肝硬化门脉高压症脾切除术的护理

目的探讨肝硬化门脉高压症脾切除手术患者的护理体会,减少术后并发症的发生,促进早日恢复。方法回顾笔者所在科98例肝硬化门脉高压症脾切除患者的临床资料,针对不同的病情变化,制定相应的护理措施。结果 98例肝硬化门脉高压症脾切除患者,无手术死亡,术后14～30d出院。3例患者出现腹水,经治疗后消失。术后近期出血为2例,主要为肝功能失代偿引起凝血功能障碍,创面广泛渗血所致,予以补充凝血因子输血治疗后好转。随访15例,9例恢复正常劳动力,6例症状改善。结论肝硬化门脉高压症脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术因其操作简便,适应证广,从而得到了广泛的临床应用。术后严密观察病情,做好健康指导,减少并发症,是提高患者生存率、改善生存质量、延长生命的关键。     

58例肝硬化门脉高压症并胆石症的围手术期处理分析

目的探讨肝硬化门脉高压症并胆石症的围手术期处理方式,为今后临床实践提供参考依据,提高对围手术期的处理水平。方法选择我院收治的58例肝硬化门脉高压症并胆石症患者为研究对象,根据其临床资料进行回顾性分析和总结,探讨肝硬化门脉高压症并胆石症的围手术期处理方式。结果 58例患者中有47例治愈出院,其治愈率为81.0%,有4例患者死亡,2例患者死于术后腹腔内大出血,另外2例死于术后多器官功能衰竭;术后24例患者发生并发症,发生率为41.3%。结论术前对肝硬化门脉高压症并胆石症患者的肝功能以及手术风险做出正确评估,并积极实施保肝治疗,掌握合适的手术时机和手术方式,积极防止术后大量出血、术后并发症的发生;做好围手术期处理能够减少术后并发症的发生,对降低死亡率,提高患者生存质量具有重要意义。     

预防性贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝炎后肝硬化门脉高压症10年回顾

目的　评价预防性贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝炎后肝硬化门脉高压症的远期疗效。方法　对 96例肝炎后肝硬化患者行预防性贲门周围血管离断术 ,平均随访 10年。结果　术后远期出血 10例 (10 .4 % ) ,肝性脑病 2例(2 .1% ) ,10年生存率 85 .4 %。结论　预防性贲门周围血管离断术治疗门脉高压症疗效满意 ,结合长期内科治疗可使肝炎后肝硬化门脉高压症预后获得明显改善     

肝硬化门静脉高压及其并发症

肝硬化门静脉高压症是肝硬化患者常见的临床综合征,防治肝硬化门静脉高压的发生、发展对肝硬化患者的预后具有极其重要的影响.此文就肝硬化门脉高压症的诊断、病因病机、并发症及其治疗等作了综述.     

乙型肝炎肝硬化门脉高压性胃病出血124例临床分析

门脉高压性胃病（ＰｏｒｔａｌＨｙｐｅｒｔｅｎｓｉｖｅＧａｓｔｒｏｐａｔｈｙ，ＰＨＧ）指肝硬化门脉高压症病人常发生的胃粘膜炎症、糜烂和溃疡，是肝硬化门脉高压症并发上消化道出血的重要原因之一。本文对我院收治的１２４例乙型肝炎ＰＨＧ并发上消化道出血患者进行回顾性分析，综合文献对其发病机理和临床特点进行讨论。１　临床资料１·１　一般资料　我院１９８６年９月至１９９６年８月１０年间共收治乙型肝炎肝硬化门脉高压症患者４８４例，发现伴ＰＨＧ者２４８例，发生率为５１２％。４８４例中，并发上消化道出血的有１８６…     

脾切除加门奇断流术治疗肝硬化上消化道出血疗效分析

目的:分析脾切除加门奇断流术对肝硬化合并门脉高压及上消化道出血的疗效。方法:对22例肝硬化门脉高压致急性上消化道出血行脾切除加门奇断流术进行回顾性分析。结果:22例术后上消化道出血均停止。随访2个月～4年,无再出血,肝功能正常或好转,无肝性脑病发生,无死亡。结论:脾切除加门奇断流术是治疗门脉高压症的有效术式。     

