缬草挥发油与水提物镇静催眠作用比较研究

目的：了解缬草镇静催眠的主要药效物质,为深入研究其有效成分提供物质基础。方法：通过缬草挥发油急性毒性实验,了解挥发油毒性的大小,确定药效实验剂量。采用镇静催眠的药效学实验,比较缬草挥发油与水提物协同戊巴比妥钠对小鼠的催眠作用。结果：小鼠灌胃缬草挥发油的LD50为278．99g·kg^-1（以生药计）,从而确定药效试验的给药剂量为高剂量组（85．71g·kg^-1）、中剂量组（57．14g·kg^-1）和低剂量组（28．57g·kg^-1）;缬草镇静催眠药效学实验表明,缬草挥发油可促进小鼠入睡效率,延长小鼠睡眠时间;水提物仅可延长小鼠的睡眠时间,与水提物相比,缬草挥发油能有效延长小鼠的睡眠时间。结论：缬草挥发油的镇静催眠效果明显优于其水溶性物质。     

石菖蒲挥发油对小鼠记忆障碍的作用及急性毒理研究

目的 探索石菖蒲挥发油对小鼠记忆障碍的作用及挥发油的急性毒性。方法 动物随机分为正常对照组、模型组、阳性药脑复康组,石菖蒲挥发油低剂量100 mg·kg^-1、石菖蒲挥发油中剂量150 mg·kg^-1、石菖蒲挥发油高剂量组300 mg·kg^-1共6组,每组各设10只动物。采用腹腔注射东莨菪碱的方法制备记忆障碍模型。造模前,石菖蒲挥发油各剂量组分别灌胃给药,每天1次,连续7 d。造模后,Morris 法测试小鼠120 s内在水中的潜伏期、平台停留时间以及平台停留次数。此外,预实验确定0%和100%死亡率剂量,然后按照预实验结果设置不同剂量进行实验,观察动物反应,确定LD₅₀和LD₅₀ 95%。结果 与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠潜伏期明显增长,平台持续时间和进入平台次数均明显增减少。石菖蒲挥发油均能显著提高平台持续时间和进入平台次数,减小小鼠潜伏时间。石菖蒲挥发油的LD50为154.9 g·kg^-1,LD₅₀ 95%的可信限为141.3~169.8 g·kg^-1。结论 石菖蒲挥发油对东莨菪碱所致小鼠记忆障碍有明显的改善作用,石菖蒲挥发油毒性甚小,在规定剂量下服用是安全可靠的。     

根皮苷及根皮素对小鼠的半数致死量测定

摘 要 目的:研究根皮苷及根皮素对昆明种小鼠的急性毒性作用和测定半数致死量(LD50)。方法: 通过昆明小鼠口服不同浓度的根皮苷及根皮素溶液,观察并记录根皮苷及根皮素对小鼠的毒性反应。利用SPSS(windows 100版) one way ANOVA统计学软件计算其对小鼠的半数致死量(LD50)。结果:昆明种小鼠口服根皮苷及根皮素的LD50分别为9.067、5.760 g·kg^-1,二者的95%可信区间为8.239 8～9.977 5 g·kg^-1,5.364 8～6.184 4 g·kg^-1。结论:根皮素和根皮苷口服毒性极小,其用量安全可靠。     

维药神香草挥发油的抗炎、止咳、祛痰及镇痛药效学研究

摘 要 目的：探讨维药神香草挥发油的抗炎、止咳、祛痰及镇痛作用。方法: 昆明种小鼠 50 只,随机分成神香草挥发油高 (0.8 ml·kg^-1)、中 (0.4ml·kg^-1)、低(0.2 ml·kg^-1)剂量组、空白对照组(0.9% 生理盐水)、阳性对照组(急支糖浆5.0 ml·kg^-1/阿司匹林200 mg·kg^-1),共5 组,每组10 只。采用小鼠二甲苯致炎法观察耳肿胀度和抑制率,氨水致咳法观察2 min内咳嗽次数及咳嗽潜伏期,气管酚红排泌法测定气管酚红排泄量,热刺痛法观察小鼠痛阈值。结果: 神香草挥发油在（0.2～0.8) ml·kg^-1范围内可明显降低二甲苯致小鼠的耳廓肿胀度(P<0.05或P<0.01),其最大肿胀抑制率为80.52%;神香草挥发油高剂量组减少氨水喷雾致小鼠咳嗽次数、延长咳嗽潜伏期(P<0.05),增加小鼠气管段酚红排泌量(P<0.05),明显延长小鼠镇痛潜伏期 (P<0.05)。结论: 维药神香草挥发油具有显著的抗炎、止咳、祛痰和镇痛作用。     

