克拉霉素、阿奇霉素、左旋氧氟沙星临床应用的药物经济学分析

选择分别采用3种不同药物治疗方案（A组克拉霉素500mg,po,bid×7d;B组阿奇霉素,po,第1天顿服1g,第2、3天各服250mg;C组左旋氧氟沙星200mg,po,bid×7d）的非淋菌性尿道（宫颈）炎病例共计159例,运用药物经济学的成本—效果分析方法进行评价。3种方案（A,B,C组）的总成本分别为390.31元,246.90元,276.98元,效果（以治愈率表征）分别为89.33%,80.35%,80.39%。结论方案A为最佳治疗方案。     

口服阿奇霉素、米诺环素、氟罗沙星治疗男性非淋菌性尿道炎的成本-效果分析

目的评价阿奇霉素与米诺环素、氟罗沙星口服治疗非淋菌性尿道炎的经济性,选择疗效佳、费用低的药物治疗方案.方法选择采用3种不同药物治疗方案(A组阿奇霉素 po 0.5 g qd×7 首剂加倍;B组米诺环素 po 100 mg,bid×7;C组氟罗沙星po 0.2 g,qd×7)的非淋菌性尿道炎病例共142例,运用药物经济学的成本-效果分析方法进行评价.结果3种方案的成本-效果比(C/E)分别为 386.43 元、427.42 元、395.71 元,总有效率分别为 98.21%、75.56%、80.49%(χ2=12.07,P＜0.01).结论口服阿奇霉素成本-效果最佳;氟罗沙星市场价格偏高,建议厂商重新考虑中国市场的药品定价策略.     

3种短程三联疗法根除幽门螺杆菌感染的疗效比较

目的 :比较 3种短程三联疗法根除幽门螺杆菌 (Hp)的疗效及不良反应。方法 :2 78例Hp阳性的消化性溃疡或慢性糜烂性胃窦炎病人分为 3组。A组 94例 ,以奥美拉唑 2 0mg ,po ,bid× 7d ;B组 82例 ,以兰索拉唑 30mg ,po ,qd× 7d ;C组10 2例 ,以泮托拉唑 4 0mg ,po ,qd× 7d。 3组均加用阿莫西林 10 0 0mg ,po ,bid× 7d及甲硝唑 4 0 0mg ,po ,bid× 7d。疗程结束 1mo后 ,复查胃镜及Hp。结果 :A ,B ,C组Hp根除率分别为 85 % ,88% ,89.2 % ;不良反应率分别为 2 8% ,2 4 % ,30 .4 % ,但均能耐受 ;组间比较P >0 .0 5。结论 :这3种三联疗法根除Hp均有良好疗效 ,且根除率相近 ,均无严重不良反应     

兰索拉唑、阿奇霉素和甲硝唑根除幽门螺杆菌的疗效-费用观察

目的 :观察兰索拉唑、阿奇霉素和甲硝唑短程低剂量三联疗法根除幽门螺杆菌 (Hp)的临床疗效和治疗费用。方法 :将 4 7例病人随机分为 2组 :治疗组 2 4例给兰索拉唑 30mg ,po ,qd× 1wk ,阿奇霉素 5 0 0mg ,po ,qd× 3d ,甲硝唑 4 0 0mg ,po ,bid× 3d。对照组 2 3例给奥美拉唑 2 0mg ,po ,bid× 1wk ,克拉霉素 5 0 0mg ,po ,bid× 1wk ,甲硝唑4 0 0mg ,po ,bid× 1wk。停药 1mo后采用14 C呼气试验复查Hp。结果 :治疗组和对照组Hp根除率分别为 92 %和 91% (P >0 .0 5 ) ;治疗费用为185 .84元和 6 2 3.96元 ;药物不良反应发生率 4 %和9% (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :兰索拉唑、阿奇霉素和甲硝唑短程低剂量三联疗法根除Hp有较好效果 ,且治疗药品费用低 ,病人依从性好     

三种短程三联疗法根除幽门螺杆菌感染的成本-效果分析

目的采用药物经济学原理比较三种短程三联疗法根除幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染方案的经济效果。方法将278例Hp阳性患者,随机分为三组,A组94例,A方案:奥美拉唑20 mg,口服,2次/d×7 d;B 组94例,B方案:兰索拉唑30 mg,口服,1次／d×7 d;C组102例,C方案:泮托拉唑40 mg,口服,1次／d×7 d。三组均加用阿莫西林1000 mg,口服,2次／d×7 d及甲硝唑400 mg,口服,2次／d×7 d。疗程结束后1个月复查胃镜及Hp。结果成本-效果比:A组6．9,B组5．41,C组5．24。结论 C方案为最佳治疗方案。     