善宁治疗门脉高压性上消化道出血的疗效观察

门脉高压性上消化道出血是肝硬化的严重并发症，病死率很高，善宁（奥曲肽）是治疗此症的一种比较新的方法。我院于近年应用善宁治疗肝硬化门脉高压性上消化道出血26例，取得较好疗效，报告如下。     

内镜套扎-部分脾栓塞联合术治疗肝硬化门脉高压症的疗效观察

[目的]探讨内镜套扎—部分脾栓塞联合术治疗肝硬化门脉高压症的临床应用价值。[方法]对28例肝硬化门脉高压患者进行内镜套扎—部分脾栓塞联合术,对其术前后的外周血象、门静脉及脾静脉内径的变化进行对比研究。[结果]联合术后患者食管静脉曲张得到根治,脾功能亢进明显缓解,脾脏缩小,门静脉及脾静脉内径缩小。[结论]内镜套扎—部分脾栓塞联合术治疗肝硬化门脉高压症具有简便安全、效果显著、创伤小、并发症少等优点,因此是治疗的一种新的途径。     

心得安防治肝硬化门脉高压上消化道出血23例疗效观察

我院自1990年6月至1998年6月采用心得安治疗肝硬化门脉高压上消化道出血23例,并以常规治疗方法治疗病情相近的肝硬化门脉高压上消化道出血病人23例作对照,现总结分析如下。     

经颈内静脉肝内门腔分流术治疗肝硬化门脉高压症临床观察

目的探讨经颈内静脉肝内门腔分流术治疗肝硬化门脉高压症的临床疗效及并发症。方法肝硬化并发门脉高压症患者29例行经颈内静脉肝内门腔分流术,支架置入前后测量门静脉主干压力,术前术后分别测定门静脉内径及门静脉、分流道血流速度。结果分流术成功率100%,门脉主干压、门静脉内径、门脉主干血流速度较术前明显下降(P<0.01),分流道血流速度(139.0±48.8)cm/s。食道胃底静脉曲张、腹水等临床症状明显好转。常见并发症有肝性脑病、支架狭窄及闭塞。结论经颈内静脉肝内门腔分流术是治疗肝硬化门脉高压症的有效方法,它能有效地降低门脉压,控制食道、胃底静脉曲张破裂出血。     

Isolated orthotopic liver transplantation for parenteral nutrition-associated liver injury

BACKGROUND: Mild liver dysfunction is common after prolonged use of parenteral nutrition (PN), but end-stage liver failure occurs only rarely. Few treatment options other than combined liver-intestine transplantation exist for patients with liver failure associated with PN use, however. Herein, we report the results of a cohort of patients undergoing isolated orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for PN-associated liver injury. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of 80 patients (73 pediatric patients and 7 adults) who have undergone isolated OLT for PN-associated liver injury as the primary indication for transplantation was performed. RESULTS: At the time of OLT, the mean total serum bilirubin was 19.5 mg/dL and the mean serum albumin level was 2.9 mg/dL. Severe hepatic encephalopathy was seen in 5%, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was seen in 6.3%, and respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation was seen in 14% of patients at the time of OLT. Overall 1- and 5-year survival rates were 72% and 52%, respectively, with infection being the most common cause of death after OLT. Retransplantation was required in 25% of patients, and the 5-year posttransplant patient survival rate only reached 35% in these cases. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with end-stage liver disease associated with PN administration often have very severe liver disease, multiple comorbidities, and poor prognosis by the time they are listed for OLT. Nonetheless, isolated OLT is associated with good long-term survival and should be considered for selected patients with combined intestine-liver failure.     

肝移植术后早期营养支持

目的:探讨肝移植术后早期营养支持的方法.方法:对28例肝移植病人术后的营养支持方法和营养状况进行回顾性分析.在术后1～3天内采用肠外营养,术后第4天开始肠内营养结合肠外营养,直至完全肠内营养,第7天过渡为完全经口饮食.结果:多数病人术后营养状态明显改善,除5例病人死于术后并发症外,其余23例生活质量均良好.结论:肝移植术后第1天起就给予肠外营养,一旦病人胃肠功能恢复,宜尽早开始肠内营养,并尽快过渡到完全经口饮食.     

Liver transplantation in acute liver insufficiency: definitive replacement or auxiliary liver?