克白颗粒镇静抗疲劳作用研究

目的 观察克白颗粒的镇静抗疲劳作用。方法 小鼠灌胃给予克白颗粒2.26,4.52,9.04 g·kg^-1,观察克白颗粒对小鼠神经系统、游泳时间以及缺氧耐受能力的影响。结果 不同剂量的克白颗粒对小鼠一般行为学及自主活动没有显著影响,9.04 g·kg^-1克白颗粒能显著延长小鼠睡眠潜伏期时间和睡眠时间,并且能延长小鼠的耐缺氧时间(P<0.05),4.52,9.04 g·kg^-1的克白颗粒能显著延长小鼠的游泳时间(P<0.01)。结论 克白颗粒具有一定的镇静和抗疲劳作用。     

分心木镇静催眠作用探究

目的：研究分心木水提物和醇提物的中枢抑制作用,为该药后续的保健品开发、镇静催眠的临床应用提供实验依据。方法：观察分心木水提物和醇提物对30 mg·kg^-1和45 mg·kg^-1浓度的戊巴比妥钠的协同作用,探究分心木水提物和醇提物与戊巴比妥钠合用对小鼠睡眠发生率、睡眠时间和自主活动的影响。结果：分心木醇提物能显著缩短睡眠潜伏时间,有协同戊巴比妥钠的作用,能提高睡眠发生率,大幅度延长睡眠时间。分心木水提物有部分镇静催眠趋势,但无统计学意义。结论：分心木具有一定的镇静催眠作用,具有开发相应保健品的价值。     

体外培育熊胆粉对小鼠中枢神经系统作用的一般药理学研究

目的 观察体外培育熊胆粉对小鼠中枢神经系统的影响。方法 小鼠分别灌胃低（0.8 g·kg^-1）、中（2.5 g·kg^-1）和高（8.0 g·kg^-1）剂量的体外培育熊胆粉,观察药物对小鼠一般行为和自发活动、协调运动及阈下睡眠剂量戊巴比妥钠协同作用的影响。结果 在本试验条件下,给予体外培育熊胆粉后小鼠无异常行为,对自发活动及协调运动无明显影响,与阈下剂量的戊巴比妥钠无协同作用。结论 在所设计的剂量水平下,体外培育熊胆粉对小鼠中枢神经系统未见明显影响。这些结果进一步扩展了我们对体外培育熊胆粉安全性的认识。     