阿莫西林-克拉维酸序贯治疗社区获得性急性下呼吸道感染的临床疗效

目的评价阿莫西林-克拉维酸序贯治疗社区获得性急性下呼吸道感染的临床疗效和安全性。方法68例社区获得性急性下呼吸道感染患者被随机分成2组,各34例。A组予阿莫西林-克拉维酸注射液1.2 g,iv gtt,bid×10 d;B组先用阿莫西林-克拉维酸注射液1.2 g,iv gtt,bid×3 d后,改为阿莫西林-克拉维酸0.5 g,po,bid×7 d,总疗程10 d。结果A组与B组的治疗有效率分别为85%和82%,细菌清除率分别为84%和83%,P均>0.05,2组的不良反应率相似。结论阿莫西林-克拉维酸序贯治疗社区获得性急性下呼吸道感染的临床疗效确切,安全。     

三种方案治疗功能性结肠疾病成本 效果分析

目的;探讨不同治疗方案对功能性结肠疾病的经济效果.方法;148例功能性结肠疾病患者分别给予3种治疗方案;A组62例用胶体酒石酸铋165 mg,po,qid;B组46例用双歧杆菌活性制剂700 mg,po,bid;C组40例,用西沙必利5 mg,po,tid.运用成本 效果分析进行评价.结果;A、B、C组的成本 效果比分别为16.60,21.72,22.92.结论;A方案为最佳治疗方案.开展药物经济学有助于合理用药,提高经济效率.     

铋剂四联疗法根除幽门螺杆菌疗效研究

目的 比较不同疗程铋剂四联疗法与经典三联疗法根除幽门螺杆菌(Hp)的疗效.方法 选择403例符合条件的Hp阳性的消化性溃疡或慢性胃炎患者.随机分为三组,其中A组138例、B组142例、C组123例.A组采用果胶铋200 mg+雷贝拉唑10 mg+阿莫西林1000 mg+呋喃唑酮100 mg,2次/天,共10 d;B组采用果胶铋200 mg+雷贝拉唑10 mg+阿莫西林1000 mg+呋喃唑酮100 mg,2次/天,共14 d;C组采用雷贝拉唑10 mg+阿莫西林1000 mg+呋喃唑酮100 mg,2次/天,共14 d.观察三组患者Hp根除率、不良反应发生率及其成本-效果比.结果 A、B、C三组患者Hp根除率分别为83.33％、83.80％、71.54％,A组与B组Hp根除率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),A组与C组、B组与C组Hp根除率比较均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).A、B、C三组患者的不良反应发生率分别为1.45％、2.11％、0.81％,均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).A、B、C三组成本-效果比分别为1.50、2.09、2.04.结论 三种治疗方案均未达到Hp根除率>90％的理想方案.但三种方案的比较中含铋剂10 d与14 d四联疗法Hp根除率较高,接近理想方案.含铋剂10 d四联疗法成本-效果比最好,建议临床使用.14 d三联疗法Hp根除率仅达71.54％,远低于理想标准,不建议临床使用.     

4种核苷类似物治疗慢性乙型肝炎的成本-效果分析

目的 对拉米夫定(LAM)、阿德福韦酯(ADV)、恩替卡韦(ETV)和替比夫定(LdT)等4种药物治疗慢性乙型肝炎进行成本 效果分析,找出最佳方案. 方法 慢性乙型肝炎患者280例,分成4组. LAM组79例,给予拉米夫定100 mg,po,qd;ADV组63例,给予阿德福韦酯10 mg,po,qd;ETV组83例,给予恩替卡韦0.5 mg,po,qd;LdT组55例,给予替比夫定600 mg,po,qd. 4组均连续用药48周. 运用药物经济学成本-效果分析法对4种核苷类似物治疗慢性乙型肝炎的治疗方案进行回顾性分析评价. 结果 治疗48周后,4种方案的总有效率分别为49.37%,36.51%,80.72%,67.27%. 成本-效果值分别为103.98,185.51,159.37,118.66,△C/△E分别为-127.47,246.58,159.15. 结论 拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎成本-效果较佳.     

两种方案治疗2型糖尿病的成本-效果分析

目的 探讨不同方案治疗2型糖尿病的疗效与经济效果.方法 50例2型糖尿病患者随机分成两组.A组25例,用盐酸二甲双胍肠溶胶囊(商品名:君力达),0.5,po,tid;B组25例,用盐酸二甲双胍薄膜片,0.5,po,tid.疗程20～60d.运用药物经济学的成本-效果分析方法 进行评价.结果 A、B两组的成本-效果(C/E)1.73、0.21.结论 B方案为较佳治疗方案.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.