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has greatly improved the chances of survival in patients with acute hepatic failure. However, this mode of treatment requires lifelong immunosuppressive medication and negates the potential recovery of the host liver. In theory, auxiliary heterotopic liver transplantation (HLT) offers the diseased host liver a chance to regenerate, so that immunosuppression can be tapered off and eventually stopped. In the University Hospital Rotterdam Dijkzigt OLT and HLT were performed in two patients, with acute and subacute hepatic failure respectively. The patient undergoing OLT recovered quickly but needed a successful re-OLT after a serious rejection episode. The removed diseased liver showed no signs of regeneration at histology. The patient undergoing HLT also recovered well. HIDA scanning as well as liver biopsies of the host liver and the grafted liver 1 and 6 months after transplantation indicated full recovery of the host liver, so that immunosuppression is being tapered off.     

拉米夫定对乙型肝炎失代偿期肝硬化门静脉血流动力学及预后的影响

目的评价拉米夫定对失代偿期乙肝肝硬化患者门静脉血流动力学及预后的影响。方法选择HBVDNA≥10^4拷贝／ml的失代偿期肝硬化患者77例,对照组38例给予一般保肝、利尿、白蛋白等基础治疗,治疗组39例在此基础上加用拉米夫定100mg／d。观察两组患者ALT、TBIL、ALB、PTA、HBVDNA定量、门静脉血流动力学、Child—Pugh评分的变化及并发症和存活率,进行统计学分析。结果治疗组ALT、TBIL、ALB及HBVDNA水平12周后复常率均明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）;治疗组中Child～Pugh评分下降≥2分者22例（73％）,对照组Child—Pugh评分下降92分者12例（10％）,治疗3年后两组Child—Pugh评分均值比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;治疗3年后肝门静脉直径、血流速度、血流量,治疗组明显优于对照组（P〈0．05）;治疗组中肝肾综合征、肝性脑病、原发性肝癌的累计发生率明显低于对照组（P〈0,05）;治疗组存活率87．1％（34／39）,明显高于对照组60．5％（23／38）（P〈0．05）。结论HBVDNA阳性的失代偿期肝硬化患者服用拉米夫定治疗能快速抑制病毒复制,有效改善肝功能,降低门静脉直径,改善门静脉血流,减少并发症的发生,阻止或延缓病情进展,提高存活率和生活质量。     

原位肝移植合并重症脓毒症病人的临床研究

目的观察肝移植合并重症脓毒症病人的相关检验和临床指标，旨在总结原位肝移植合并重度脓毒症这一特殊感染人群的ICU治疗经验。方法回顾性分析入住外科ICU术后的56例符合重症脓毒症标准者病人，分成2组：非肝移植组（A组）和肝移植组（B组）。分别在第1天、第3天和第7天记录病人一般情况、血乳酸、器官衰竭个数、APACHEⅡ评分和MODS评分。观察住院28d的存活率和随访情况。结果非肝移植组合并重症脓毒症住院死亡率30％，而在肝移植组则为57．6％。肝移植组第l天血乳酸比非肝移植组明显升高，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），随之有所下降，但7d内仍然高于非肝移植组；肝移植组器官衰竭个数比非肝移植组明显增多，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；2组观察期间APACHEⅡ动态评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；MODS动态评分在肝移植组比非肝移植组明显升高，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论原位肝移植合并重症脓毒症住院28d死亡率约是非肝移植组的2倍，值得高度重视。原位肝移植合并重症脓毒症病人更容易合并有多器官功能衰竭且病情较难逆转。肝移植合并重症脓毒症病人判断病情和器官功衰竭程度的轻重，MODS评分优于APACHEⅡ评分。建议改进或者制定器官移植特有的评分标准并且应该加入血乳酸。     

门脉高压症脾切除术后持续发热原因探讨

目的　探讨门脉高压症脾切除术后持续发热的原因。方法　回顾性分析 1984～ 2 0 0 1年 2 2 7例行门脉高压症手术伴脾切除术病例的临床资料。结果　 2 2 7例中术后出现持续性发热 2周以上者 3 9例 ,占17 2 % ( 3 9/2 2 7) ,其中由各种并发症引起发热者 2 9例 ,占 74 3 % ( 2 9/3 9) ,不明原因发热者 10例 ,占2 5 7% ( 10 /3 9)。 2 9例中出现 3 6例次并发症 ,以膈下及胸腔积液最多 ,占 5 2 8% ( 19/3 6) ,感染性并发症次之 ,占 3 8 9% ( 14 /3 6) ,门脾静脉血栓形成最少 ,占 8 3 % ( 3 /3 6)。不明原因的发热与肝功能分级有关 (P <0 0 1) ,而发热原因明确者由并发症引起 ,与肝功能分级无关。发热与术式无明显关系 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　术后持续发热原因主要由各种并发症引起。     