复方薰衣草颗粒镇静催眠及改善认知障碍作用研究

目的 观察复方薰衣草颗粒（CLG）镇静催眠及对轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）模型小鼠的治疗作用。方法 （1）CLG镇静催眠和抗抑郁、抗疲劳作用研究：以旷场训练结果为主要条件、体质量为次要条件，随机将79只ICR小鼠分为对照组、地西泮（3 mg·kg^-1，化药阳性药）组、复方枣仁胶囊（12.3 mg·kg^-1，中药阳性药）组和CLG低、中、高剂量（2.36、4.72、9.44 g·kg^-1）组。采用戊巴比妥钠阈下剂量催眠、旷场和转棒实验，观察CLG对小鼠的一般状态、睡眠潜伏期、30 min内入睡比例和总睡眠时间以及行为学的影响。（2）CLG改善MCI作用研究：将60只昆明小鼠以Y迷宫实验训练结果为主要条件、体质量为次要条件随机分为对照组、模型组、多奈哌齐（3 mg·kg^-1，阳性药）组和CLG低、中、高剂量（2.36、4.72、9.44 g·kg^-1）组，每天1次，连续ig给药14 d，给药第9天起，给药1 h后，除对照组外，ip 3 mg·kg^-1东莨菪碱制备MCI模型。于末次给药20 min后进行Y迷宫实验；第15天进行跳台实验；解剖取脑，称取脑质量并计算脑系数；HE染色后观察脑组织病理改变；取海马，ELISA法测定乙酰胆碱（Ach）、乙酰胆碱酯酶（AchE）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）水平。结果 （1）与对照组比较，CLG各剂量对体质量无明显影响；地西泮组和CLG各剂量组入睡率有增高趋势，但无显著性差异；地西泮组和CLG高剂量组入睡潜伏期明显缩短（P<0.05） ；各给药组睡眠时间均显著延长（P<0.01）。（2）与模型组比较，多奈哌齐组和CLG各剂量组跳台次数均显著减少（P<0.05）；CLG各剂量组Ach有升高趋势，多奈哌齐组和CLG中、高剂量组AchE有降低趋势；CLG各剂量组SOD显著增加，MDA显著降低（P<0.05）；CLG中、高剂量组小鼠皮层和海马病理改变明显减轻。结论 CLG具有镇静催眠作用，其改善MCI的作用可能与调节胆碱能系统和抗氧化应激有关。     

复方敏维糖浆的急性毒性和长期毒性研究

摘 要 目的：为复方敏维糖浆的临床安全使用提供实验依据。方法: 急性毒性实验以小鼠为实验对象,以改良寇氏法计算半数致死量(LD₅₀)。长期毒性实验中给予大鼠高、中、低剂量（650,195 ,65 mg·kg^-1）的复方敏维糖浆,连续给药4周,停药2周后观察其一般状况、体质量、摄食量,测定血液学、血液生化学指标,解剖后裸眼观察主要靶器官( 心、肺、肾、肝) 变化。结果: 急性毒性实验中复方敏维糖浆小鼠的LD₅₀为5 581.8 mg·kg^-1。长期毒性实验中高剂量组大鼠血清谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、总胆固醇（CHOL）均有一定程度升高,且大鼠自发活动减少、有困倦现象,摄食量和体质量均有一定下降。 结论:复方敏维糖浆小鼠的LD₅₀为5 581.8 mg·kg^-1,急性毒性反应与神经系统有关,未见脏器有明显损伤。长期使用高剂量复方敏维糖浆(650 mg·kg^-1) 可引起大鼠AST、ALT、CHOL升高。     

4-甲基环十五烷酮单次给药毒性试验研究

目的 研究单次灌胃给予4-甲基环十五烷酮（4-methylcyclopentadecanone,4-MCPC）对Beagle犬和小鼠产生的毒性。方法 采用经典的半数致死量法（LD₅₀法）和最大给药量法分别进行小鼠和Beagle犬单次给药毒性试验,动物分组后灌胃给予不同剂量的4-甲基环十五烷酮,给药1次,给药后观察动物毒性反应,检测动物体重、死亡率、血液学、血液生化学等指标,药后14 d观察结束剖检,检查主要脏器的病变。结果 小鼠单次给予4-甲基环十五烷酮的LD₅₀为9.41 g·kg^-1,死亡鼠急性毒性症状主要为水样便、竖毛、俯卧不动、翻正反应消失继而死亡。Beagle犬单次给予4-甲基环十五烷酮的最大给药量为18.40 g·kg^-1,最大耐受量为1.56 g·kg^-1,Beagle犬毒性症状主要为稀便、呕吐、精神萎靡、厌食、活动减少等反应。临床检验结果显示18.40、12.24 g·kg^-1剂量下Beagle犬凝血酶时间（TT）明显延长,谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（CR）显著升高。结论 4-甲基环十五烷酮对小鼠和Beagle犬的急性毒性较小,安全范围较大。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro

[6,7-³H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-³H]estradiol-17 (E₂) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E₂ were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (mol chemical bound per mol DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E₂, respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E₂, respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3,000 times higher than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate.Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10³–10⁴ have been found for potent, 10² for moderate, and 1–10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured limit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action. Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a level of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding.Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium of the European Society of Toxicology, Rome, March 29, 1983     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.