iodinated contrast agent in the same population explored by HSG. HyCoSy could be used to screen infertile women, thereby avoiding the use of iodinated contrast medium and exposure to ionizing radiation during conventional HSG in patients with patent Fallopian tubes.     

经阴道子宫输卵管三维超声造影评价输卵管通畅性

目的 探讨经阴道子宫输卵管三维超声造影(3D HyCoSy)评价输卵管通畅性的可行性和准确性.方法 对22例不孕症患者进行3D HyCoSy检查,评价所获得的三维图像质量,并以1周内的子宫输卵管碘油造影(HSG)图像为对照,评估3D HyCoSy判断输卵管通畅性的情况.结果 22例患者3DHyCoSy的图像质量评分为(2.8±0.5)分.与HSG相比,其判断输卵管通畅的符合率为88.9%(24/27),判断输卵管阻塞的符合率为94.1%(16/17),总体符合率为90.9%(40/44).两种方法判断输卵管通畅性的能力相当(P值=0.000,k值=0.812).所有患者均未出现与造影剂相关的不良反应.结论 经阴道3D HyCoSy是一种全新的输卵管影像学检查方法,能安全、有效地显示输卵管形态,并准确判断其通畅性.

Abstract：

Objective To assess the feasibility and accuracy of the transvaginal three-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography(3D HyCoSy) on the fallopian tube patency. Methods 3D HyCoSy was performed in twenty-two cases with infertility. Image quality of 3D HyCoSy was evaluated. The estimate of the fallopian tube patency in 3D HyCoSy were compared with those of hysterosalpinography(HSG) in one week. Results The mean score of image quality of 3D HyCoSy in twenty-two cases was 2. 8 + 0. 5. The accuracy of the unobstructed and obstructed fallopian tube were 88.9% (24/27) and 94.1% (16/17) respectively, and the total accuracy was 90. 9% (40/44) , which was equal to the results of HSG (P = 0. 000,k = 0. 812). No adverse reactions of SonoVue occurred in the cases. Conclusions Transvaginal 3D HyCoSy which is a new imaging technique can safely and effectively display the morphological character of fallopian tube and assess the patency.     

超声造影对肝脏局灶性病变的诊断价值

目的：探讨超声造影对肝脏局灶性病变的诊断价值。方法：采用低机械指数实时连续成像技术和造影剂SonoVue对149例肝脏局灶性病变作超声造影检查。结果：149确肝脏局灶性病变中，肝脏恶性肿瘤具有较特征性的超声造影表现，而良性病变除血管瘤、局灶性增生结节、肝脏囊性占位具有特征性的改变易于诊断外，其他尚无特征性表现。结论：超声造影对肝脏局灶性病变具有较高的诊断价值，尤其是鉴别良恶性病变。     

The Influencing Factors of Venous Intravasation During Transvaginal Four-dimensional Hysterosalpingo-contrast Sonography With SonoVue

Transvaginal 4-D hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography with SonoVue (TV 4-D HyCoSy) is the preferred imaging method for evaluating tubal patency. However, venous intravasation in 4-D HyCoSy may affect the diagnosis of tubal patency. The objective of this study was to analyze influencing factors of venous intravasation during TV 4-D HyCoSy. This study included 643 infertile patients who underwent TV 4-D HyCoSy. We analyzed the relationship between the incidence of venous intravasation and patients’ basic clinical data, endometrial thickness, inspection timing (clean day of menstruation) and tubal patency. A total of 169 (26.28%) patients exhibited intravasation during TV 4-D HyCoSy. The following are risk factors for venous intravation: secondary infertility, type C + C, type B + C and type B + B in bilateral fallopian tubal patency grouping; endometrial thickness ≤5.45 mm; and taking TV 4-D HyCoSy after menstruation ≤6 d. Infertility duration, intrauterine lesions, a history of pelvic inflammatory disease and a history of pelvic surgery were uncorrelated with venous intravasation. To reduce the incidence of venous intravasation, TV 4-D HyCoSy should be performed 7–10 d after menstruation or when endometrial thickness is thicker than 5.45 mm.     

In vitro acoustic characterisation of four intravenous ultrasonic contrast agents at 30 MHz

The acoustic properties of four ultrasonic contrast agents (Optison, Definity, SonoVue and Sonazoid) were studied at 30 MHz using a Boston Scientific ClearView Ultra intravascular ultrasound (US) scanner modified to allow access to the unprocessed US data. A range of contrast agent concentrations were studied using either saline or glucose as the diluent of choice. Mean backscatter power was measured over regions-of-interest (ROI) at distances of 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm from the centre of the intravascular probe and normalised to the US data collected from a standard glass reflector. For all of the agents, the mean backscatter power at 30 MHz varied in a linear manner with concentration between 0.01 million microbubbles/mL and 1 million microbubbles/mL. Furthermore, for two of the agents, mean backscatter enhancement was detectable at concentrations as low as 2 microbubbles/sample volume.     

Ultrasound contrast agents can influence the respiratory burst activity of human neutrophil granulocytes

Activated leucocytes can bind and, subsequently, phagocytose microbubbles that are used as ultrasound (US) contrast agents. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not microbubbles can influence the inflammatory response of human neutrophil granulocytes. Granulocytes isolated from healthy volunteers were activated with various stimuli, for example, the bacterial peptide N-formyl-methyonyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), the calcium ionophore A23187, the protein kinase C activator phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and incubated with albumin or phospholipid microbubbles. Neutrophil respiratory burst activity and elastase release were quantified. Albumin (Optison) and phospholipid (SonoVue) contrast agents induced an extensive oxidative response of human granulocytes to all the stimuli used, and these effects could be significantly impaired by preincubation of the cells with cytochalasin B. Left heart contrast agents used for contrast-enhanced US assessment can activate human neutrophil granulocytes, inducing an extensive respiratory burst to secondary stimuli. The potential clinical relevance of this effect needs to be elucidated.