乌司他丁在门脉高压症术后的应用

目的探讨乌司他丁在门脉高压症术后应用的效果。方法将85例需手术的门脉高压症患者随机分为两组,A组为乌司他丁组,共42例;B组为常规治疗组,共43例。术后1、3、5、7d分别检测患者的ALT、ALB、PT、APTT、CRP等指标,判断肝功能恢复情况,并对照两组术后并发症的发生率。结果乌司他丁组患者肝功能恢复明显优于常规治疗组,术后并发症发生率亦明显低于常规治疗组。结论门脉高压症患者术后使用乌司他丁可以促进患者术后肝功能恢复,减少术后并发症,加速康复。     

Determinants of hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with chronic liver disease and after orthotopic liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: Homocysteine metabolism may be impaired in chronic liver disease, possibly contributing to fibrogenesis and disease complications. OBJECTIVE: The goal was to investigate the prevalence and determinants of basal and postprandial hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with chronic liver disease and after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study of 323 patients with chronic liver disease (93 with hepatitis, 8 with fatty liver, 168 with cirrhosis, and 54 after OLT) and 25 healthy control subjects. Portohepatovenous gradients of total homocysteine (tHcy) and methionine and postload methionine and tHcy kinetics before and after 10 d of supplementation with folate plus vitamin B-6 were investigated in subgroups. RESULTS: Basal hyperhomocysteinemia was observed in all patient groups (34% of patients with hepatitis, 50% with fatty liver, 54% with cirrhosis, and 52% after OLT). It was more frequently seen in patients with elevated plasma creatinine concentrations and at advanced stages of liver disease. Mean plasma folate was normal in patients with liver disease, but vitamin B-12 was elevated in cirrhosis and vitamin B-6 was low after OLT. There were significant negative associations between tHcy and folic acid or vitamin B-12 concentrations in control subjects and in patients with hepatitis and after OLT. No systematic association between portohepatovenous differences in tHcy and methionine concentrations was found. Cirrhosis was accompanied by impaired methionine clearance. After vitamin supplementation, the area under the tHcy curve improved in cirrhosis at nearly unchanged basal tHcy concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Basal hyperhomocysteinemia is seen in approximately 50% of patients with cirrhosis and after OLT. Basal tHcy concentrations do not change significantly after supplementation with folate and vitamin B-6, but postprandial Hcy metabolism improves.     

生长激素对门静脉高压症病人肝蛋白质合成的影响

目的:了解生长激素(GH)对经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)后门脉性肝硬化病人肝蛋白质代谢的影响. 方法:对10例门静脉高压症病人,在TIPS术后第2天开始皮下注射重组人生长激素(rhGH)8 U×7天.检测治疗前及治疗后3、7天血清清蛋白(Alb)、前清蛋白(PA)、纤维连接蛋白(FN)水平,同时测定血清胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)水平,进行治疗前后的比较. 结果:血清IGF-1水平TIPS术前与术后比较无显著差异,GH治疗后3天明显升高(P<0.01);Alb水平TIPS术前与GH治疗后3天比较无显著差异,7天后明显升高(P<0.05);PA和FN水平在GH治疗后第3天开始升高,第7天明显升高 (P<0.01). 结论:GH可以促进肝硬化门静脉高压症病人肝蛋白质合成.     

钆贝葡胺增强磁共振血管成像对肝移植术后血管并发症的诊断价值

目的：研究钆贝葡胺增强磁共振血管成像对肝移植术后血管并发症的诊断价值。方法：46例肝移植患者术后行MRI扫描;利用testbolus测出循环时间后行3D-FLASH扫描,获得各期血管图像。将MRA图像质量确定为5级,诊断血管并发症。结果：MRA对于血管的显示质量均较好。MRA发现肝动脉狭窄6例,肝动脉迂曲3例;门静脉狭窄12例,门静脉栓塞3例;肝静脉变窄4例,均经临床证实。结论：钆贝葡胺增强磁共振血管成像安全无创,对肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉显示清楚,诊断血管并发症准确度高,有可能成为肝移植术后血管评价首选的影像学检查手段。